Nausea is probably the book that Logan Ding expected to write. This makes the work a self-created novel, a novel that tells the birth of a person, praises the power of art and compensates for the mediocrity of existence. It was Sartre's later contempt for this possibility that made him deny his early works and give up the creation of novels completely in the 1950s. When Sartre was an unknown philosophy teacher in his thirties, he wrote some influential novels, questioning readers' narcissism on the essential issues of individuals and society. Sartre's collection of short stories The Wall was published in 1939. As the title of a collection of short stories, The Wall, written in the first person in the tone of death row awaiting execution during the Spanish Civil War, is typical of many similar novels: putting a single person in an environment that destroys his firm beliefs. Another excellent novella, The Leader's Childhood, investigates the life of a hypocrite and describes how he changed from a young villain to a violent senior official.
After The Wall was well received, Sartre ambitiously began to write another novel about freedom, and prepared to take Lucifer as the title. Later, it developed into a series of novels called The Road to Freedom. Sartre planned to complete this four-part series from 1945 to 1949, but actually only completed the first three, and then gave up the novel creation. Mathieu Tralou, the hero of the book, is considered as an extension of Logan Ding. He was keen on artistic liberation, and then developed into an active participant in the real world, taking social responsibility as his own responsibility. The first book of The Road to Freedom, The Age of Reason (1945), reflects the mental state of the French people on the eve of World War II through complicated plots and many characters, but the focus is on how Mathieu and his mistress Marseille control their freedom: should she have an abortion and should he marry her? ?
Delay (1945), the second part of the trilogy, adds some characters, including some historical figures such as Chamberlain, Daladier and Hitler. This book is creative in technique, with eight chapters, giving a wonderful picture of France in the eight days of September 1938. Through a series of sudden time transitions and simultaneous events, the novel shows a confused society isolated from the future.
In the unsuccessful sequel "Death of Mind" (1949), all kinds of characters experienced the catastrophe of 1940 June war. At the same time, the obvious political and philosophical colors in Sartre's novels are getting heavier and heavier. Later, he decided to express his philosophical and political views in a more direct way than literary creation.
The Second World War had a great influence on Sartre and changed his view of himself as a writer. The war made him realize that writing is a social activity; At the same time, it also provided him with an opportunity to achieve unity through writing. Sartre, as a playwright, started from a German prison camp, when he wrote and performed the script Balionona (1940) describing secret resistance.
After his release, in Paris under German occupation, Sartre wrote many scripts that were divorced from the actual situation at that time, showing people in a dangerous environment-just like the French people in the hands of German fascists at that time, they needed to realize their freedom rationally. The fly (1943) reproduces a story in Greek mythology. Orestes, the hero, hesitates whether he should take revenge on Egyptos. The Egyptians murdered the hero's father, King Agamemnon, and usurped the throne. Now he is brazenly lying on the bed of the dead king, sharing the bed with Orestes's mother. Although The Fly passed the test in Germany, for the French audience, the play is obviously the call of the screenwriter, awakening people to take responsibility for getting rid of foreign slavery.
During the German occupation, Sartre's other drama Intermittent (1944) was his most outstanding and performed most times. The story in the play takes place in a secluded room in hell. The three characters began to accept punishment-endless punishment. Everyone tries to torture the other two mentally, and in turn, everyone is tortured by others. As one of them said in a rare sober moment, "the others are hell." It is culpable of punishment for the three of them to fall into Sartre's hell, because when they can choose the behavior that is actually their personal life, they all choose an unreal self. ?
Even after Sartre gave up writing novels, the theater still understood his view that writers are spokesmen of society, although none of his later works can achieve the success of Fly or Interval. In the following 10 years, Sartre continued to use drama to spread his ideas. For example, The Humble Prostitute (1946) is a popular drama that attacks American class and racial prejudice.
Sartre's own favorite play, Devil and God (195 1), may also be his most successful attempt to organically combine Marxism with existentialism. Based on the reform of Germany, the play makes a detailed investigation on the necessity of creating human life and meeting historical needs. Sartre once said that the purpose of his original creation of Death row in Altona (1959) was to protest the persecution of Algerian nationalists by the French army. But later he set the scene of the play in postwar Germany, and in the process of analyzing Nazi atrocities and guilt, he discussed the responsibility and essence of all kinds of violence in this century more comprehensively. ?
