"Four Spirits of Yongjia" refers to four poets in Yongjia at that time, namely Ji Xu (1162-1214), whose middle word was named Yuan Wen. Zhao Xu (? -12 1 1), the word Dao Hui, and the word Hui Ling, the good people; Weng Juan (? -? ), the word continues to be ancient and the word is refreshing; Zhao Shixiu (1 170- 1220), also known as Ganoderma lucidum, was called Tianle in ancient times. Because there is a word "Ling" in the font size of the four poets, they are called "Four Spirits". They are all from Yongjia, and their poetic styles are very similar. They are all famous for their advocacy by Ye Shi. They imitated the style of the late Tang Dynasty in their poems, broke the bad habit of "taking books as poems" and corrected the rudeness of Jiangxi poetry school with fresh and natural style. For example, Ji Xu's boating is a bright light:
The wind blew again and anchored the wild tung forest. Month in ChuTianBi, spring in Hunan. The official is poor and thinks about the near que, and the land is far away. People who like to be in the same boat are also good at singing.
Shi Xue Guaru of Zhao Shixiu;
If you don't commemorate it, you will be carefree and have no future. But if you want to plant melons, you will still be divided in reading. The wild water is endless, and the spring mountain is half cloudy. My life is too old, and my school is not as good as yours.
Instead of bravado and competition, it is just a simple poem, fresh and beautiful, with its own uniqueness. The poems of "Four Spirits" often choose natural landscape as the object of expression, depicting the lakes and mountains in the south of the Yangtze River as far as the eye can see, and creating a diluted, peaceful, light and deserted realm.
After the mid-Southern Song Dynasty, except for great poets such as Lu You, Yang Wanli and Fan Chengda, most of the poets wrote poems in Jiangxi style, but they all lost their simplicity. Therefore, "Four Spirits" played an important role in Xiao's poetry creation in the late Tang Dynasty, and pursued a simple rhyme. Their four-character poems are few in number, but they are novel, smart, beautiful and natural, and more attractive than the five laws. It does have a sincere style, such as:
The boat stopped rowing, the tide came back, and four or five families lived in a bay. Greedy to see Guang Xiao invade the moonlight, I don't know what's lost. (Zhao Xu, "On the Ship")
Countless mountains make noise in the sunset and sit in the shade in the peak shadow. On the edge of the stone, I occasionally see the clear spring water dripping, and the wind carries the faint fragrance of the pine leaves. (Xu Wei, "Sitting in Summer")
One day is cool and sunny in autumn, and countless peaks are far and near. Wandering up the mountain to see wild water, I suddenly saw green mountains under the water. (Weng Juan's Wild Hope)
The autumn wind bullied the sick man for several days, blowing away all the yellow leaves and being admitted to the hospital. The forest is far from the mountain, but it is half covered by clouds. (Zhao Shixiu's "Days")
Most of the poems reveal a sense of freedom and unrestrained, and the scenery written has a layer of cold air, which forms Xiao's unpretentious aesthetic artistic conception. This kind of moshan water-splashing sketch exists in a large number of "four spirits" poems, which really gives people a refreshing feeling in the Southern Song Dynasty poetry circle popular in Jiangxi poetry school, and can also be unique after the "Zhongxing Four Masters" in the Southern Song Dynasty. However, the poems written by "Four Spirits" and Jianghu Poetry School are introverted, and most of them lack ambition because of strangeness.
Jianghu Poetry School is a school of poetry that rose after Yongjia Siling, and dominated the poetry circle in the late Southern Song Dynasty. They studied the poetry of the late Tang Dynasty and formed a popular style of Jianghu poetry, but apart from Liu Kezhuang and Dai Fugu, there were not many truly accomplished poets.
Liu Kezhuang (1 187— 1269) was born in Houcun, Putian (now Fujian). He was born in an official family. Ning Zongjia was appointed as the magistrate of Jing 'an County for two years (1209). Later, he joined the army, became a missionary, and studied Jianyang County. His achievements are quite remarkable. In the 13th year of Jiading (1220), he was convicted of reciting the poem "Falling Plum" and was idle for ten years. Li Zongduanping was employed in the second year (1235), except for the editor of the Privy Council and the right assistant minister, who was later dismissed. In the sixth year of Chunyou (1246), Li Zongzhao was the son of heaven. He played three articles on the gains and losses of state affairs. In addition to the poor supervision of the secretary, he is also the editor of the National History Institute and the auditor of the Records Institute. It was disintegrated because of the crime of playing history without father and monarch. After that, he was tired and tired, and his career was ups and downs. He stayed for five years (1264) and thanked everything for treating him, except winning the bachelor's degree.
