Appreciating rhetorical methods: revealing skills+analyzing and expressing functions (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
Appreciate expression: how to say (describe)+what to say (describe)+what to express.
Appreciate the expression technique: technique+expression function (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
1. Appreciation of poetry keywords
Proposition: What is the most vivid word in this couplet? Why?
Proposition variant: Gan has always been praised. What do you think of it?
Solution analysis: the ancients paid attention to refining words in poetry, which is to ask for the beauty of these refining words. When answering questions, we should not talk about this word in isolation, but put it in a sentence and analyze it with the artistic conception and emotion of the whole poem.
2. Appreciate the important sentences in the poem
Proposition: What is the special meaning or deep meaning of this poem?
Propositional variation: This poem is the most expressive. Try to analyze it briefly.
Solution analysis: first explain the literal meaning of this poem, and then analyze it in detail by deducing language characteristics or thoughts and feelings.
3. Appreciate the writing skills of poetry
Proposition: What kind of expression is used in this poem?
Proposition variant: Please analyze the expressive technique (or artistic technique, or technique) of this poem. How do poets express their feelings? What's the effect? Of course, there will be some more specific ways to ask questions around artistic techniques. The more specific the question, the easier it is to answer.
Solution analysis: Expression technique is a method used by poets to express their feelings. To answer questions accurately, you must be familiar with some common expression skills.
4. Appreciate the linguistic features of poetry.
Proposition: What are the linguistic features of this poem?
Proposition variant: Please analyze the language style (language art) of this poem.
Solution analysis: this kind of question type does not need to ponder the clever use of individual words, but to taste the language style or the meaning of a poem (special meaning, deep meaning, such as contextual meaning and artistic conception meaning).
Generally, the words that can be used to answer questions are: fresh and natural, unpretentious, depressed and frustrated, gorgeous, clear and fluent, wordless, euphemistic and implicit, uninhibited, graceful in style, concise and vivid. ...
5. Appreciate the thoughts and feelings of poetry
Proposition: How does this poem express the author's feelings?
Proposition variant: please analyze the main idea of this poem or how you understand its connotation.
Solution analysis: this question type should taste the emotion expressed by the whole poem or the meaning of a poem (special meaning, deep meaning, such as contextual meaning and artistic conception meaning).
Words that can be used to answer questions generally include: unfulfilled ambition, nowhere to serve the country, always in my heart, homesickness, loyalty to the monarch and patriotism, etc.
Inventory knowledge
First, the common images in ancient poetry
Flowers and plants
(1) Chrysanthemum: Hermit, noble and free from vulgarity.
(2) Mei: proud of snow, strong, unyielding and adversity.
(3) Lan: noble.
(4) Peony: rich and beautiful.
(5) Xiaomi: the sorrow of Xiaomi's separation (the prosperity of the country today, the decline of the past)
(6) Flowers bloom: hope, youth and the brilliance of life.
(7) Flowers fall: withered, frustrated, frustrated in life and career, cherish spring, miss beautiful things and look forward to the future.
(8) Grass: vigorous vitality, endless life, hope, desolation, remoteness, hatred and humble status.
The trajectory of life is an eternal circle, and the end point is also the starting point.
Care is like a torch, ambition is like a ladder, and responsibility is an indicator of courage.
tree
(1) tree straightness: ups and downs of career and life.
(2) Yellow leaves: withering, withering and metabolism.
(3) Green leaves: vitality, hope and vitality.
(4) Pine and cypress: strong, proud, strong and full of vitality.
(5) Bamboo: upright and positive.
(6) Indus: Bitter
(7) Willow: Farewell, nostalgia, sadness and the beauty of spring.
Wind, frost, rain and snow clouds
(1) Waves: the ups and downs of life
(2) East wind: spring and beauty
(3) Spring breeze: broadmindedness, joy and hope.
(4) Dew: Life is short and perishable.
(5) The sky is gloomy: depression, sadness and loneliness.
(6) stormy waves: life is sinister and rivers and lakes are treacherous.