Sartre believes that, in a sense, novels and dramas are usually other forms of philosophy. But he also devoted himself directly to his formal education-philosophy. Being and nothingness (1943) is Sartre's main contribution to formal philosophy, although it is a phenomenological theory and a copy of the theories of edmund husserl and Heidegger.
Being and nothingness explores the most important existential concepts such as contingency, consciousness and nothingness, which is extremely impressive. Although Sartre wrote this book when France was in the darkest period of German occupation, he still boldly declared that people can gain absolute freedom through the existence of an unconscious state different from free existence.
Sartre is personally responsible not only for himself, but also for the whole world. As the existentialist explains responsibility, "responsibility is the consciousness of the undisputed creator as an event or object". Perhaps because of the length and depth of this philosophical work, Sartre began to be regarded as a saint, and believers, opponents and curious people flocked to him. Sartre tried to refute other viewpoints and defend himself through the article Existentialism is a Humanism (1946). In fact, this article was a speech he gave in Paris in 1945/KLOC-0 to demonstrate and popularize his philosophical thoughts. ?
Sartre's second major philosophical work is Critique of Dialectical Reason, in which the first part, Practical Holism (1960), was conceived at the climax of the Algerian war, with the purpose of analyzing Marxist dialectics by combining existentialism and psychoanalysis and expounding its feasibility. Sartre described it as the only way to the overall consciousness and understanding of the whole self as an individual and a historical moment. Sartre failed to complete the second part of his planned Critique of Dialectical Reason, but in the last few years of his creative career, he still devoted himself to studying the theories of psychology and historical biography expounded in this book.
Sartre was deeply interested in Gustav Flaubert because he found similarities in his own life. Of course, he also denied many similarities. Due to his blindness, Sartre failed to finish the book "Idiot at Home"-Gustav Flaubert (1821-kloc-0/857) (1971-kloc-0/972). However, this is a film about Marxism-existentialism.
The Idiot at Home is Sartre's last voluminous work, but it is not the only one in his biographical creation. In the monograph Baudelaire (1947), Sartre discussed another French writer, who fell into narcissism and gave up his freedom because he was disappointed with his maternal love.
Saint Chennai: Clowns and Martyrs (1952) makes a detailed investigation of Jean Chennai, a contemporary writer and criminal, as an existential hero. As an act of breaking away from the society that tried to make him a victim, Chennai consciously shaped himself.
Nevertheless, the biographies of Sartre and himself, or the childhood writers who started writing at the age of 12, are still his most popular and respected biographies. The book Discourse is a rich and touching memory of Sartre's childhood. At the same time, this biography also profoundly exposed his hypocrisy and bourgeois hypocrisy. Using the methods of Marxism and psychoanalysis, Sartre chose to become a writer who worships words. However, in 1964, he gave up this choice. Ci, a work that didn't completely get rid of the lyrical style, can be said to be Sartre's farewell to the literary world, but it was this work that got him the nomination of Nobel Prize in Literature, which is really ironic, but also very appropriate. ?
From 1945 to 10, Sartre founded Modern magazine, which marked that he chose to debate and left behind imaginative writing. In the first issue of Modern, he published an article, which essentially declared that literature is a social activity. In this article and the articles published in this journal one after another, and later included in 10 "The Situation" (1947- 1976), Sartre declared that the writer's responsibility is to shape the world, make himself stand with Voltaire, Emile Zola and other social activists, and oppose people who are indifferent to oppression all their lives.
He continued to expound his views in subsequent issues of magazines, especially what is literature? Published in 1947. Sartre demonstrated that prose is superior to poetry, and advocated a kind of practical literature that is free for both authors and readers. Sartre spent most of his life, using modern magazines and other publications, and sometimes even on the streets of cities, fighting against all kinds of injustice in society. ?
Sartre was regarded as an existentialist idol long before the Swedish Academy Prize for Literature awarded him an award-winning field. However, Sartre constantly transformed himself, but he enjoyed himself in changing his position, viewpoint and behavior countless times. As a stubborn, sometimes even stubborn, talented and energetic person, Sartre often makes himself incompatible with the traditional complacency of the western middle class, but his tendency is extremely cautious. The most outstanding geek of our time will go down in history because of his extensive brilliant achievements and the important position of the intellectuals he created for himself, in addition to his creations in novels, plays, biographies and philosophy.
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