Broadly speaking, expression refers to the special sentence organization used by the author when writing words and expressing thoughts and feelings. By analyzing a work, we can grasp its special performance from point to surface. First, there are many rhetorical skills of words and sentences, including metaphor, symbol, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, contrast, personification, allusions and so on. When grasping its expression from the whole work, we should pay attention to different styles of works:
Different expressions
The expressive techniques of lyric prose are rich and colorful, such as borrowing scenery to express emotion, supporting things to express emotion, combining cadence with symbolism and so on.
Narrative writing skills such as beginning and end coordination, finishing touch, clever use of rhetoric, proper details, combination of narration and discussion, positive and negative comparison, etc.
Argumentative writing skills such as quoting classics, clever analogy, reverse seeking differences, positive and negative comparison, and analogical reasoning.
Novel description, comparison, bedding and reference, suspense and interpretation, real writing and imaginary writing.
Specific expression technology
Expressing ambition with objects, lyrical narration with scenery, expressing one's mind directly, and contrasting Zhang Xianzhi's symbolic imagination and association.
Take care of the feelings in the scene, set off the objects, set off the prosperity and sadness with music, render the truth and reality, and combine side description with positive description, direct lyric with indirect lyric.
The expressive technique of poetry
There are many ways to express poetry. The traditional way of expression that was first popular in China and is still often used today is "Fu, Bi and Xing". "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance and the sixth is fu."
In the six meanings, "style, elegance and praise" refers to the types of poems in the Book of Songs, and "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expressions in poems.
Fu: It is a way to express things directly. Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in the Notes on Poems: "The giver must tell the truth." For example, Ge Tan and Slug in The Book of Songs used this technique.
Bobby: It's a figurative way to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Xing": "And what is Bi Ye? Cover things with attachments and threaten to cut them off. " Zhu said, "If you compare, you can compare this thing with another." For example, books in The Book of Songs, such as Cats and Storytelling, are written in this way.
Xing: It's a way to make things interesting, that is, to use the beginning of things to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius said in "Mao Shi Zheng Yi": "Those who get the Tao are happy. Take the metaphor as an example. Those who quote plants, birds and beasts in poetry and prose are happy. " Zhu pointed out more clearly: "If you are interested, you should say something else first to arouse the words you are reciting." For example, Guan Ju and other articles in The Book of Songs used the expression of "Xing".
These three methods of expression have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties.
There are many forms of expression of poetry, which are constantly developing and creating since ancient times, and their application is also flexible, exaggerated, repetitive, overlapping, jumping and so on. It's hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important form of expression of poetry. In poetry, there is also an important technique of expression, which is symbol. Symbol simply means "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbol is the direct image of the soul and should be paid attention to. From a modern point of view, there are three main ways to create images in poetry:
1, analogy. Liu Xie said in the book Wen Xin Diao Long: Metaphor is "either a sound metaphor, a figurative metaphor, a mental metaphor or a metaphor." There are many examples in the poems we listed before. There is also a more commonly used technique, that is, "personification": personification with things or personification with people. The former is like Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge: I left gently/just as I came gently; /I waved gently,/saying goodbye to the clouds in the western sky. /the golden willow by the river,/the bride in the sunset; /Beautiful shadows in the waves,/rippling in my heart. Treat "clouds" and "golden willows" as people. People imitate things, for example, Love's Because of the Wind: ... My heart/as bright as the candlelight in your window/slightly ambiguous/inevitable/because of the wind/... with the love of my life/light a lamp/I am a fire/may go out at any time/because of the wind. Compare "my heart" to candlelight, and compare me to a lamp. Of course, in the final analysis, the essence is "personification".
2. exaggeration. It is to enlarge the things to be described, just like the "capitalization" and "close-up" shots in the movie, to attract readers' attention and association. Li Bai's Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, so it is not as good as Wang Lun (for Wang Lun), "Flying down three thousands of feet, suspecting that the Milky Way will fall for nine days" (Looking at Lushan Waterfall), in which "deep thousands of feet" and "three thousands of feet" are mentioned, although it is not true, the image he created vividly shows the characteristics of things and expresses the poet's passion, which is not only acceptable to readers. However, this exaggeration must be artistic and aesthetic, not too absurd, not too real, and not too vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing the harvest of cotton: "A bag of cotton is wrapped/the truck head is tilted/tilted, three feet high/like an anti-aircraft gun." After reading it, people feel unreal and can't feel good.
3. Metonymy. Is to replace that thing with this thing. Similar to analogy, but different. The difference lies in: analogy is generally compared, and comparison is concrete and visible; Metonymy is concrete on the one hand and abstract on the other, which bridges the gap between concrete and abstract, makes the image of poetry more vivid and prominent, and arouses readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said, "Put wings on your thoughts, put clothes on your feelings, color your voice, and let the dead solidify."
