In "China New Rhyme", why are the good words vague?

Harmony (hé), harmony (zè), harmony (yā) and rhyme (yê n) are one of the basic elements of poetic meter. The rhyme in poetry is called rhyme (rhyme), also called "also (xié) rhyme", which is a phonetics term. So people often say "rhyme". The so-called rhyme is generally the vowel in Chinese phonetic syllables. Rhyme is to put words with the same rhyme (same vowel) in a fixed position stipulated by poetry (including lyrics), which is generally used at the end of the last word of even sentences, thus forming a rhyme foot, so it is also called rhyme foot. Most Chinese characters are spelled with pinyin letters, one word (syllable). For example, the word "Zhong" is written as "zhong" with pinyin letters, and some words are the same as their vowels, such as "tūngūng", "gūngūng" and "kóngūng", so they are all homophones with the same rhyme. Any homophone can be rhymed. Think about defending the country (tái). Lying at night listening to the wind and rain, the dream of MOS Rail Glacier (Lai). The vowels of "Ai", "Tai" and "Lai" in the sentence are all "āi", forming a rhyme. The third sentence does not rhyme. In Chinese pronunciation, the vowels of A, O and E are all monosyllables. Homonym can form several vowels: ia, ua, uai, AO, ian, uan, üan, ANG, uang, ie, üe, ONG, ueng, etc. Although the rhyme is different, the main vowel (rhyme belly) is the same, and it is also a homonym. For example, Fan Chengda (Song Dynasty)' Four Seasons Pastoral Miscellanies' Ye Pang Yin Sang learned to grow melons (guā) Du Mu (Tang Dynasty) Jinguyuan's prosperous things scattered incense dust (chén), and the running water was ruthless from spring (chūn). At dusk, the east wind complains about birds, and falling flowers are still like falling from a building (rén). "Dust", "spring" and "people" all rhyme flat. Reading also rhymes. Rhyme is for the harmony of rhyme, which constitutes the musical beauty of poetry and is also convenient for chanting, singing, memorizing and reciting. However, sometimes when we read ancient poems, we feel that the rhyme in the poems doesn't rhyme, which is a bit awkward. You know, this is because of the development of language and the change of pronunciation. If we read according to the past pronunciation, it will rhyme and be consistent. Today is of course modern Chinese. Naturally, I don't think it rhymes. The rhyme of poetry has existed since ancient times, but it began to be standardized and gradually formed in the Qi and Liang Dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, it reached its peak. Homophones (that is, the main vowels in syllables have the same ending) were used by poets according to their pronunciation at that time. Later, the pronunciation changed more and more, so the rhyme was different. The ancients wrote modern poems in strict accordance with rhyme books and Chinese characters used rhyme. There are three important factors: sound, rhyme and tone. Rhyme book is a reference book to arrange Chinese characters according to different syllable sounds, rhymes and tones. According to the arrangement of syllables, each rhyme part contains several words with the same rhyme for reference when writing rhymes. Such a rhyme book is actually a dictionary for consulting rhyme books. According to literature research, due to historical reasons, some of the earliest rhyming books in China have been lost. Yan Lu inherited and summarized the essence of previous rhyming books, and compiled the book Qieyun, which is well-known. This book has a rhyme of * * * 206, because it is too complicated and detailed to use. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Mian changed Qieyun to Tangyun, stipulating that similar rhymes could be used together, which became the official poetry collection and rhyme standard at that time. By the Southern Song Dynasty, it was razed in Liu Yuan. It is divided into 107 rhymes. Later, Wang Wenyu (Shanxi Pingshui) merged into 106 rhyme, which was called "Pingshui rhyme" and became the basis for later rhymes. Peiwenyun, edited during the Kangxi period, and later Poetic Rhyme Integration and Poetic Rhyme Combination were all arranged according to Pingshuiyun. The details are as follows: sound (fifteen rhymes), one east, two winters, three rivers, four branches, five micro, six fish, seven dangers, eight strange, nine beautiful, ten gray, eleven true, twelve articles, thirteen yuan, fourteen cold, fifteen deleted tones (fifteen rhymes), one song, two small, three dishes, four noble, five songs and six hemp. Sixteen Miller, Ten Shans (Shans), Eighteen Clever, Nineteen Good, Twenty Curses (Ge), Twenty-one Horse, Twenty-two Yang, Twenty-three Stems, Twenty-five Twenty-five Beds, Twenty-seven Feeling, Twenty-nine Embarrassment (Xian), Three Rhymes, One Get One Exemption, Two Crimson, Four Places Fifteen John, Sixteen remonstrances, Seventeen Beats, Eighteen Whistles, Nineteen Effects. Twenty-nine colors and thirty tones (17 rhymes), one house, two wo, three senses, four qualities, five things, six or seven (he), eight scraps, ten medicines, eleven strangers, twelve tin, thirteen posts, (1) rhymes, the level and level are divided into upper and lower levels. This is because there are many flat tones, so it is divided into upper and lower volumes, and there is no other meaning. (2) Rhyme indicates the classification (type) of vowels. Put words with the same vowels together and find out one of them as a representative, which is the so-called rhyme part, such as "Yi Dong" and "Er Dong". Even today, modern poetry sometimes rhymes with "horizontal rhyme". For a common rhyme