-He Qing Shuangqing
Inch by inch, Wei Yun, the afterglow, whether flickering or not, is hard to disappear. It broke my soul. It's shaking. Looking at the mountains and rivers, people come and go, vaguely far away. From now on, the sour will be clear, just like tonight.
Qingyao. I shouldn't ask the truth, but it's boring to look at it clearly. See who is more, who is suffering? Who wants to be happy, steal vegetarian powder and write a description? Who cares, generation after generation, dynasty.
(There are overlapping words and more than 20 rhymes throughout, echoing chanting. )
The word is all reduplicated, and Yi Lee has only one person since she settled down. Besides, she is a miserable peasant woman, especially valuable compared with Yi 'an! This word was written after I left my neighbor Han Xi. What I wrote is the nostalgia for parting, saying that I watched the scenery between the photos and missed Han's departure, and I will miss her forever in the future; When writing about the desolation after parting, I said that my bosom friend had left, and no one could understand her mood in writing plain poetry. The whole word is not only sentimental, but also innovative in parting words, and all of them use overlapping words, which adds to the depression and sadness of the whole word. The most famous reduplication is Li Qingzhao's "Slow Voice", which is "searching, cold and clear, sad and miserable", and many people think it is a swan song. And this word has 2 1 consecutive overlapping words, plus the two overlapping words of "broken soul" and "see who", which is * * * 23; Moreover, the works are steady and vivid, and the love stories are endless, which is really difficult in art.
Inch by inch, Wei Yun, the afterglow, whether flickering or not, is hard to disappear. Write about the sunset and the scenery of the mountains when we say goodbye in the evening. Sunset, sunset. "It's hard to disappear when there is a flash", and write about the state when the sunset is about to set. It broke my soul. It's shaking. Write that you are in a trance because of extreme sadness. "Soul breaking" describes deep feeling or sadness. "Shiny, wobbly" describes the way you float. Looking at the mountains and rivers makes people faint. Writing about pedestrians in the distant scenery is gradually blurred. Tang Song Wen Zhi's "Watching the River Pavilion at Night": "Look at the water to know the flexibility, and look at the mountains to break the soul." "Vaguely far away", gradually far away, gradually unable to see clearly. From now on, just like tonight. It means that the bitterness of the future will always be the same as when we leave at this moment.
Qingyao. It means that heaven should not. Sima Qian's Letter to Ren Shaoqing: "Ordinary people are so tired that they don't want to call heaven." "Qing Yao", the sky is high. I shouldn't ask the truth, but it's boring to look at it clearly. Describe loneliness and helplessness, and there is nowhere to tell your inner sadness. Anyone who watches too much will suffer. It means that no one cares about you and no one cares about themselves. Hua Jiao refers to itself. Tang Wei Zhuang's Fu Yingsong: "The smile is beautiful." Who wants to be happy, steal vegetarian powder and write a description? Qing Wugang's Essays on Xiqing recorded that He Shuangqing's family was poor, and all his creations were written on dead leaves with white powder to avoid people's eyes and ears. These three sentences describe this situation. Who cares, generation after generation, dynasty. Lament about your life, day and night, will always be in sorrow. The last sentence is "Twilight" and "Essay on Xiqing" is "Night after Night", which is printed here according to Xu Naichang.
? The greatest artistic feature of the word "Yi Xiao on Phoenix Terrace" is the skillful use of reduplicated words to express emotion and freehand brushwork, and the use of reduplicated words in ancient poetry is often the highlight of the chapter. To appreciate the application skills and expressive effects of these reduplicated words, we must first understand the composition and grammatical functions of reduplicated words.
We can divide overlapping words into simple words (continuous words) and compound words according to whether the separated words are close to the original intention. The reduplication of simple words (conjunctions) was called reduplication by the ancients. The characteristic of this kind of reduplicated words is that a monosyllabic word overlaps into a disyllabic word, but the morphemes are the same. The reduplicated words such as "Guanluo dove", "Liu Yang Yiyi" and "logging Ding Ding" that we saw in The Book of Songs all belong to this category. These reduplicated words are mostly onomatopoeic words and adjectives, which are mostly used to describe sounds and descriptions. The characteristic of compound word overlapping is that it overlaps a word, thus producing new meanings. Although there are some differences between the new meaning and the original meaning of a single word, they are closely related. New meaning is often the emphasis on the original meaning of a single word, in order to achieve the purpose of repetition, expansion of scope, extension of time and deepening of degree. For example, "seeking" and "seeking" are the repetition of "seeking", emphasizing that "seeking" has a long time and a wide range; Another example is that "Diandian" and "Didi" are the overlap of two quantifiers, which can vividly show the characteristics of frequent and lasting drowning. According to the part of speech of compound words, the overlapping of compound words can be divided into adjective overlapping and verb overlapping. They generally act as adjectives or adverbs, and are commonly used words to strengthen the expression effect.