To shape the image of poetry, we should not only use the materials taken from perspective to describe the picture, but also use the materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch to reflect the image in many ways, so as to be vivid and novel. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, rode on a donkey and sang "Birds by the pool stay in the trees, and monks push the door down on the moon", but he also thought that "monks knock on the door down on the moon" could be used. He couldn't decide whether to "push" or "knock", so he made a consultation with his hand. Unexpectedly, the donkey blocked a big official's way. This man is Han Yu, a great writer. When the guards led Jia Dao to the horse, Jia told the truth. Han hesitated for a long time and said it was better to knock at the door. Because there is a "knock" sound, there are one or two knocks on the door on the moonlit night in the mountains, which makes the scene "live" and makes the environment more silent. "Wuti" and "Zhong" beside Fengqiao Bridge are also the crowning touch of this poem. There is also the music description in Bai Juyi's Pipa, which is "like pouring pearls of all sizes into a plate of jade". It is very vivid and wonderful! Modern, such as Huang Helang's "Morning Song": "There is also a stubborn listening/wind, rain, waves/faint/dawn/morning bell of Lingquan Temple/like a gushing spring/distant response/faint knocking down/a few sparse stars/cock crowing/as if crossing the ocean/cock crowing/like the tide. This poem is also well written. Therefore, if we master the skills of creating images with sound, it will open up a broader field for poetry creation.
Whether it is metaphor, exaggeration or metonymy, it depends on the poet's keen observation of objective things, his own feelings, bold imagination and even fantasy. It can be said that neither romance nor reality is a poet without imagination (fantasy). For example, Li Bai, who is famous for his boldness, has rich imagination and magnificent poetic style, and Du Fu, who is famous for his realism, also wrote, "When did you suddenly see this house in front of you?" ("The hut was blown by the autumn wind") and "Her hair is misty and her shoulders are cold. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? "(Moonlit Night) and so on.
Prose:
Prose (prose; Prose is a kind of literary genre, also known as poetry, novel and drama. Prose that does not pay attention to rhythm, including essays, essays and travel notes. It is the freest style, without paying attention to phonemes, parallelism and any restrictions. It is also the earliest style of writing in China. Usually, an article has one or more central ideas, which are expressed by lyric, narrative and logical means.
main feature
1. The shape is scattered but the spirit is not scattered
"Form and dispersion" mainly means that prose is widely used and free, and is not limited by time and space; Expression techniques are not limited to one pattern: it can describe the development of events, describe characters, convey feelings with things, and make comments. The author can freely adjust and change according to the needs of the content. "Distraction" mainly comes from the intention of prose, that is, the theme to be expressed in prose must be clear and concentrated, no matter how extensive the content of prose is and how flexible the expression is, it serves to better express the theme. In order to be scattered in shape but not in spirit, we should pay attention to the internal relationship between materials and central ideas in material selection, so that materials can run through an organic whole with certain clues in structure. Common clues in prose are: (1) taking things with profound or symbolic significance as clues; ⑵ Taking the "I" in the works as a clue and "I" as a clue, because I wrote what I saw, heard, thought and felt, and Kan Kan and Kan Kan talked freely, making readers feel more real, cordial and touching.
2. Deep artistic conception ....
Deep artistic conception, paying attention to expressing the author's life feelings, strong lyricism and sincere feelings. With the help of imagination and association, the author writes from the superficial to the deep, from the real to the imaginary, in turn, which can integrate feelings into the scenery, send feelings to help each other, express the author's true feelings, realize the unity of things and me, show more profound thoughts and make readers understand more profound truths.
3. Beautiful and concise language, rich in literary talent
The so-called elegance means that the language of prose is fresh, bright and beautiful (also beautiful), lively and full of musical sense, and the writing style is like a trickle, tinkling, telling, sincere and sincere. The so-called conciseness means that the language of prose is concise, natural and fluent. A few words can describe vivid images, outline the scenes of characters and show far-reaching artistic conception. Prose tries to write the scenery as if it were in front of you and the feelings as refreshing. Prose is known as "beautiful prose", which not only has spiritual views and beautiful artistic conception, but also has fresh, meaningful and unpretentious literary talent. Reading some good essays regularly can not only enrich knowledge, broaden horizons and cultivate noble thoughts and sentiments, but also learn the skills of selecting materials, planning layout, choosing words and making sentences, and improve your language expression ability.
Appreciation skill
Prose appreciation focuses on the relationship between "form" and "spirit". Prose appreciation should pay attention to the following points:
1. Reading Prose from the Perspective of Literature
All poems that are exquisitely conceived, full of artistic conception or implicitly written often have an "eye". When appreciating prose, we should try our best to find a "literary eye" that can reveal the overall theme and make the finishing point, so as to understand the reasons and purposes of the author's writing. The setting of Yan Wen varies from text to text, which can be a sentence, a sentence, a detail, a trace of emotion or even a scene. Not every essay has the necessary "literary vision".