(7) Gail: the power to revolt and destroy the old world.
(8) West wind: a lonely, melancholy, declining and wandering home.
(9) Snow: pure, beautiful, harsh environment, rampant evil forces.
(10) Xiaoyu: Spring scenery, hope, vitality, vitality, subtle education.
(1 1) smoke: hazy and desolate feelings, confused and dim future, disillusionment.
(12) rainstorm: cruelty, enthusiasm, political struggle, the power to eliminate evils and the power to cleanse filth.
(13) first frost: Life is easy to get old, the social environment is bad, evil forces are rampant, and life is bumpy and frustrated.
(14) River water: the passage of time, the shortness of time, the long sadness and the trend of historical development.
animal kingdom
(1) Classification: miserable, miserable
(2) fish: free.
(3) Honghu Lake: Ideal and Pursuit
(4) ape: sad and mournful.
(5) Crow: a villain, a common person and a mediocre person.
(6) Sha Ou: depravity and sadness.
(7) Dogs and chickens: life breath and rural life.
(8) (thin) horse: Pentium, pursuit, drifting
(9) (Loneliness) Goose: Loneliness, homesickness, homesickness, tidings and news.
(10) Eagle: Strong, free, struggling in life and successful in career.
Prehistoric artifacts
(1) Jade: noble and free from vulgarity.
(2) hairpin (crown): official position and fame
Color class
(1) Bai: Innocent, bereavement.
(2) Red: enthusiasm, youth and happiness.
(3) Green: hope, vitality and peace.
(4) Blue: elegant and melancholy.
(5) Yellow: warm and peaceful.
(6) purple: noble, beneficial to the country and the people.
(7) Black: dark, desperate, solemn, mysterious, nostalgic for the dead and ill-fated life.
No one will jump on your back unless you bend down yourself.
The picture of success should be painted with a confident brush.
Other categories
(1) Hero: Admire, shame and sigh.
(2) Villains: disdain, ambition, introspection and flogging.
(3) Monuments: nostalgia, past prosperity and present decline (China), decline and depression (monuments are generally closely related to the ancients)
(4) Grassland: vast, life realm, people's mind.
(5) fairyland: elegant, beautiful, clean, forget the dust and dislike the customs.
(6) Heaven and Earth: people are small, life is short, mind is broad, and feelings are lonely.
(7) country: homesickness, vulgarity, rural scenery, life breath, simplicity and beauty, ease and tranquility.
(8) City (street): bustling, rich and luxurious.
(9) Dawn: Hope is at the beginning.
(10) Chaoyang: Hope, vitality and vigor.
(1 1) Sunset: Lost, depressed, cherish a beautiful and short life.
(12) Late at night: melancholy and nostalgia
Second, the language of poetry
The test sites involved in this part are word refining, phonology, meter (rhyme, duality, etc. ), simplifying, and allusions. Here we call the content other than refined words refined articles.
1. refine the text. Poetry is a highly concise art, and poets in all previous dynasties attached great importance to refining words, and there is a saying of "the eye of poetry" and "the eye of words". Generally speaking, it refers to the third word in five words, the fifth word in seven words, and some regard the second word, the fourth word and even the last word as "eyes". In fact, "eyes" are the focus of poetry, regardless of waist, knees and feet. Verbs, adjectives, etc. They are all important contents in the extraction of ancient poetry, while other words such as nouns (figurative nouns, words expressing colors), adverbs and quantifiers are often thought-provoking.
There are also some special forms of words, such as reduplication, onomatopoeia, image noun list and so on. It often shows special expression effects: reduplication enhances the sense of rhythm of language or plays an emphasis role; Onomatopoeia makes poetry more vivid and makes people feel immersive; When several nouns are used together, the combination of images will produce a certain artistic conception.
2. Refine the article. For the vast majority of poems, word refinement is only a part of their language. If we blindly emphasize the refinement of words, we will fall into the misunderstanding of "there are sentences without articles", so poets also attach great importance to the tempering of "articles", which should include the tempering of rules and the grasp of the overall language style.