Secondly, we should master the basic rules of the use and appreciation of reduplicated words in poetry.
As Hertz Ritter, a British scholar, said, "The power of vocabulary lies not in the vocabulary itself, but in its application." Since the Book of Songs, the author of poetry has consciously used a lot of reduplicated words to enhance the expressive force of his works. In poetry, reduplication is not only the overlapping of meaning, form, sound and rhyme, but also carries profound cultural and emotional connotations. Therefore, the appreciation of reduplication skills must be combined with the whole poem, and reduplication cannot be analyzed in isolation. Let's take "Far Morning Altar" and "Slow Sound" as examples to discuss the application and appreciation of reduplicated words in poetry.
Let's watch Altair first. ：
Distant Altair, Jiao Jiao Hehan girl.
Skillful hands, make a loom.
There is no chapter all day, and tears are pouring down.
What's the difference between a clear river and a shallow one?
Between water and water, there are no words.
The six groups of reduplicated words used in the whole poem are quite particular. Horace said, "When typesetting, you should be fastidious and careful. If you arrange the words skillfully, the familiar words will get new meanings and the expression will be perfect. " The first four groups of overlapping words are placed at the beginning of the poem, and the last two groups are placed at the end. Call first and then respond. The order has changed. Compared with The Book of Songs Feng Wei Shuo Ren: "The river is flowing, and the northward flow is alive. You do it, you get rich, and you're exposed. ⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰⅰ? "； Contemporary Grass by the Qingqing River: "Grass by the Qingqing River, Willow in the gloomy garden. Yingying is a woman upstairs with eyes as bright as windows. E-E's pink makeup makes her hands delicate. She used to be a housewife, but now she is a slut. If you don't return, it's difficult to keep an empty bed alone. " Hanshan Road in the Tang Dynasty: "Hanshan Road in the Tang Dynasty is freezing in the cold. Birds are often chirping, but no one is silent. The wind blew on my face and snowflakes piled up one after another. The DPRK does not see the sun, and the years do not know the spring "; Wang Jian's poem: "Wan Wan turns to win the yarn, and the flowers are red, green and green. One crow after another, flying around at night, lonely. " The six groups of overlapping words in the Far Altair effectively avoid monotony and complexity, and are economical and efficient. "Stripes" emphasize the distance between Vega and Altair, showing the vast space between them; "Jiao Jiao" has two meanings: bright stars and beautiful women. Both expressive and expressive. The first two sets of overlapping words make the heroine's image shine, and also dye the heroine's mood exquisite. "Slim" vividly describes the shape and movements of the heroine's hands, which not only shows her skillful knitting movements, but also praises her unique femininity (hands are the second face of people, and the feminine state can be seen by stacking "Slim"); "Zaza" is an onomatopoeic word, which describes the heroine's weaving skills from the auditory sense and conveys the heroine's unforgettable feelings with the sound of a loom. In the first four sentences, overlapping words are used at the beginning of each sentence, which makes the pronunciation fluent and catchy. Four sentences apart, with two groups of overlapping words at the end, full of twists and turns. "Yingying" refers to both the brightness of water and the softness of women's eyes. As for "pulse", it is the ultimate realization of the poetic beauty of traditional poetry "mourning without injury" and "complaining without anger" on the specific love theme that can't be together. It is really ingenious to block "remoteness" in the open space with long silence.
From the application of overlapping in Altair All the Way, we can draw two basic laws:
First, the arrangement of overlapping words should be neat and varied, not one-sided;
Secondly, reduplicated words should not only describe the appropriate objects, but also be integrated with the artistic conception of the whole poem, and pay attention to the overall effect. Buffon put it well: "Some people want to put some amazing sentences everywhere in the article, which is completely opposite to the popularity of the article. Light should constitute a complete luminous body, evenly distributed throughout the text, and those amazing sentences are like many Martian words, just colliding with each other with many words and barely making them pop out. They just flash, show off our eyes, and then throw us into the darkness. This Martian is the most contrary to true light. "
Next, let's take a look at Li Qingzhao's Slow Voice. The full text is as follows:
Looking around, lonely and sad. It's the hardest to stop breathing when it's warm and cold. Three glasses of light wine, how can you object to his being late? Guo Yan is very sad, but this is an old acquaintance.
