In English, whether you can follow the object directly after pressing the verb can be divided into transitive verbs and transitive verbs.
1. Transitive verb: the word marked with vt in the dictionary is a transitive verb. Transitive verbs must be followed by an object with action (that is, an object), which can be followed directly. See. I can see a boy.
2. intransitive verbs: in the dictionary, words marked with vi are intransitive verbs. An intransitive verb cannot be directly followed by an object with action (that is, an object). If you want to follow the object, you must first add a preposition after it, such as to, of, at, before you can follow the object.
Specifically, what prepositions are added after each verb means reciting verb phrases, such as listening and watching … ..
3. Object (the object of action): a noun or pronoun, or a word or phrase equivalent to a noun (such as a gerund). Other words are not considered as action objects.
4. For example: "Look"
See. I can see a boy.
(2) Look (6). ) x objects (that is, objects cannot be added directly). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (Note: Caution is an adverb, not a noun, so it is not an object. )
(3) Look at it ...+Look at me carefully! Me is a pronoun and used as an object. )
(2) What is a rhetorical question?
The front is affirmative and the back is negative.
The front is negative, and the back is positive.
For example:
1. Today is the day of discovery, isn't it?
Today is not treasure hunt day, is it?
The front is affirmative and the back is negative.
The front is negative, and the back is positive.
For example:
1. Today is the day of discovery, isn't it?
Today is not treasure hunt day, is it?
(C) junior high school English eight tenses inductive review
Tense is very important in English learning, but most junior middle school students always find it difficult to use it in practice. Let's summarize and review these tenses.
First, the general present tense:
L concept: frequently repeated actions or behaviors and a certain situation now.
L adverbial of time:
Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month ...), once a week, Sunday,
L basic structure: ①be verb; ② Behavioral verbs
L negative form: ① am/is/are+not; (2) If the predicate verb in this state is an action verb, add don before it; if the subject is singular in the third person, use not, and restore the action verb at the same time.
L general questions: ① put the be verb at the beginning of the sentence; ② Ask questions with the auxiliary verb do. If the subject of the third person is singular, use does. Restore action verbs at the same time.
Second, the general past tense:
L concept: an action or state that occurred at a certain time in the past; Habitual and regular actions and behaviors in the past.
I adverbial of time: before, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week (year, night, month …), at 1989, just now, 5 years old, one day, a long time ago, at a certain time, and so on.
L basic structure: ①be verb; ② Behavioral verbs
L negative form: ① was/were+not; ② Add not before the action verb and restore the action verb at the same time.
L general questions: ①was or are put at the beginning of the sentence; ② Ask questions with the past tense did of the auxiliary verb do and restore the action verb at the same time.
Third, the present continuous tense:
L concept: indicates the actions and behaviors that are going on at the present stage or when speaking.
Adverbial of time: now, now, these days, etc.
L basic structure: am/is/are+do
L negative form: am/is/are+not+do.
L general question: put the be verb at the beginning of the sentence.
Fourth, the past continuous tense:
L concept: indicates the behavior or action that is happening or going on at a certain time or moment in the past.
Time adverbial: yesterday at this time, at that time or when the leading predicate verb is the time adverbial of the simple past tense.
L basic structure: was/were+doing
Negative form: was/were+not+doing.
General question: put was or were at the beginning of the sentence.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) in the present perfect tense:
L concept: the influence or result of actions that happened or have been completed in the past on the present, or the actions or states that started from the past and continued to the present.
Adverbial of time: recently, recently, since ……, for … the past few years, etc.
L basic structure: have/ completed+
L negative form: yes/yes+no +d one.
L general question: yes or no.
Six, the past perfect tense:
L concept: based on a certain time in the past, actions or behaviors that occurred before or completed before an action in the past, that is, "past past".
L adverbial of time: before, until the end of last year ($ TERM, month ...), and so on.
L basic structure: had+done.
Negative form: had+not+done
L general question: had is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
Seven, the general future tense:
L concept: indicates the action to be taken or the state of being and the intention, plan or preparation for doing something.
L adverbial of time: tomorrow, the next day (week, month, year …), soon, in a few minutes, from …, the day after tomorrow, etc.
L basic structure: ① am/is/are/going to+do; 2 will/should+do.
L negative form: ① was/were+not; ② Add not before the action verb and restore the action verb at the same time.
L general questions: ① placed at the beginning of the sentence; ②will/shall mentioned the beginning of the sentence.
Eight, the past future tense:
L concept: based on a moment in the past, look at the future from the past, often used in object clauses.
Adverbial of time: the next day (morning, year …), next month (week …), etc.
L basic structure: ① was/were/going to+do; ② Will/Should+Do.