2. Grasp the clues when reading prose.
When reading prose, we should grasp the clues, clarify the author's thoughts and accurately grasp the intention of the article. Structure is the skeleton of the article, and clues are the context of the article, which are closely related. Grasping the clues in prose can help us have a clear idea of the work, which is not only helpful to understand the author's writing intention, but also an appreciation of the author's planning and layout skills, so as to grasp the vivid essence of prose through the appearance of prose, and analyze the intention of the article along the author's thinking. There are usually the following clues: (1) Take the image of things as a clue, such as Ba Jin's Lamp; (2) Taking emotional development as a clue, such as Yang Shuo's "Litchi Honey"; (3) Taking time sequence as a clue, such as Liu's Three Diaries of the Yangtze River; (4) Taking spatial order as a clue, such as Zhu Ziqing's green; 5] Take the activities of characters as clues, such as Lu Xun's "From Baicaoyuan to San Tan Yin Yue"; (6) Take things as clues, such as Tang Tao's "trivial memories".
3. Pay attention to the characteristics of prose expression.
Pay attention to the characteristics of prose expression and deeply understand the content of the article. Prose often entrusts with things. In order to make readers feel the rich connotation of the important task entrusted to them, the author often gives a meticulous description of what he has written, which is called "getting the shape and getting the heart". When reading an article, we should grasp the characteristics of "form", see "spirit" from "form" and deeply understand the content of the article.
4. Pay attention to expand association and understand the charm of the article.
The ways of association are: ① series connection: for example, Orion, Shang Shu → Zhong Bai old man → Dong Kun; (2) radiant: for example, Land focuses on "land" and writes "Love life, defend land and build land"; 3 False support: such as Praise of Poplar; 4 picture type: such as "landscape talk". Pay attention to enrich associations, from this to that, from the shallow to the deep, from the real to the virtual, so as to understand the charm of the article and understand the deeper truth.
5. Taste the language of prose
A major feature is the beauty of language. Good prose language is concise and beautiful, free and flexible, close to spoken English. Beautiful prose is full of philosophy, poetry and painting. Excellent essayists have different language styles: Lu Xun's prose language is concise and profound, Mao Dun's prose language is exquisite and profound, Guo Moruo's prose language is magnificent, Ba Jin's prose language is simple and beautiful, Zhu Ziqing's prose language is fresh and meaningful, Bing Xin's prose language is euphemistic and lively, Sun Li's prose language is plain and unpretentious, Liu's prose language is bold and unrestrained, and Yang Shuo's prose language is exquisite. What is the elegance of prose language? The language of some essays often varies with the content. For example, Lu Xun's "In Memory of Liu Hezhen Jun" is as sharp as a dagger; The language of "Good Story" is gorgeous as a cloud; The language of kites is as dignified as a deep pool. If you appreciate the language style of prose, you can appreciate the content of prose more deeply.
6. Understanding emotional skills
Understanding emotional skills is to find out the writing skills of lyric prose, which is also the "expression skills of appreciating works" required by the college entrance examination. Therefore, mastering the skills of rendering, bedding, symbolism, bedding, caring, suspense, setting off and transition is conducive to appreciating prose and grasping the essence of American literature. Prose (narrative prose, lyric prose, discussion prose) 1. Grasp the "clue" of the article. Second, we should grasp the "literary eye" of prose. "Yan Wen" refers to the sentence or keyword that can best reveal the theme, sublimate the artistic conception and cover the content. It is the eruption of the author's thoughts and feelings, the focus of the article's thoughts and feelings, and also plays a leading role in the structure of the article. Third, we should use imagination to understand the connotation of the work. Reading prose needs imagination, association and supplement. Combine your own imagination with the author's imagination, enrich the artistic conception and image of the work, and fill the structural space in the text. Fourth, we should understand the artistic conception of prose. Artistic conception is that the author expresses profound thoughts and touching feelings through vivid pictures, so as to achieve the fusion of feelings and things, the interweaving of meaning and scenery, thus causing readers' association and producing touching artistic effects. 1, emotion and scene blend. 2. Application of imagination, association and symbol. 3. Write down the details and see the big picture from the small. 4. Side tips. Fifth, we should carefully taste the language of prose. (Analysis from rhetorical methods or expressions) 1. Taste the simple and natural beauty of prose language. 2. Taste the implicit beauty of prose language. 3. Prose language is full of musical beauty and poetry. 6. Prose features: "shape" (object) is scattered while "spirit" (heart) is not scattered. 6. From the angle described by the author (hearing, sight, smell, taste and touch).