The overall linguistic features include the linguistic features of a sentence or an entire article. The common language styles of poetry are plain, beautiful, straightforward, euphemistic (implicit), fresh, concise, lively, natural, elegant, quiet, magnificent, bold, vigorous, broad-minded, sad, desolate, depressed, low, soothing, washing and practicing. It should be pointed out that every poet has his own style characteristics, and the same poet may have many styles.
3. Pay attention to the deformation of poetic language. Poetry should express rich thoughts and feelings with the help of a very frugal language shell, and also meet the needs of phonology, so it is necessary to deform the language. Grammatically, the distortion of China's poetic language is mainly manifested in changing the part of speech, reversing the word order and omitting sentence elements. The main purpose is to establish meter, create the beauty of music, and leave room for artistic imagination and re-creation for readers. These places are often the focus of the college entrance examination. We should grasp the change of parts of speech, restore the inverted word order, grasp the poet's true intention and emotional focus, and fill the blank left by the poet with imagination and association. Knowing the rules of poetry organization language can quickly enter the context of poetry.
If someone gives me a maple leaf, I will return the whole maple forest to him.
Today you abandon time, tomorrow you will be abandoned by time.
Thirdly, the expressive skills of poetry.
Poetry expression skills refer to the skills used in poetry creation activities. Appreciating the expressive skills of poetry should pay attention to the following aspects:
1.
Poetry mainly uses four ways of expression: narration, description, discussion and lyricism. As far as ancient poetry is concerned, description and lyric are two common expressions, which are the focus of examination.
2. Lyric way
There are two ways of direct lyric and indirect lyric. Indirect lyricism includes borrowing scenes to express feelings, embedding feelings in scenes, blending scenes (scenes are born together, scenes are born together, scenes are set against each other, scenes are blended together), expressing aspirations with objects, expressing emotions with allusions, satirizing the present with the ancient and narrating lyricism. Generally speaking, what you write expresses your feelings. In some cases, I use music scenes to express my sadness in order to increase the degree of sadness.
3. Expression skills
There are mainly rendering, contrast (including positive contrast and negative contrast), line drawing, suspense, interest, associative imagination, dynamic and static contrast, dynamic and static writing, enumeration (nouns), combination of reality and falsehood, wanting to promote first, containing praise and derogatory, openly praising and criticizing, saying this and saying that, empathy, making the finishing point, seeing the big from the small, reversing the word order and so on.
4. Writing structure
Common ones are beginning and end care, straight to the point, in-depth at different levels, connecting the preceding with the following, connecting the preceding with the following, first dividing and then combining, first seeing and then feeling, resigned to fate, connecting, bedding, bedding, caring and so on.
5. Material selection
There are priorities, details, simplicity and so on. Materials are the flesh and blood of the article, and the careful choice of materials often reflects the author's intention.
6. Rhetoric
The main rhetorical devices are: antithesis, metaphor, personification, metonymy, exaggeration, parallelism, contrast, evocation, repetition, rhetorical questions, intertextuality, allusions, symbols, lodging and sustenance. In practical application, many kinds of rhetoric often cross together.
Fourth, the ideological content of poetry.
1. Common thoughts and feelings in poetry
(1) Worrying about the country and hurting the country
Expose the ignorance and corruption of rulers. Such as: Du Mu's Three Poems of Crossing Huaqing Palace.
Reflect the pain of separation. Such as: Du Fu's Spring Hope.
Sympathize with the people's suffering. Such as: Du Fu's Song of Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, and Bai Juyi's Selling Charcoal Weng.
Worries about the future and destiny of the country. Such as: Du Fu's "Climbing the Building".
(2) Contribute to the country
The desire for achievement. Such as: Cao Cao's "Although a turtle is a longevity" and Lu You's "Angry Book".
The determination to defend our country. Such as: Wang Changling's "Join the Army".