L negative form: ① was/were/not+going to+do; ② Yes/Should+No+Do.
L general questions: ①was or are put at the beginning of the sentence; ②would/should be the first sentence.
L ⅱ。 Mutual transformation of several common tenses
Several tenses in English can be transformed into each other in some cases. The following are several common forms of conversion:
First, the conversion between the past tense and the present perfect tense.
In the present perfect tense, progressive verbs can be used with adverbials indicating a period of time, but instantaneous verbs can't. But other expressions can also be used: ① the sentence pattern of "a period of time+before" in the general past tense uses instantaneous verbs; ② Instantaneous verbs can be converted into corresponding continuous verbs and phrases to be used for a period of time; ③ Instantaneous verbs are used in the sentence pattern of "It is+a period time+since+simple past tense", which means "it's been a while since+simple past tense". Please see:
A.he joined the league two years ago.
B.he has been in the league for two years.
C. he has been in the league for two years.
D. Two years have passed since he joined the League.
Second, the conversion between the simple present tense and the present continuous tense.
N In the present tense, at with a noun means "in a certain state", such as at work or school. This phrase can be converted into tense. Please see:
Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
Third, the conversion between the present continuous tense and the general future tense.
In the present continuous tense, verbs such as go go, come, leave, start, arrive are often used with adverbials indicating future time to indicate actions that will happen. I'm coming, mom! I'm coming, mom! Please see:
The train will leave soon.
The train will leave soon.
Fourth, the structural transformation of "be going verb prototype" and "will(shall)+ verb prototype"
N "be going to+verb prototype", indicating intention to do something; The structure of "will(shall)+ verb prototype" in the future tense In written language, when the subject is the first person, the auxiliary verb shall is often used. In spoken English, everyone can use will. Please see:
We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
We will visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
L ⅲ。 Tense analysis of verbs in senior high school entrance examination
First, the principle of determining tense according to adverbial of time.
l 1。 Hurry up! The play lasted ten minutes. (Liaoning in 2002)
Los Angeles has already started.
L [analysis]1.C. Since is followed by the starting point of time and for is followed by the time period, attention should be paid to the use of instantaneous verbs and continuous verbs when the main verb is used in the present perfect.
Second, in complex sentences, the principle of determining tense according to tense echo.
l 2。 Do you know to come back next week? Please let me know if he comes back. (2002 Heilongjiang)
Los Angeles, here he comes; Will he come? come
He will come; Will he come? Will come.
N [analysis] 2.c. If can guide both object clauses and adverbial clauses. When used as a conjunction of an object clause, it is equivalent to what and its meaning is "whether". When used as a conjunction of adverbial clauses, the meaning is "if". From the perspective of tense, if leads the object clause, the tense of the predicate verb should change according to the tense of the main clause; When introducing conditional sentences indicating future actions or states, if the main clause uses the simple future tense, the clauses usually use the simple present tense to indicate the future.
Thirdly, the principle of determining tense according to the existing time information points in the context.
l 3。 When will this computer be?
Last year. (Tianjin in 2002)
Los Angeles did it. Use B. was used, C. is used, D. are used.
L [analysis] 3.b. This example infers the simple past tense from the adverbial of time in the following sentence, and the passive voice should be considered.
Fourthly, the principle of determining tense by using context semantics.
l 4。 Hi! Lin Tao. I didn't see you at the party.
Oh, I'm ready for the math exam. (Jiangxi, 2002)
I got B. I got C. I got D. I got it.
L [analysis] 4.b. In this case, no, when the party infers the past application.
Five, the temporal principle of "special" countermeasures
L 5。 The teacher told us yesterday that1February 25th is Christmas. (Liaoning in 2002)
Los Angeles is B. It was C. It has been D. It will be.
L [analysis] 5.a. The tense of some verbs is "contrary to common sense". If the object clause represents an objective fact or objective truth, its tense is not limited by the main clause, but expressed in the simple present tense.
lⅳ。 Practical training for senior high school entrance examination
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of verb tenses;
L 1。 If it doesn't rain tomorrow, Mr Brown will go fishing. (2002 Xuzhou)
L 2。 I think he will be back in a week. (Nanjing, 2002)
l 3。 who ' s that knocking ?
I don't know. Let me have a look. (Lianyungang City, 2002)
L 4。 Bill is strict with himself. He never leaves today's work until tomorrow. (Lianyungang City, 2002)
l 5。 Did your uncle return the videotape to Mr. Fox?
Don't. They are still in his bedroom. (Nantong City, 2002)
L 6。 By the end of last $ TERM, they had worked there for ten years. (Liaoning in 2002)
At this time yesterday, Mr. Wang was reading a newspaper in his office. (Shanghai in 2002)
l 8。 Mr. Green and his wife lived in London for several years before moving there.
