1 Bixing.
To compare is to compare one thing to another. In "The Book of Songs: The Great Rat", slave owners are compared to big rats, using the same method of comparison.
Xing means "preface other things to trigger the words to be chanted." For example, "The river is clear and ripples" in "The Book of Songs·Fa Tan" belongs to "Xing", which leads to the following narrative. "Xing" and "bi" are often used together in a poem. For example, "The Peacock flies southeast" at the beginning of "The Peacock flies southeast, lingering for five miles", which is both "Xing" and "Comparison". Li Shangyin's "Jin Se": "The Jin Se has fifty strings for no reason, and every string and column reminds me of the Chinese years." The first couplet uses the musical instrument of the harp, thus thinking of the "Chinese years".
2. Combination of virtuality and reality
Combination of virtuality and reality means that real scenes and things and imaginary scenes and things set off and intertwine to express the same emotion. The relationship between the virtual scene and the real scene is sometimes opposite to form a strong contrast, thus highlighting the center. For example, the virtual scene in Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slowness" refers to "Ten Miles of Spring Breeze", describing the prosperity of the ten-mile long street in Yangzhou City in the past; the real scene is "all the shepherds and wheat are green", describing the desolate situation the poet sees today. The two contrasting pictures, virtual and real, embody the poet's emotion about the prosperity of the past and the decline of the present.
The relationship between the virtual scene and the real scene sometimes complements each other to form a rendering and contrast, thereby highlighting the center. For example, Ouyang Xiu's "Traveling on the Shasha": "The plum blossoms in the waiting hall are withered, the willows on the creeks and bridges are thin, the grass is fragrant and the wind is warm and the bridles are shaking. The sorrow of separation gradually becomes infinite, and the distance is endless like spring water. Every inch of the soft intestine is full of pink tears, and the building is too high to be close. "The landscape is full of spring mountains, and the travelers are outside the spring mountains." The painting is realistic, reflecting the sadness of "passers-by" through the early spring scene. The lower column depicts emptiness, and depicts melancholy by imagining the sad image of the "pedestrian"'s wife leaning on the railing and looking into the distance, missing the "pedestrian". The wife misses her husband, the husband misses his wife, and the reality and reality are intertwined, thus vividly expressing the sadness of separation.
3. Contrast
Contrast is also called foil, which refers to using B to support A to make the characteristics or characteristics of A more prominent. There are two types: positive foil and reverse foil. Using the approximate conditions of one thing to set off another thing is called positive foil; using the opposite conditions of one thing to set off another thing is called contrast. For example, Su Shi's "Nian Nujiao·Chibi Nostalgia": "The great river goes eastward, and the waves are swept away, and there are romantic figures through the ages. To the west of the fort, there is humanity, Zhou Lang of the Three Kingdoms in Chibi." The character image that this poem wants to create is Zhou Yu, but it starts from "eternal" "Romantic figure" was written, which led to "how many heroes" during the Battle of Chibi, and finally concentrated on Zhou Yu, which highlighted Zhou Yu's important position in the author's heart. This is a foil. "The forest with noisy cicadas becomes quieter, and the mountains with singing birds become more secluded" is a contrast.
4. Contrast
Contrast is to put two opposite things or two different aspects of the same thing together and compare them with each other. The use of contrast can either make the contradictions of opposite things stand out clearly, reveal the essence, and give people profound inspiration; or make the two opposite aspects of things set off each other, complement each other, and give people a deep impression. For example, in Gao Shi's "The Song of Songs": "The soldiers are half dead in front of the army, but the beauties are still singing and dancing under their tents." The contrast between the soldiers dying on the battlefield and the general's indulgent sensuality is vivid and revealing.
5. Circumstances
Circumcision is to state the aspects to be devalued and negative and the aspects to be affirmed at the same time, and only highlight one aspect among them, in order to achieve the purpose of suppressing one and promoting the other. . According to the form, circumflex can be divided into two types: those who want to raise first, suppress first, and those who want to suppress first raise. For example, Li Shangyin's "Jia Sheng": "The promulgation office seeks talents and visits the ministers, but Jia Sheng's talents are even more unmatched. It's a pity that he has to sit down at the front table in the middle of the night and doesn't ask the common people or ghosts and gods." The first two lines of the poem are written from the front, as if to enthusiastically praise Emperor Wen's pursuit of talents. If you are thirsty and open-minded, this is Yang. But after reading the last two sentences, I suddenly realized that it turns out that seeking talents solemnly, asking questions humbly, admiring and admiring them, and even "eating empty seats in the middle of the night" is not to seek ways to govern the country and bring peace to the people, but to "ask the ghosts and gods" the original question. This is suppress. The desire to suppress is the first to promote, and it bitterly satirizes the political stupidity and absurdity of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty.