word, please refer to the appendix "A Brief List of Common Rhyme Words in Ancient Poetry". There are wide and narrow rhymes, and there are many rhyming words in the rhyming part, so there are many choices when using, and the rhyming is convenient. A few words are called narrow rhyme, which is also called dangerous rhyme. There is no more room for manoeuvre when using them, which is inconvenient. It is difficult for us to write modern poems today. If we are familiar with ancient rhyme, we can naturally use rhyme according to "poetic rhyme", otherwise we may not use ancient rhyme, but we can use rhyme according to the rhyme of modern Chinese Putonghua. At present, experts in the field of Chinese poetry have made amazing achievements and published Ping Shui Yun. It greatly facilitates the rhyme of modern poetry. Although New Rhyme of Chinese is still being perfected gradually, it has made great contributions to the reform of rhyme and the prosperity of poetry creation, and it is a major event in the field of China's poetry. Attachment: About the rhyme part of Chinese New Rhyme, it is briefly introduced as follows: Chinese New Rhyme (14 rhyme)-Ma a ia ua, Er Lang o e uo, III ie üe, IV ai uai, V ei ui(uei), VI ao iao and VII ou iu(iou). Eight Cold AnAn AnAn Nine Articles en in un ün Ten Tang Dynasty Ang Guang eleven Geng En (Eng) ONG (Ueng) ONG (ü eng) 127,263 branches (-i) (★) The zero initial in the fourteen rhymes of Chinese characters is fourteen ancient, which was published in the sixth issue of China Poetry in 2004. See Appendix II for a brief list of commonly used words in Chinese New Rhyme (Fourteen Rhymes). In the aspect of rhyme, the author advocates that Ping Shui Yun and New Rhyme of Chinese should be parallel, and the author has the right to choose freely. At the same time, we strongly advocate the use of new rhyme. However, it should be noted that old and new rhymes cannot be mixed in a poem. Otherwise, it is mixed rhyme, so pay attention to it when creating. The second element of the metrical pattern of flat and even poems is to talk about flat and even poems. Comrade Mao Zedong said, "Metric poetry should focus on flat and even poems, either flat and even poems or irregular poems. "What is a peaceful poem? Flat tone is the study of Chinese syllable tone. To learn flat tones, we must first know four tones, so we should start with tones. Chinese is tonal language, which is the characteristic of Chinese. Pronunciation constitutes the tone of Chinese, which is the main factor. In ancient Chinese, there were flat tones, rising tones and falling tones. The combination of Shang, Qu and Confucianism is called "emptiness". "Xu" means injustice, and "Ping" and "Xu" are two opposite categories. Modern Mandarin also has four tones, namely: (1) Gao Pingtiao in Pinge; (2) the rising tone in the level tone; (3). But traditionally, the flat tone is the middle tone, the upper tone is the upper tone, the falling tone is the falling tone, and the entering tone is the short tone. There is a Song formula in front of Kangxi Dictionary, which shows the pronunciation characteristics of the ancient four tones: flat and flat, but not low, fierce and strong in the upper voice, clear and sad in the lower voice, and short and urgent in the entering voice. Although this description is short and urgent, it is read from the bottom up, violent and high-pitched, with no ending; Reading from top to bottom, the ending is far and short; The entrance is dull and short, and then the sound is closed without ending. Gupingyin has been divided into Yin Ping and Yang Ping; The upper turbid characters, now some of them have become the lower turbid characters; Only disyllabic words are still disyllabic; Rusheng characters still exist in some local dialects, but they have disappeared in Putonghua. Now we use Putonghua as the standard to divide flat tones, and it is clear through the comparison of four tones in ancient and modern times: four tones in Putonghua: flat tones (rising tone and falling tone) and flat tones (rising tone and falling tone); four tones in ancient times: flat tones (rising tone and falling tone). In ancient times, the entering tone characters all went to the level tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone in Mandarin, which is what people say, "Yin and Yang are equally divided, and entering three tones". The entering tone words are sent to the outgoing tone the most, followed by the rising tone, which becomes the least rising tone. In this way, although Gu Ping's tone words are now divided into flat tones and upper tones, they are still flat tones; Up and down or down, no need to recite. There is only one entering tone, and those entering tone and going tone or going tone can be ignored. What you need to recognize is the words with flat and rising tones, and the number of such words is not too much, and it is not difficult to remember. What's more, the problem of entering tones in China's new rhyme (Fourteen Rhymes) has been fundamentally solved. Poetry is a literary form that can be sung. Paying attention to the flat tone can form a sense of rhythm and strong musical beauty with high and low tones, ups and downs, and enhance the expression effect of poetry. Knowing the four tones, it is easy to explain with a flat voice. Flat is flat (up and down flat); In the metrical mode of poetry, flat voice is an extremely important issue. The two tones of even tone are used alternately in the poem, which makes the tone diversified and avoids dullness. Therefore, poetry works are sonorous and beautiful to read. But how are the words "level and even" and "even" used interchangeably in poetry? To put it simply: First, the words "flat and even" are used alternately in this sentence. Secondly, even words are used for duality. For example, Du Fu (Tang)' s "Spring Hope" begins with two sentences: A leopard cannot change its spots, and a leopard cannot change its spots. Their parity words are: parity words. The last syllable is even. This is the interactive use of Pingzhuan in this sentence. The second sentence is flat, flat (city spring) is followed by flat tone (vegetation), and the last syllable is flat tone (deep). This is also the interactive use of Pingping in this sentence. But if "mountains and rivers" are indifferent to "vegetation"; At the end of the sentence, "you" equals "deep" and "flat". This is the opposite usage of parallelism in duality. Not only does modern poetry pay attention to flatness (some ancient poems pay attention to flatness as well as ancient styles), but even lyrics and songs are inseparable from Kaiping, so I understand the flatness of modern poetry. This is the origin of the word "dual". Duality is a rhetorical method and an important part of poetic meter. Duality is to juxtapose similar concepts or opposing concepts, set off and contrast each other, and achieve better expression effect. Generally speaking, antithesis refers to the antithetical couplets formed by the upper (sentence) and the lower (sentence), so antithetical couplets in poetry can also be called ". It is not necessarily the same sentence structure (of course, the same structure is better, but sometimes it is difficult to do it). The upper and lower sentences in couplets have the same number of words, are parallel, have the same part of speech, and have similar, related or opposite meanings. Words that are opposite to each other, especially those that rhyme with the end of a sentence, cannot be repeated (homophones). Rhymes and quatrains are very particular about antithesis. For example, Wang Zhihuan (opposite sentence. "Jin" and "Liu" are opposite, predicates are opposite, and verbs are opposite; "Yishan" is opposite to "entering the sea", and adverbials are opposite to adverbials and verb-object phrases, which modify and describe the specific States of verbs "Jin" and "Liu" respectively. The meaning of the poem is: The Yellow River flows into the sea when the sun sets in the west. The structure and parts of speech of the two sentences are completely opposite. Its plane format is: Lian. According to the antithesis of metrical poems, words can be roughly divided into nine categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs, numerals, adverbs, function words, pronouns, locative words and color words. Only words of the same kind can form duality. But we should pay attention to the following situations: numerals are divided into quantifiers. Generally speaking, it is not opposed to other words. 1. Color words are of their own kind and are not opposed to other words. 1. The locative word is of its own kind, not opposed to other words. 1. Adjectives and intransitive verbs can be opposed to form duality. 1. Lian Mian words can only be compared with Lian Mian words with the same part of speech, such as "parrot" and "Yuanyang", which are nominal Lian Mian words. "Wandering" and "majestic" are descriptive words; "Hesitation" and "enthusiasm" are verb conjunctions. Generally speaking, it is not relative to associate words with different parts of speech. 6. Reduplicated words, disyllabic words and reduplicated words should be paired. 6. Adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions and auxiliary words should be paired. In order to make the duality orderly, nouns can be subdivided into several subcategories: 1. Astronomy: sky, sun, moon, stars, morning, clouds, fog, wind, rain, sunset, sky, haze, etc. 1. Geography: mountains, seas, rivers, fields, lands, roads, mountains, rivers, peaks, suburbs and lakes. Fur, shoes, coats, robes, hairpins, bracelets, etc. 6. Animals: dogs, chickens, horses, apes, tigers, eagles, dragons, lions, elephants, cows, rabbits, rats, etc. 6. Plants: grass, wood, peach, pear, book, bamboo, wheat, mouse, etc. Hands, claws, lips, eyebrows, chest, feet, etc. ⑴ Palace category: rooms, doors, windows, platforms, pavilions, altars, palaces, buildings, halls, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, etc. 5. Branches: Party A, Party B, Party C, Party D, Party E, Party G, Party G, Party B, Party A, Party B, Party A, Party B, and Party B, etc. (6) Color category: Zhu, ruler, green, red, white, black, purple, cyan, blue, gray, Dan, yellow, etc. (7) Literature: Poetry, Ci, Song, Fu, Book, Painting, Canon and Chapter. It can also be used as couplets. Therefore, couplets should also meet the standards and requirements of antithesis (of course, couplets also have their own metrical requirements). For example, we are familiar with the Spring Festival couplets: all wind and rain are auspicious, and all colors are spring. There is a antithesis in this Spring Festival couplets. The words are equivalent. The words are neat and even, and the words are flat and even. "Five winds", "Ten rains", "All colors" and "Thousand reds" are descriptive and biased phrases, one sentence is self-correcting, and the other is relative. "DuDu" and "Always" are antonyms of adverbs and verbs, but also predicates "Rui" and "Spring" are nouns and objects. From the perspective of sentence structure, the five winds and ten rains (subjects) are all (predicates) and the colorful (subjects) are all (predicates) and spring (objects). The antithesis between the upper and lower sentences is very neat and ingenious.