L (coming) to work in China 200 1. (Qujing City, 2002)
L9。 They don't know what the world will be like in a hundred years. (Nanchong in 2002)
L 10。 About 400 years ago, Galileo proved that the earth moves around the sun. (Shaanxi in 2002)
(D) English participles are divided into present participles and past participles.
The main difference between the present participle and the past participle is that the present participle means "initiative and progress" and the past participle means "passivity and completion" (the past participle of intransitive verbs does not mean passivity, but only completion). A participle can have its own adverbial, object or logical subject.
1. participle is an adverbial in a sentence, which can express time, condition, reason, result, concession, accompaniment and so on.
When a participle is used as an adverbial in a sentence, what kind of participle is used depends on the relationship between the participle and the subject of the sentence: the subject-predicate relationship uses the present participle, and the verb-object or passive relationship uses the past participle.
The students walked out of the classroom talking and laughing.
According to his friend's account, he went to the railway station. Given better care, these plants will grow better.
2. "while (when, once, until, if, through and other conjunctions)+participle" structure When the present participle or past participle is used as an adverbial, sometimes you can add while, when, once, while, until, until, if and other conjunctions before the participle.
She waved to us frequently when she left the airport. While waiting for the train, my sister and I had a long talk about her work ...
Once he recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although he worked very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word for word, this article will be difficult to understand.
3. Word segmentation is used as an attribute. When word segmentation is used as an attribute, a single word segmentation is generally placed before the modified noun, and the word segmentation phrase is generally placed after the modified head word. The present participle modifies the noun that gives the action (that is, it has a subject-predicate relationship with the noun), and the past participle modifies the noun that takes the action (that is, it has a verb-object relationship with the noun).
Once we get additional funds, we will continue our experiment.
It's really a tiring day for all of us!
We can see the part of the moon illuminated by sunlight.
After a night of excitement and insomnia, I forced myself to walk a long way along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries have established strategic partnerships with developed countries.
4, participle as object complement The present participle forms a compound object with nouns or pronouns after sensory verbs such as see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glance, glance, phrasal verbs such as look, listen, causative verbs such as have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start and send, and is a component of object complement.
5. Participle as predicative Participle as predicative is usually used as adjective. The present participle indicates the nature of the subject, and the subject is mostly an object; The past participle indicates the feeling or state of the subject, and the subject is mostly human.
(5) Five basic sentence patterns
According to subject, verb and patient complement, English sentences can be divided into five basic sentence patterns. They are:
Noun+verb (subject+predicate verb)
Snowfall. It's snowing.
2. The sun rises. the sun rises
3. The moon rises slowly.
He speaks loudly.
Second, S+v+ c subject (subject)+verb (verb)+complement (complement)
Namely: subject+connecting verb+predicate.
1. He is the author. He is the author (noun as complement).
Spring is coming. Spring has come (adverb as complement)
He's in room 3. He is in the room.
4. Seeing is believing. Seeing is believing (infinitive as complement)
5. The question is what to say. The question is what to say (noun phrase as complement)
6.S+ sensory verb +SC
This candy tastes sweet. This candy tastes sweet.
Milk smells sour. This milk smells sour.
That sounds great. Sounds good.
She looks very noble. She looked surprised.
I feel much better. I think
Third, S+V+O (subject+verb+object)
1. I want to study math. I want to study math.
I love her. I love her.
She knows that he never tells the truth. She knew that he had never told the truth.
I like fishing. I like fishing.
Fourth, S+V+O+C (subject+verb+object+complement)
1. We paid him 100 dollars. I paid him 100 yuan.
I showed him my book.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) S+V+O+O (subject+verb+object+object)
The causative verbs here mainly include
Sensory verbs: look, listen, look and feel.
Causative verb: make get ask let keep
Others, such as: call and believe it.
1. We think he is a clever man. I think he is a clever man.
She drives me crazy. She made me angry.
I saw him swim across the river 2. I saw him swim across the river.
There is another kind that can also be classified as this sentence pattern (prepositional phrase as complement ..., in ...)
S Vt + as O OC
1. I think this is impossible. I don't think it's possible.
I regard him as a child.
(VI) Usage and pronunciation of English numbers
1. Decimals are represented by numbers. No matter how many digits there are after the decimal point, don't put a comma in the middle. The decimal point is read as a dot, and the numbers after the decimal point should be read one by one. For example:
3.4 is pronounced 3.4.
0.8 is pronounced as 0.8 or 0.8.
