Renaissance: the ideological and cultural movement of the emerging bourgeoisie in Europe during the transition from feudal society to capitalist society. Ideological struggle: religious reform, Renaissance.
The guiding ideology of the Renaissance: Humanism centered on "people".
Terminology explanation
Renaissance:
114—65438+The floorboard of a series of emerging bourgeois ideological and cultural movements in Europe in the early 7th century.
Its essence is to oppose feudal thought, get rid of the shackles of medieval religious teachings and feudal thought, and establish a new ideological and cultural culture that adapts to capitalist production relations and bourgeois needs. This is the beginning of modern western culture.
Its guiding ideology is humanism centered on "people".
Humanism:
1 the ideological system, world outlook or ideological weapon formed by the emerging bourgeoisie in the anti-feudal and anti-church struggle during the Renaissance is also the central idea of bourgeois progressive literature in this period.
Advocate all people-oriented and oppose the authority of God. Main contents:
(1) oppose theocracy with human rights.
(2) Emancipating with personality and opposing asceticism.
(3) Oppose obscurantism with reason.
(4) Support centralization and oppose feudal separatism.
Humanism has a profound historical origin. Among them, humanistic thought and rational spirit come from ancient Greek and Roman culture; The idea of equality and friendship comes from the Christian spirit.
Humanism is the combination of humanistic spirit and Christian spirit.
Absolute: oppose feudal thought, not feudal kingship; Anti-church corruption, fooling without opposing religion itself.
Humanism has also taken the first step of bourgeois personality liberation-physical liberation.
Renaissance literature (humanistic literature, folk literature and feudal literature)
Humanistic literature is dominant. Features:
The ideological content of 1 is to attack feudalism and moral and religious asceticism with humanism as a weapon.
2 Use realistic methods more consciously.
3 Literary forms are rich and colorful. Novels have become an important genre used by humanist writers, and sonnets have become an important poetic style in European poetry. The innovation and development of these literary genres laid the foundation for the perfection of modern literary genres.
4 has a national style. Adopt local languages and absorb folk languages, etc.
The development of humanism in European countries;
Italian literature (birthplace of humanism)
Petrarch (father of humanism):
The masterpiece songji contains 366 sonnets and lyric short poems. Express your sincere love for your wife Laura. Laura has a charming appearance and a strong sense of reality. This form creatively uses the genre of sonnets.
Boccaccio:
Decameron (collection of short stories, the first collection of short stories in Europe) Theme: Vatican anti-corruption and anti-asceticism. Use frame structure (Arabian Arabian nights)
Three outstanding Italian humanists: Dante, Peterak and Boccaccio.
Second, French literature.
Humanism has two tendencies:
Democracy: The son of King КаΥан Du Ya, the hero of rabelais's Biography of the Giant (an early French satirical novel, the first novel in Europe), is huge and solid.
The attitude of "please drink, drink knowledge, drink love and drink truth" entrusts the author's humanistic thought. Established the "Delianmei Monastery" (ideal society).
Noble: "Seven Star Poetry Society"
Terminology explanation
Seven star poetry club:
1 the first literary group in the history of French literature, consisting of seven people, aims to study and learn from ancient Greek and Roman literature and update French poetry.
"Defending and developing French" is the manifesto of Seven Star Poetry Society.
Main characters: Longsha is the first lyric poet in modern France. Major achievements: love poems.
Montaigne's Random Thoughts: The First Collection of Modern Prose in France.
Spanish literature has made outstanding achievements in poetry, drama and novels. )
Terminology explanation
Vagrant novels:
11In the middle of the 6th century, under the influence of the medieval civic literature tradition, a new novel, the vagrant novel, came into being. Focusing on the activities of the urban underclass, we observe and analyze all kinds of ugliness in society from the perspective of the urban underclass.
In the form of History of Human Logistics, the first person and autobiography are generally used to describe what the wandering protagonist saw and heard, reflecting the broad social life.
The earliest excellent tramp novel in Spain: The Little Scorpion of Anonymous.
The pinnacle of Spanish novels in the Renaissance: Cervantes' Don? Don Quixote is the first realistic novel in Europe.
In drama:
Veigar: Father of National Drama
The representative work Yangquan Village directly describes the peasants' resistance to the lords. Protagonist: Laurentia, Knight Leader: Fernand
Cervantes called Veigar a "miracle of nature".
English literature (English humanistic literature is the pinnacle of European humanistic literature)
Chaucer (Father of English Poetry): Canterbury Tales (Frame Structure)
Thomas? Moore: Utopia (fantasy novel) depicts an ideal society through a water mouth returning to England.
Spencer: The Queen of Fairy Tales (a long poem) marks the peak of English drama literature in the Renaissance.
Terminology explanation
University gifted scholar school:
1 Before Shakespeare. "University Talents" refers to a group of young intellectuals who were active in the British drama circle at that time. Most of them are educated and have humanistic thoughts. Their drama creation and performance activities laid the foundation for the emergence of Shakespeare.
Marlowe: He was the most important figure in English drama before Shakespeare and the real founder of English Renaissance drama. His masterpiece The Tragic History of Doctor Faust.
Cervantes (Spain)
Cervantes: Born in a dilapidated aristocratic family, he is the pioneer of modern realistic novels in Europe.
Masterpiece:
"Don? Don Quixote: It marks a new stage in the development of European novels.
Numancia (a famous tragedy): Based on the historical facts of the Spanish people's resistance to the Roman invaders, it praised the indomitable patriotic spirit and the spirit of brave sacrifice.