Among many Jianghu poets, Liu Kezhuang is one of the few people with prominent official positions. He is a master of Jianghu Poetry School in poetry, and his ci creation is also called the stamina of Xin School. Like other Jianghu poets, his early poems started from the style of the late Tang Dynasty, with exquisite carving and simple style. Such as "go early":
The store gave a strong light, and Qiancun denied it. Mountains are like snow and trees are like people. Gradually, I feel that there are fewer stars, and it is still far from burning new ones. Why are you looking at your son? You know Tianjin in the dark.
Use pure white words to describe what you saw during your morning trip. Don't use obscure words and allusions. Pay special attention to the exercise and polishing of the two couplets in the middle. However, just when the Jianghu poetic style almost monopolized the poetic world in the late Southern Song Dynasty, he keenly discovered the disadvantages brought by blindly learning the poetic style of the late Tang Dynasty and the "Four Spirits". In order to broaden the realm of poetry, he turned to the ancient style, praised Korean poetry, and tried to get close to Lu You in poetry, pursuing a style of restraint and opening and closing, sadness and generosity, and criticizing the shortcomings of the times. Such as "falling plum":
One piece can teach a broken heart, but it can build more walls. Gone with the wind, such as moving to Keling, falling like a poet going to Hunan. Stop counting berries and moss, I'll glue my sleeves for a long time. The east wind is wrong with consumption power, but avoid loneliness and don't advocate it.
Ironically, those in power are jealous of talents and frame loyalty. Another example is "Chen Wu is a thing", "Two Poems of Northerners" and "Yangzhou Works", which combine sympathy for the people with grief and indignation over national subjugation, and are more similar to Lu You's works in poetic content and emotion.
Liu Kezhuang's later poetry creation after the age of 60 is more about consciously tracing the magnanimity of Lu You and Yang Wanli and criticizing a few Jianghu poets who only study the "Four Spirits" and the poetic style of the late Tang Dynasty. Its "ten diseases" have nine clouds:
It is shameful for young children to learn Quincy. When I was old, I was just a small family, and I always knew a big man. A hundred years later, I don't know how many beards I have. I've been dead several times, and I still wear a whip in case the poem goes with me.
During this period, he wrote many works about his country and people, such as Four Frontier Reports, Ten Miscellanies, Ten Stories and Feelings. Due to repeated idleness and illness, coupled with the death of relatives, some poems written by Liu Kezhuang in his later years to express his personal feelings often contain a sad and lonely mood when he was depressed and depressed, such as Comrade Xiu:
Eyes full of autumn wind, dare to sigh a valley late. The imperial edict can not only solve the problem that the Dan furnace is broken, but also empty the thatched cottage. Is it difficult for a noble scholar to recruit, and there have always been sages who have never stopped? It is said that it is not too hasty to go down the mountain with two or three sons in the same robe.
Another example is Long Rain:
It will be sunny several times in spring, and it will be as sick as a frozen fly. The mountain house is only covered by candles, and only the sound of music can be heard in the dusk. The mat towel is still beautiful. Who will visit the dead and the living with rice in it? The mud in the north village is slippery in the south, so it is advisable to lie high and gather firewood.
Every time, the works of Jianghu poets give people a sense of being too neat and unrestrained. Liu Kezhuang noticed this problem, and thought that Jiangxi School "donated books to think poetry died" and Late Tang School "donated books to think poetry died", trying to reconcile Jiangxi with the Late Tang Dynasty and find another way. Besides following Lu You and Yang Wanli closely, his poems were also influenced by Du Fu, Han Yu, Li He and poets in the late Tang Dynasty. Because he absorbed the artistic nutrition of Tang poetry from many aspects, melted and cast the content of the times of Song poetry, and gave full play to his artistic creativity, he was able to become the most accomplished poet among the "Four Spirits" and the Jianghu Poetry School in the late Tang Dynasty.