6. Symbol
Symbol refers to concepts, thoughts and feelings that express similar or similar characteristics through specific and easily associated specific images. Qu Yuan used "Lan Zhi" to symbolize his fragrance and his noble integrity of not conforming to the world, and Lu You used "Plum Blossom" to symbolize his aloofness and integrity.
7. Positive description
Positive description refers to the frontal and side description of the description object, which is also called direct description and indirect description. Direct description of the object is frontal description, description of things around the object, and side description to make the object more vivid and prominent. For example, Wang Changling's "Army March": "The desert is windy and the sun is dim, and the red flag is half-rolled out of the camp gate. The front army fought in Taohebei at night, and has reported that Tuyuhun was captured alive." The second sentence describes the battle situation from the side: On the one hand, the poem is very powerful, and it is convenient to roll up the red flag. Marching in a hurry; on the other hand, being highly alert and unobtrusive, highlighting the tense state of the war.
8. Use allusions
There are two types of use of allusions and quoting previous poems. Yongshi refers to the use of historical stories to express the author's thoughts and feelings, including his stance and attitude towards certain issues in real life, personal thoughts and wishes, etc. The purpose of quoting or adapting previous poems is to deepen the artistic conception in the poem and encourage people to associate and find meaning beyond the words.
For example, Xin Qiji's "Yong Yu Le·Jingkou Beigu Pavilion Nostalgic for the Past": "I think of those days when we were fierce and powerful, and could swallow thousands of miles like a tiger." In addition to recalling the author's experience of going south 43 years ago, this poem is all allusion. "Thinking back to those days when we were brave and powerful, and could swallow thousands of miles like a tiger" describes Liu Yu's heroic spirit in resisting the enemy during the Northern Expedition. The author praises Liu Yu and satirizes the Southern Song Dynasty peace faction's humiliating and rebellious behavior of seeking peace, showing the author's resistance to the Jin Dynasty and his determination to restore the Central Plains.
9. Dynamic and static description
Dynamic and static description refers to the dynamic or static description of things or scenery. The two set off each other and form a kind of interest. For example, in Du Fu's "A Singing Song": "The birds on the sand head are silent with their fists, and the fish jumping on the stern of the boat are screaming." The "motion" of the jumping fish in the latter sentence brings out the "quietness" of the scenery in the previous sentence.
10. Detailed description
Detailed description refers to the poet's detailed description of a certain scene in life or the character's demeanor, movement, language, psychology, etc. Composing the whole poem with details as the center often makes the poems appear concise, concentrated and full of charm. Excellent poetry always reflects the main theme with typical details. Through these details, the emotions contained in the poem can be explored. For example, "knocking chess pieces leisurely" in Zhao Shixiu's "A Guest", and "the pedestrian opens the door before leaving" in Zhang Jiao's "Autumn Thoughts" are very typical and particularly exciting details.
11. Rendering
Rendering is a painting method of traditional Chinese painting. In places that need to be emphasized, ink or light colors are used to smear the picture to show the yin and yang of the object. Enhance artistic effect. Rendering in poetry refers to the detailed description and description of the environment or scenery in many aspects to form a certain atmosphere, thereby highlighting the image and enhancing the artistic effect. For example, in Du Fu's "Ascend the High", "The wind is strong and the apes high in the sky are screaming in mourning, and the white birds are flying back from the clear sands of Nagisa." In the first couplet, six close-ups appear in succession to exaggerate the characteristics of the autumn river scenery.
12. Association
Association is to think of other related things from one thing. For example, in King Luo Bin's "Farewell to Yishui": "Farewell to Yandan here, the strong men are proud of their crowns. The people have disappeared in the past, and the water is still cold today." When the poet said goodbye, he thought of Jing Ke's farewell scene in Yishui. On the one hand, It expresses one's admiration for the hero, and on the other hand, it also expresses the inner anger.
13. Imagination
Imagination is a psychological activity that creates new things through association, inference, analysis and synthesis based on known things. For example, Liu Yuxi's "Looking at the Dongting": "The lake and the autumn moon are harmonious, and there is no goggle on the lake surface. Looking at the color of the Dongting mountain and water, I see a green snail in the silver plate." This poem chooses the perspective of looking at the moonlight night, and uses a very imaginative way to express the view. The description uniquely reproduces the scenery of Dongting’s lakes and mountains on paper.
Excerpted from Topic 13 of "Essential Books for Academic Examinations" published by Hunan University Press, "13 Expression Techniques Commonly Used in Ancient Poems" (p382). I think this book is very good. It is very comprehensive and detailed for college entrance examination review. !