Also known as "refining words". One of the rhetorical methods. That is, according to the needs of the content and artistic conception, carefully select the most appropriate and expressive words to express the meaning. It is said that the word "green" in "The spring breeze turns green on the south bank of the river" in Wang Anshi's "Mooring Boats in Guazhou" of the Song Dynasty was first written as "arrive", and then changed to more than ten words such as "guo", "ru" and "man" before it was finally finalized.
What is Lianzi?
The so-called refining of words is to carry out careful refinement and creative matching when using words for the purpose of expression, so that the words used can achieve concise, beautiful, vivid, implicit and profound expression effects. This method of artistic processing of words is called word refining.
Because of the idiosyncratic nature of human nature, I will never stop saying good things, but if my words are not surprising, I will die endlessly.
——Du Fu
To pronounce the word 'an, break off several stems and whiskers.
——Lu Yanrang
Two sentences are obtained in three years, and one chant brings tears to the eyes.
——Jia Dao
Allusions about "examination":
Title: Li Ning lives in seclusion
Living leisurely with few neighbors, one enters the grass path Deserted garden. The bird stayed in the tree beside the pond, and the monk knocked on the door under the moon. Crossing the bridge, you can see the wild colors, and you can move rocks and cloud roots. I've been away for a while and come back here, and I live up to my promise.
Allusions about "Yi Zi Shi"
Early Plum Qi Ji
Thousands of trees are about to break due to the cold, but the solitary root is warm and can only grow back.
In the deep snow in Qiancun, several branches bloomed last night.
The wind carries the delicate fragrance, and the birds take a look at the beautiful scenery.
As expected next year, Wangchuntai will be the first place to visit.
How to set the question (propositional perspective) for the word-refining question?
1. Is a certain word used well in the poem? Why? Or a certain word has always been praised by people. What do you think is good about it? (Direct appreciation of keywords)
2. What is the "poetic eye" and "keyword" in the poem? Why? (Find the key words and appreciate them)
3. Which word is better than another word? Why? (Comparative Appreciation)
How to answer the word-refining problem?
Answer steps:
(1) Explain the meaning of the word in the sentence;
(2) Expand the association and put the word into the original sentence to describe Scene;
(3) Point out what kind of artistic conception the word constitutes, what kind of emotion it expresses, or what kind of expression effect it has (point out the expression technique).
The first type
Magnolia Song Qi
The scenery in the east city is gradually beautiful, and the wrinkled ripples welcome guests. Outside the green poplar smoke, the morning light is cold, and the red apricot branches are full of spring.
I hate the lack of entertainment when I grow up, but I am willing to love a thousand gold and smile lightly. I hold wine for you to persuade the setting sun, and leave the evening light among the flowers.
In Wang Guowei's "Human Words", there is such an evaluation of the word "nao" in "The red apricot branches are noisy in spring", "With the word 'nao', all realms are revealed." What do you think? Is the word "noisy" used well? Why?
Reference answer:
"Nao" means lively and noisy (interpretation of the literal meaning). The author's use of the word "noisy" not only makes people feel that the apricot blossoms are blooming enthusiastically, but also reminds people of bees and butterflies flying among the flowers, and spring birds singing in harmony (describing the scene). It vividly expresses a spring-filled and vibrant scenery (point effect).
The second type:
Passing Xiangji Temple Wang Wei
I don’t know Xiangji Temple, but I enter Yunfeng several miles away.
The ancient trees are untouched, and there are no clocks in the mountains.
The sound of the spring is swallowed by dangerous rocks, and the sun is cold and green.
In the dusk, there is a song in the empty pond, and Zen is used to control the poisonous dragon.
Which word do you think is the word "poetry eye" in the third couplet of this poem? Why? Please briefly appreciate the whole poem.
Reference answer:
"Poetry Eye" means "pharynx" and "cold" respectively.
The flowing spring in the mountain groaned like a whimper due to the obstruction of the rocks. The sunlight shining on the green pines seems to be cold due to the darkness of the mountains and forests. (Explanation of word meaning, description of scene)
The words "pharynx" and "cold" use personification and synaesthesia rhetorical techniques to vividly and concisely show the quiet and lonely scene in the mountains. (Point effect)
The third type
Drinking (Jin Dynasty) Tao Yuanming
The hut is in a human environment, without the noise of cars and horses.
When I ask you how you can do it, your mind is far away and you are biased.
Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, you can leisurely see the Nanshan Mountain.
The mountain air is getting better day by day, and the birds are flying back and forth.
This has a true meaning, but I have forgotten to tell it.
Some people say that the word "jian" in "Long Ran Jian Nanshan" is the poetic eye of this poem, and it is the most wonderful use. If it is changed to "see", "look", etc., it will lose its interest. Why do you say this?
Reference answer:
"Seeing" means seeing accidentally, such as acquaintances meeting each other, integrating people and things into one. "Looking" or "looking" seems to mean looking at a distance deliberately, which puts people and things at a distance.
The author writes this to express his leisurely and comfortable life in seclusion.
Consolidation practice: Bodhisattva Man Li Bai
The flat forest is like weaving smoke in the desert, and the cold mountain area is sad and green. It's dark when you enter a high-rise building, and there are people upstairs who are worried.
The jade steps stand in the air, and the birds return home in a hurry. Where is the return journey? The long pavilion is shorter than the pavilion.
Classical poetry pays special attention to word refinement. Please briefly analyze the role of the word "empty" in expressing emotions.
"Kong" in the text means "blank, lonely, alone".
The lyrical protagonist stands on the jade steps, looking dreamily and in vain at the returning birds in the dusk. Birds return to people but not to others, and they stir up emotions when they touch the scene, causing endless sorrow and thoughts.
The word "empty" expresses the loneliness and melancholy of the lyrical protagonist who is waiting hard without results, adding to the "sad" flavor of the whole word and making the theme more vivid.
Teacher’s suggestion:
Read more poetry to increase your accumulation
Master the skills and standardize your answers
Excerpted from Sogou Encyclopedia