Yellow flowers are piled all over the floor, withered and damaged, but now who can pick them! Looking out the window, how can a person be dark? The phoenix tree is raining and dripping at dusk. What a sad word this time!
In the first seven groups of overlapping words, "seeking, being cold and lonely, being sad and miserable", "seeking" conveys that the heroine is in a trance and often presents a thoughtful scene after suffering from the tragedy of being widowed; "Cold and clear" is the feeling after searching, and nothing is found. "Things are different" and emptiness and loneliness follow. "Sadness" is a deep sad state of mind produced by "emotion". These seven groups of overlapping words are not only related in time, but also layered in degree, which profoundly shows the poet's sad and silent state of mind after suffering from chaos. The "dribs and drabs" at the end deliberately depicts the characteristics of rain and tears, which can not only echo the seven groups of overlapping words in the last film aimed at deepening the bitterness, but also promote the heroine's infinite melancholy lingering.
For this reason, it is not difficult to find that the use of reduplicated words in Li Qingzhao's Sound Slow is also in line with two basic laws we got when we appreciated the Far-off Altair.
Supplement:
1. On the Phoenix Platform, playing the flute is a epigraph name.
Phoenix terrace is one of the eight scenic spots in Chaozhou.
"The origin of the ancient Phoenix Terrace, the legend is that the phoenix on the Phoenix Mountain is unwilling to be in the deep mountains and forests, admiring the scenery of" three mountains and one water "in Chaozhou Fucheng, and often inhabiting and playing in the green sandbar in the middle of this river. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Hou Bideng, the magistrate of Chaozhou, visited Shazhou many times, loving the tranquility and elegance there. At the same time, he feels that Chaozhou has a prosperous style of writing and extraordinary scenery. He thought this place should be the place where the legendary phoenix lived, and it was by no means the place where the old crow cast its forest. So he changed the original name of "Laoyazhou" to "Phoenix Island" and built a building in Phoenix Island in the second year of Qin Long in the Ming Dynasty (1568). Since then, it has become a tourist attraction. " After that, there was a memory about oral sex on the Phoenix platform, named after the legendary story of Shaw History and Nong Yu sucking the phoenix.
According to legend, during the Warring States Period, Qin Mugong had a little daughter named Nong Yu because she loved jade since childhood. Nong Yu is not only beautiful and clever, but also proficient in melody. She plays blowing sheng very well, and her skills are unparalleled in China. After marrying his wife, Mu Gong wanted to marry him, but the princess insisted that she would rather not marry if she was not a master of flute playing. Mu Gongzhen loves her daughter and must obey her. One night, while enjoying the moon, blowing sheng was in the moonlight, but it seemed vaguely integrated with his own sheng for several consecutive nights. Nong Yu told his father about it, so Mu Gong sent Meng Ming to look for it according to the princess's direction until he found Huashan. When he heard the woodcutter say, "There was a young hermit named Shaw History who lived in seclusion on the star cliff at the top of Huashan Mountain. This young man likes to play the flute, which can spread hundreds of miles. " Meng Ming came to Xingya, found Shaw History and took him back to Qin Gong.
After Shaw History and Nong Yu got married, they taught Nong Yu to play the flute and learn the singing of Phoenix. After studying for more than ten years, Nong Yu's flute is just like a real phoenix, and it can even blow down the phoenix in the sky. Qin Mugong specially built the Phoenix Terrace for them, which is the origin of the Phoenix Terrace. Shaw History and Nong Yu live in Phoenix Terrace. They didn't drink, eat or step down for years. One day, after their harmony, they attracted Jinlong Zifeng, Shaw History Lapras and Nong Yu to fly away. This is why Shaw History's idiom "Take advantage of the dragon's son-in-law" and "Dragon and Phoenix Becoming Lucky" was first recorded in Liu Xiang's Biography of Liexian in Han Dynasty. The original text is: "Xiao Shishan plays the flute and makes Feng Ming. Qin Mugong took his wife as the phoenix tower, taught Nong Yu to play the flute, felt the phoenix gathering, Nong Yu took the phoenix, Shaw History Lapras, and the couple died with the fairy. " Later, in the Chronicle of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, this miracle was recorded in detail, and the chapter "Nong Yu played the flute over the phoenix and carried Qin Liling" was written. Many people learned this anecdote from this book.