Generally, Jianghu poets take the "Four Spirits" as an example, while those who are good at refining words and breaking sentences take the cautious warning as an example, with a clear, round and light style. The next person is embarrassed by the length of love, the shallowness of love, and a thousand people are the same. Fortunately, the representative figures of Jianghu School, such as Liu Kezhuang, Dai Fugu and Fang Yue, are not bound by the style of the late Tang Dynasty defined by the "Four Spirits", and the scope of the poets they studied in the Tang Dynasty is much wider, and at the same time, they are somewhat influenced by the "Four Masters of Zhongxing" in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Dai Fugu (1 167—— about 1252) was born in Shiping and Tiantai Huangyan (now Zhejiang). He was young and lonely. When he grew up, he longed for reading, but he spent his life in clothes and poetry. He has no fixed address and has been to Dongwu, western Zhejiang, Han Xiang, Beihuai and other places. He made hundreds of friends from all walks of life, and he was still struggling for food and clothing in his old age. He has been famous for his poems for fifty years, and his living condition is the most typical among Jianghu poets. He has tasted three mountains and studied with Lu You, but he has made great progress in poetry. He can learn from many famous teachers in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the middle and late Tang Dynasty and find his own way. He, like the "Four Spirits", focuses on the five laws, but the five laws of the "Four Spirits" pay more attention to the tempering and confrontation of scenery and words, and his five laws are more about human feelings and the world, using the method of sketching without axes. Such as "human":
The world is like a dream, and life is not idle. Fame and fortune, ancient railings. Spring water is across the river, and the sunset is over the mountain. Thinking of Fan while singing, * * * read this poem.
There is a sense of urgency and depression in the feeling of hurting nature and justice, and the depressed spirit of Du Fu's poems can still be won with few allusions. There is no lack of concern for the country and people in his poems, which is manifested in his expectation of restoring the Central Plains, his anxiety about the national situation and national peril, and his concern for people's livelihood. But worrying about the world often has a sense of life experience, and it is more an expression of personal life feelings. For example, the poem "Solstice of Winter" said: "Time has changed, things have changed, the world is bleak and full of emotions." His poem "Life" said: "The wind and rain are hard to stand, and the scale of life should be relaxed. Everything is wrong from the busy, and one heart must be flat. " In Dumen's self-dispatch, he said: "The world is full of worries, and I am shocked when everyone is fighting for it. Behind closed doors, regardless of flowers, avoid customs and only communicate with Yan. Wealth is hard to come from the sky, times have changed, and the old phase has urged. In this life, I used to be Tao Liangyuan, a cup of friendship for a thousand years. " Express one's mind directly, pursue nature and simplicity, and be good at expressing one's unique feelings about social life in vivid and vivid language, which is straightforward but not dull.
Fang Yue (1 199- 1262) was born in Qimen, Xin 'an (now Anhui). Five years less (1232) as a scholar, and he was awarded the officer of Huaidong appeasement department. Later, he served as Langguan, Zhinan Kangjun, Zhiraozhou, Zhou Zhiyuan and Zhifuzhou in the Ministry of Industry. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, his poems were almost as good as Liu Kezhuang's. Although he has no wandering experience, he is still regarded as a Jianghu poet. He is fresh and poetic, and he can often produce some novel and ingenious antitheses, such as "the unpleasant things are often eight or nine times, but they are no different from the speaker" ("Commander in Chief of Other Talented Persons"); "It's hard to swallow right and wrong when you are insulted" ("Two Rhymes of Wang Zaijian"), which is a famous sentence composed of ordinary allusions and idioms and is widely circulated.
Jianghu Poetry School belongs to many groups of poets, among which there are not many truly accomplished poets, including Zhou Wenpu, Ye Shaoweng and Gao Zhu. Occasionally, they also have excellent works, such as Ye Shaoweng's "It's not worth going to the park": "You have to pity your dog's teeth and seal up the moss, but you can't leave Chai Fei for a long time. The spring garden can't be closed, and an apricot is out of the wall. " This poem is fresh and beautiful, and is widely read by later generations.