Metaphor describes things or explains truth through the similarities between two different things. For example, the musical metaphors in Bai Juyi's Pipa Journey and Li He's Li Pingya, Li Yu's "How much sorrow can there be, just like a river flowing eastward".
The concept of "flying freely is as light as a dream, and the rain is as fine as sorrow" skillfully compares abstract things with image things, or conversely, compares image things with abstract things, giving people a variety of sensory beauty enjoyment. Metaphors like this are numerous in ancient poems and songs.
Step 2 incarnate
Personification is to personify things through imagination and endow "things" with human words and deeds or emotions. This rhetoric can make the description vivid and rich in meaning; At the same time, people's emotions are transferred to things, so that foreign things share joys and sorrows with people. For example, there is also a saying in "Yangzhou Slow" that "abandoning trees is still boring soldiers". Trees still hate war, let alone Yangzhou people.
3. exaggeration?
Exaggeration refers to deliberately exaggerating or narrowing a certain feature or character of the expression object in order to enhance the expressive force of the text. Exaggeration can strongly express the author's emotional attitude towards the person or thing to be expressed, or praise or belittle, or affirm or deny, thus causing readers to have a strong voice, and can also trigger people's association and imagination, which is conducive to revealing the essence of things.
For example, Li Bai's "Looking at Lushan Waterfall": "Flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days." Exaggerated techniques are used to show the spectacular scene of waterfalls flowing down, which is full of the poet's praise for the magical power of nature.
Step 4 compare
Contrast is to put two opposing things or two different aspects of the same thing together and compare them with each other. Using contrast, or making the contradiction of opposing things stand out clearly, revealing the essence gives people profound enlightenment; Or make the two opposing aspects of things set off against each other and complement each other, giving people a deep impression.
For example, Gao Shi's Ge Yanxing: "Half of our soldiers died at the front, but the other half is still alive, and there are beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the military camp." Comparing the death of soldiers on the battlefield with the indulgence of the general, the image is vivid and profound.
5. ask questions?
Asking questions means pretending to ask questions, and then answering them by yourself to guide readers to think and experience. For example, Du Fu's "Shu Xiang": "Where is the Hall of Fame? In a pine forest near the Silk City. The green grass in spring stained the steps and the birds sang happily under the leaves. " Yu Meiren: "I asked you how sad you can be?" Like a river flowing eastward. "Farewell to the pavilion": "Who got drunk in the frost forest at dawn? Always in tears. "
Step 6 ask a rhetorical question
A rhetorical question means to express a clear meaning in the form of a question. Used to strengthen tone and express strong feelings. "Although the disciples of Jiangdong are here today, are they willing to make a comeback for you?" (Wang Anshi's Overlapping Wujiang Pavilion)
7. Double?
Duality, also known as duality, refers to the symmetrical arrangement of two sentences or phrases with equal or roughly equal words, the same or similar structure and related meanings. Duality can make the meaning of expression more full and clear; Make the melody appear cadence, clear rhythm and harmonious.
Structurally, duality can be divided into strict pair and wide pair. Strictly require that the upper and lower sentences have the same number of words, the same structure, the same part of speech, and parallel words, and words cannot be used repeatedly; Tolerance is not so strict. Tolerance is not used in regular poetry, but in prose and parallel prose.
8. Intertextuality?
Intertextuality is a special rhetorical device in ancient Chinese. In ancient poetry, due to the limitation of words and rules or the need of expressing art, it is necessary to express rich content with concise words and implicit and concise sentences.
Therefore, only one of the two appears in the context, omitting the other, that is, the so-called "two give one side and save one side" to achieve the effect of simplifying the complex.
Baidu encyclopedia-rhetoric