Can't serve the country. For example, Xin Qiji's "Never Meet Le Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia" and "Ugly Slave Boys Don't Know the Taste of Sorrow".
The pain of mountains and rivers falling. For example, Lu You's Xiuzi and Wen Tianxiang's crossing the ocean.
As time goes by, my ambition is hard to reward. Such as: Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia.
Go to the flower and give it a drop of water, it will bloom more beautifully.
Light the fire of faith today and tomorrow will be brilliant.
Expose the belligerence of the ruler. Such as: Du Fu's Military Vehicle Shop.
A sad mood with uncertain ideals. Such as: Qu Yuan's "Involved in the River".
(3) Homesickness and homesickness
Travel and troubles. For example, Meng Haoran's "Sleeping in Jiande" and Wen's "Journey to the Good".
Miss your relatives and friends. For example, Wang Wei's "Thinking of My Shandong Brothers on Vacation in the Mountain" and Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi".
Homesick at the border. For example, Fan Zhongyan's The Fisherman's Pride: Qiu Lai Scenery.
Pregnant in the boudoir. For example, Wang Changling's in my heart forever, Ouyang Xiu's A Journey to Shakespeare, and Li Bai's Midnight Wu Ge.
(4) Miscellaneous feelings of life
Send love to leisurely scenery and countryside. Such as: Wang Wei's Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains, Meng Haoran's Passing the Old People's Village.
I don't forget the past, and I feel like a teacher of the future. For example, Slow Yangzhou by Jiang Kui and Wuyi Lane by Liu Yuxi.
The feelings of satirizing the present through the past. Such as: Xin Qiji's "Yong Yu Le Jing Kou Gu Bei Ting Nostalgia".
The fleeting sadness of youth. Such as: Li Qingzhao's Dream.
Depression of career setbacks. For example, Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip and Su Shi's Water Tune Song Tou.
Comfort the joy of life. For example, Du Fu's Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Both Banks of the Yellow River Recovered by the Imperial Army and Xin Qiji's Xijiang Moon.
(5) Farewell to the pavilion
Reluctant to part. Such as Liu Yong's Yulin Order, Wang Wei's Weicheng Qu and Li Bai's Nanjing Hotel Parting.
Affectionate encouragement Such as "Send the viceroy to Shu" and so on.
Confess Chen Xinzhi's confession. Such as Wang Changling's "Lotus Inn and Xin Jian Parting".
2. Problems that should be paid attention to when evaluating the ideological content of works
(1) Understanding the writer's life, thoughts and creative style is helpful to understand and grasp the content of his works. For example, Xin Qiji fought bloody battles in the forefront of the anti-gold struggle and died in the battlefield. After returning to the south, he was squeezed and hit by the capitulators. Therefore, most of his words are in full swing to recall the past fighting life, or to express the resentment of serving the country, and his style is bold and sad.
(2) Understanding the characteristics of a certain era is also helpful to accurately grasp the literary works of this era. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, the national strength was strong, and most of the intellectuals who joined the army were in high spirits and heroic. In their poems, especially in frontier fortress poems, although the environment outside the Great Wall is harsh, they also miss their relatives in their hometown deeply, but they are more indignant and determined to defend their country, so their poems are sonorous and emotional. The song dynasty was very different. The Great Song Dynasty, which was poor and weak and its national strength declined, has lost the flavor of the Tang Dynasty. In the writings of intellectuals, there is less heroism, more sadness, less grandeur and more worries about home and country.
(3) Many ancient poems are preceded by brief prefaces. Some explain the creation time, some explain the creation reason, some explain the creation process, some explain the creation background, and some lay the emotional tone for the whole work. Understanding the ideological content of the work is also very important and cannot be ignored.
(4) The thoughts and feelings of most works are not single, which may be mixed with many very complicated emotions, so we should pay special attention to them. Of course, readers can sometimes use their imagination on the basis of the original work and make a second creation. In addition, a writer's overall creative orientation and style are generally fixed, but it does not rule out the existence of special cases in individual works. Such as Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji, all have their own creations outside the inherent style.