30.34 is pronounced thirty-four
The birth rate increased by 2.5 times in those years.
The birth rate increased by 2.5 times in those years.
Decimal 2.5 is used as a modifier in a sentence.
Our grain output will be 3.7 times that of 1960.
Our grain output will be 3.7 times that of 1960.
Decimal 3.7 is used as a modifier in a sentence.
2. Percentage or percentage, that is, "%".
The price has been reduced by 20% since May.
The price has been reduced by 20% since May.
The number of patients visiting the hospital decreased by 30% compared with the same period last year.
Compared with the same period last year, the number of patients visiting the hospital decreased by 30%.
3. This ratio is usually expressed in figures and sometimes in words.
1 3 and 5 15 are the same.
The ratio of one to three to five to fifteen is the same.
You have a 50% chance of winning the game.
You have a fifty-fifty chance of winning the game.
4. The date and year, such as:
May 22nd (May 22nd or May 22nd) can also be written as May 22nd.
July 15 (July 5th or July 15), or July15.
August 1 (August 1st or August 1st) can also be written as August1st.
1949 is pronounced as 1949.
1804 is pronounced as 1804.
1700 is pronounced as 1700.
2000 is pronounced 2000.
The pronunciation of 685 BC is 685 BC.
1960 (or 1960) is pronounced as 19.
5. Representation of time, such as:
7: 00 is pronounced seven or seven.
9: 15 is pronounced as 9: 05 or 9: 15.
1 1: 26 pronounced as eleven twenty-six or twenty-six paste eleven or twenty-six after eleven.
5: 30 is pronounced as 5: 30 or 5: 30 or 5: 30
6.24-hour representation, such as:
08: 00 is pronounced as eight o'clock in the morning or eight o'clock in the morning.
12: 00 is pronounced as 20 o'clock or noon or noon.
14: 15 is pronounced as 14: 15 pm or 2: 5 pm.
24: 00 is pronounced as 20 pm or midnight.
7. Expression units, such as:
2 x 3 feet is pronounced 2 feet by 3 feet.
2×3×6 inches is pronounced as 2 ×3 ×6 inches.
This package weighs 3 pounds and 5 ounces.
This package weighs 3 pounds and 5 ounces.
This package weighs 3 pounds and 5 ounces.
I bought a 4-foot by 5-foot carpet.
I bought a carpet five feet long and four feet wide.
The temperature dropped to MINUS 22 degrees Celsius.
The temperature dropped to MINUS 22 degrees Celsius.
His height is 178 cm.
His height 178 cm.
His height is 178 cm.
The size of this box is six feet by four feet by three and two-thirds feet.
The size of this box is six feet long, four feet wide and three and two-thirds feet high.
8. How to read some mathematical expressions, some common symbols are as follows:
"+"is pronounced as plus sign or and；;
"-"is pronounced as minus sign or from；;
"X" is pronounced as multiplication or multiplication; ;
"⊙" is pronounced as division.
5+8 = 13
Five plus eight equals thirteen.
Five plus eight equals thirteen.
15-6 =9
Fifteen MINUS six equals nine.
Fifteen MINUS six equals nine.
4×5 =20
Four times five equals twenty.
Four times five equals twenty.
Four fives is twenty.
Four times five equals twenty.
8÷2 → 4
Eight divided by two equals four.
Two eighths equals four.
Eight divided by two equals four.
9. Telephone number, room number, account number and car number. Read one by one in numerical order. When "0" is encountered, read oh, and two connected identical base numbers can be read as double.
My office phone number is 268-8064, extension 32 1.
My office phone number is 26880 * * 32 1 extension.
268-8064 ext. 32 1 pronounced as 268064 ext. 321.
My account number is 38800685.
My account number is three eight eight zero six eight five.
38800685 is pronounced as three eight zero six eight five or three pairs of eight pairs of oh six eight five.
10. How to read money, for example:
$ 18.29 is pronounced as eight dollars and twenty-nine cents or eighteen dollars and twenty-nine cents.
Eighteen dollars and twenty-nine cents.
$ 15 is pronounced as "FIFA dollar (even number)"
It means fifteen dollars (exactly).
C$268 is pronounced as two forgotten and six eight Canadian dollars.
Represents 268 Canadian dollars.
Jp $10,000 is pronounced as ten thousand yen.
It means ten thousand yen.
1 1. The emperor's first ~ world books, such as:
William I was declared William I (William I).
Elizabeth II was declared Elizabeth II.
12. Other expressions are as follows:
World War II was declared as World War II or World War II.
1 is pronounced as the number one (first).
The third lesson is read as the third lesson.
The first part is pronounced as the first part.
P. 10 reads page 10 (page 10).