The story of punishing evil and promoting good: Spain's first collection of short stories
Short answer questions after understanding
Why don? Is Don Quixote a complex image with both tragic and comic factors?
1 comedy factor: poisoned by knight novels, divorced from reality all day long. It is my bounden duty to uphold the justice of the Lord and eliminate the injustice in the world. Being brave and putting life and death at risk is a good motive, because the method is wrong (treating windmills as giants, sheep as troops and so on). ), get the opposite result. Make him an exaggerated comedy character.
2 tragic factors: Tang? The image of Don Quixote embodies the author's humanitarian thought. Don? Don Quixote is not only a cartoon character, he firmly believes in chivalry, and it can be seen that this character is full of loyalty to the ideal and bears all kinds of difficulties and hardships for the ideal. Subjectively, he is also a figure with tragic factors.
When chivalry is not involved, he is a warrior with profound knowledge and fighting for his ideals. His criticism of society and his views on war, law, moral literature and art are far-sighted, and his body shines with the ideal light of humanism.
I have this humanistic ideal in my mind, but I have a medieval spear in my hand. Such extreme contradictions are concentrated on him, which makes Don Quixote's image rich and complicated.
Don Quixote was originally named Ji? Gannot's squire: Sancho? Pansha
Shakespeare (England)
William? Shakespeare: Marx regarded him as "the greatest dramatic genius of mankind".
Lifetime creation: 37 plays, two long poems, 154 sonnets.
The first period: historical drama and comedy period.
Two long poems: Venus and adonis and the Shame of Lucretius.
Historical drama (9 parts):
Historical drama shows his humanistic political ideal. Support centralization and oppose feudal separatism; Advocate national unity, support wise monarchs and condemn feudal tyrants.
Top four: Henry VI (top, middle and bottom) and Richard III.
The last four parts: Richard II, Henry IV (the most representative part) and Henry V.
Comedy (10): Basic theme: praising love and friendship. Including:
A midsummer night's dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much ado about nothing, Everyone is happy, Twelfth Night, etc.
The Merchant of Venice is the most ironic one in Shakespeare's comedies. Shaped the image of the first "miser" in the history of European literature (Sherlock).
Romeo and Juliet is a love tragedy with strong anti-feudal consciousness in Shakespeare's early creation.
The second period (heyday): the tragic period.
The basic theme shows the evil of ambition and greed.
Four tragedies:
The main characters in Hamlet: Hamlet, Horatio and Laertes.
The main characters in otero: otero (with the ideal quality of humanists), Desdemona, Ego and Cassio.
King Lear: An attack on greed for power and wealth.
Macbeth: (psychological description) The image of an aspirant.
Timon in Athens is Shakespeare's last tragedy, which profoundly exposes the role of money in capitalist society.
The third period (later period): the legendary drama period.
The most important ideological feature: forgiveness and reconciliation
The Tempest (The Will of Poetry) and other four legendary dramas.
The historical drama Henry VIII.
The reactionary contradiction of James' rule in this period was sharp. Unable to find a way to solve contradictions from reality, the author turned to the fantasy world, dreaming of reconciling contradictions with kindness and forgiveness through supernatural power and realizing his ideal.
Terminology explanation
Falstaff background:
1 In the first issue of Shakespeare's Henry IV, the author created a most successful comedy image: Falstaff, a typical feudal declining knight.
By describing the colorful civilian society in which the characters live, the works provide a broad Falstaff-style background for the protagonist's activities.
Shakespeare: It is a realistic aesthetic principle in Shakespeare's drama creation put forward by Marx.
1 Vivid plots and rich clues (three lines of revenge: Hamlet as the main line and Laertes as the sub-line) form diversified drama conflicts, which increase readers' readability.
2 Characters with distinctive personalities (Hamlet from Happy Prince to Melancholy Prince) are authentic.
Broad social background (Falstaff background: palace-family, boudoir-cemetery, country-city) People's activities are inseparable from social background, and the latter serves the former.
4 colorful personalized language (hamlet: the former is bright and the latter is melancholy. Pun: "To be or not to be". )
These are also the realistic artistic features of Hamlet.
Comprehensive essay questions
Analyze the image of Hamlet. How to treat Hamlet's melancholy and procrastination?
Class characteristics: Hamlet is a typical image of humanists at the end of the Renaissance.
1 has a beautification view on people's newspapers and fully affirms the value of people.
Hamlet thinks "what a great masterpiece human beings are" and "the essence of the universe! The spirit of all things! "
Advocate equality and mutual love between people and oppose feudal hierarchy.
Require soldiers to love themselves. Make friends with Horatio.
3 emphasize wisdom and rationality.
Arrange "play in play" to prove your idea.
Personality characteristics: (hesitation, procrastination)
Hesitation: Hesitation is not his nature, but a psychological state caused by the contradiction between ideal and reality and disillusionment. In hesitation, Hamlet became more sober and deep.
Procrastination: There is a deeper social reason, that is, in the process of revenge, he realized that his actions were not only to avenge his father, but to reorganize Gan Kun. Hamlet wanted to act before reorganizing Gankun's big goal, but he didn't know how to act, which led to his delay. (subjective)
Another reason for the delay is that the evil forces are too powerful, and the limitations of the times and humanism make it impossible for him to rely on the masses, so the reactionary masses can only fight alone and be swallowed up by the evil forces. Hamlet's tragedy is not only a personal tragedy, but also a tragedy of humanists and the whole era. (target)