It is said that Shaw History Nong Yu once lived at the peak of Huashan Mountain, so this peak is now also called Jade Girl Mountain. Many scenic spots in Yunu Mountain are also named after Yunu (Nong Yu). People built the Jade Girl Temple on the peak of Zhongfeng Mountain. There is a stone mortar in front of the temple, called the Jade Girl Shampoo Basin. The stone platform in front of it is a jade dressing table; The cave below is the bedroom of the jade girl, called the jade girl's room. In addition, there is a flute platform and a phoenix-attracting pavilion in the north of the Jade Girl Temple, which is where Shaw History plays the flute to attract the phoenix.
Playing the flute attracted the phoenix, Lapras left and the sky rose to the sky. Later generations of scholars recited this history, from which came the "Flute Blowing on the Phoenix Platform", which expressed people's nostalgia and blessing for the immortal couple, and it is still talked about by people until now.
2. The story of the poet
He Shuangqing (17 15 ~? ), the word bhikkhu, from Danyang, Jiangsu. According to his Tongli Shi Zhenlin's "Essays on Xiqing", Shuangqing was born in a farmhouse in Ganshan, "losing peerless talents" and "holding peerless posture". He married Zhou, a villager in Jintan, and was exhausted by tyranny. I don't want to leave ink on the poems of my life. Every time I write on reed leaves with chalk, the powder comes off easily and the leaves fall off easily. Therefore, most of the works are scattered, and only the word 14 has been handed down, which was later compiled into Xue Ci.
He Shuangqing is an industrious and bitter peasant woman and an outstanding poetess. Her words are unique and unique. As Huang Xieqing, a poet in Qing Dynasty, said, "Shuangqing's ci is like a child, muttering to himself and telling a story about family life. The song is well written. The true essence of love is directly the purpose of Article 300. This is not a Scorpio or a wizard, but the poverty it encounters, which is unprecedented for Gu Caiyuan. Every time I recite, I don't know what to do. "
He Shuangqing was born in a peasant family and was very clever since he was a child. After three years in the school auditorium, he learned to read and write, and also entered the door of poetry and composition. As a good teacher and writing ability, she has more meaning and depth than other rural girls. Although she is talented, she has not attracted the attention of her family. At the age of marriage, she married a farmer named Zhou according to her parents' orders. Not only do I have no emotional communication with my husband, but I am often insulted and scolded by my husband and mother-in-law. The special experience makes He Shuangqing's ci both sad and graceful, profound and intriguing.
Shuangqing wrote poems and lyrics only to express his feelings, not to deliberately stay in the world. She wrote poems on reed leaves, bamboo leaves and laurel leaves in neat and beautiful fine print, so that they naturally fell off and disappeared. One summer, Shi Zhenlin, Juren Duan of Jintan and other talented people came to the mountain village to study summer in Dugeng Hall. One day, I happened to see a graceful woman with a dustpan, going out to take out the dirty things. Shi Zhenlin was very surprised: How could such a beautiful woman come from a remote place? Upon inquiry, I learned that Shuangqing's life experience was very sympathetic. After reading Shuangqing's poems, I admired them even more, so I wrote poems and lyrics to show my greetings. Shuangqing admires talented people, but can't help singing along with poems, but "lyricism stops at ceremony" and never crosses the line.
During his stay in Lushan Mountain, Shi Zhenlin specially collected Shuangqing's poems. He couldn't help being deeply shocked after reading these talented and touching works. Strange girl, so talented and handsome, but so miserable. "Talent and appearance must be lost, and poverty and illness must be lost." Shi Zhenlin wrote the story of this talented woman in "karma" into his "Xiqing Essays", which made more people know this talented woman.
He Shuangqing died in bitterness at the age of 20 due to poverty and disease.
The word "I remember playing the flute at Phoenix" was written for Biehan -xi, which expressed her inner anguish in detail and reproduced the scene of her falling into the abyss with her girlfriend. Clever use of reduplicated words to express emotion and freehand brushwork is comparable to Li Qingzhao's sentence of "searching, cold and lonely, sad and miserable", which tells the bitterness of her later life. "Steal powder, description. Who cares, live forever and face the DPRK every night. " This word has a sad situation and a bitter meaning. More than 20 folds of double characters, without a trace of far-fetched. At the end, the three sentences "Who cares, long live, and go to court every night" are even more complaining, gripping and moving. Therefore, the poet Yun of the DPRK commented in Qi Shi Hua that if you use more than 40 words repeatedly and blurt out words like life, you will have a wise mind, so Yi An is not superior to the former.