Du Fu
Four yellow maiden flowers thrive on the road covered, and thousands of flowers bow and the branches are low.
The butterflies in the flowers are dancing, and the soft yinger in freedom is just singing happily.
Analysis:
Lingering: nostalgia, reluctant to leave. This poem is used to describe butterflies flying around among flowers, reluctant to part. "Liulian" is a conjunction. The two words that make up Lian Mian's Ci only record the pronunciation of the word, which has nothing to do with the meaning. Therefore, a Lian Mian Ci may be written in several different ways, such as "lingering" and "lingering", but the meaning of the word is still the same.
Du Fu
Du Fu (7 12-770) was born in Xiangyang, Han nationality, and then moved to Gongxian County, Henan Province. A great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty, who claimed to be a young man at night, was called "Du Li" together with Li Bai. In order to distinguish Li Shangyin, Du Mu and Xiao Du Li, Du Fu and Li Bai are also called Da Du Li, and Du Fu is often called Lao Du.
Du Fu's influence on China's classical poetry is far-reaching, and he is called "the sage of poetry" by later generations, and his poems are called "the history of poetry". Later generations called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu, and also called him Du Shaoling and Du Caotang.
Du Fu wrote such famous works as Spring Hope, Northern Expedition, Three Officials and Three Farewells. In the second year of Gan Yuan (759), Du Fu abandoned his official position and went to Sichuan. Although he fled the war and lived a relatively stable life, he still cared about the whole life and the affairs of the country. Although Du Fu is a realistic poet, he also has a wild and unruly side. It is not difficult to see Du Fu's heroism and dry clouds from his masterpiece Song of Drinking Eight Immortals.
The core of Du Fu's thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government, and he has the great wish of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior, and then making the customs pure". Although Du Fu was not famous during his lifetime, his fame spread far and wide, which had a far-reaching impact on China literature and Japanese literature. About 65,438+0,500 poems of Du Fu have been preserved, most of which are collected by Du Gongbu.
family background
Du Fu was born in Dujia, Jingzhao, and was a scholar-bureaucrat in the north. Its distant ancestors were Du Zhou, a famous cruel official of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and his grandfather Du. Du Fu and Du Mu, another great poet in the Tang Dynasty, were both great scholars and celebrities in the Jin Dynasty. However, the two tribes are far apart. Du Fu comes from Du Yu's second son Du Dan, and Du Mu comes from Du Yu's youngest son Du Yin. As a teenager, Du Fu lived a relatively stable and prosperous life because of his superior family environment. He has been eager to learn since he was a child. At the age of seven, he was able to write poems. "At the age of seven, I thought I was strong, and I sang the phoenix with my mouth open." He is interested in "making the monarch Yao and Shun, and then making the customs pure." When he was a teenager, he was also very naughty. "I remember when I was fifteen, I was a child, as healthy as a yellow calf." Pear and jujube are ripe in August before the court, and the tree day can return to a thousand times. "
Young and excellent travel
At the age of 19 in the 19th year of Kaiyuan, Du Fu traveled to Linyi, Shandong. Twenty years old, roaming wuyue for several years. In the 23rd year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (735), Du Fu returned to his hometown to participate in the "rural tribute". Twenty-four years in Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam, ranking first from the bottom. Du Fu's father was Sima, the secretariat of Yanzhou at that time, so Du Fu went to Yanzhou to visit relatives and began a trip to Qi and Zhao.
In April of the third year of Tianbao (744), Du Fu met Li Bai, who was given money by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, in Luoyang, and they met to travel with Liang and Song (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu, Henan). After that, Du Fu went to qi zhou (now Jinan). In the autumn of the seventh year of Tianbao (748), Du Fu went to Yanzhou to see Li Bai. Together, they searched for immortals, talked about poems and papers, and forged a friendship of "getting drunk in autumn and walking hand in hand with Japan". At the end of autumn, the two shook hands and said goodbye. Du Fu ended his roaming life of "Zhao Qi is dissolute and Qiu Ma is quite crazy" and returned to Chang 'an.
Bad career
Du Fu lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu was born in a family of "serving Confucianism and guarding officials" for generations, with profound family knowledge. The early works mainly show the ideal, ambition and expected life path. On the other hand, it shows his political ideal of "respecting the monarch and following it, and then making the vulgar pure". Many works in this period reflected the sufferings of people's livelihood and political turmoil at that time, and exposed the ugly behavior of the rulers. Since then, he has embarked on a life and creative road of worrying about the country and the people. With the increasingly corrupt politics in the later period of Tang Xuanzong, his life became increasingly impoverished and disappointed. In a wandering life.
In the sixth year of Tianbao (747), Xuanzong called all-round artists from all over the world to Chang 'an to take the exam, and Du Fu also took the exam. Because the Minister of Electric Power Li directed a farce of "leaving no legacy", all the students who took the exam lost the election. Because the imperial examination was not feasible, Du Fu had to turn to the powerful door to realize his political ideal, but it ended in vain. He lived in Chang 'an for ten years, rushing around offering gifts, unhappy, frustrated in his official career and living in poverty. "He failed to win the first place and was trapped in Chang 'an. "
In the first month of the tenth year of Tianbao (75 1), Xuanzong held three ceremonies to worship Taiqing Palace, ancestral temple and heaven and earth, so Du Fu presented three "Da Li Fu" in the winter of the ninth year of Tianbao, which was appreciated by Xuanzong and ordered him to be in Jixian Academy. However, he only got the qualification of "participating in the selection order" and waited for distribution. As the examiner is still Li, he didn't get the official position.
In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), Du Fu was appointed as the commander of Hexi, but Du Fu didn't want to be appointed as the official post of "it would be very sad for him not to be a commander of Hexi", so the court changed him to the right guard and led the government soldier Cao (a junior official who was responsible for guarding the staff of armor and managing the access key). Du Fu stayed in Chang 'an for more than ten years because he was 44 years old. In order to make a living, he accepted this useless job. In November, Du Fu went to Fengxian Province. Just as Du Fu entered the room, he heard crying. It turned out that his youngest son starved to death. Based on ten years' experience in Chang 'an and his experiences along the way, he wrote the famous "From Beijing to Fengxian, reciting 500 words".
War and displacement
In November of the 14th year of Tianbao (755), An Shi Rebellion broke out. In June of the following year, Tongguan fell and Xuanzong fled hastily. In July, Prince Hengli was established in Lingwu as Su Zong. At this time, Du Fu had moved his family to Qiang Village in Yinzhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) to take refuge. He heard that Su Zong ascended the throne and went north alone in August to join Lingwu. Unfortunately, he was captured by the rebels on the way and brought to Chang 'an. Wang Wei, who was also captured, was closely supervised, and Du Fu was not imprisoned because of his small official position. Despite personal misfortunes, Du Fu always cared about the country and the people.
During the An Shi Rebellion, he always paid attention to the development of the current situation. During this period, he wrote two articles, Guo's Situation in Huazhou and Five Questions about the Examiners in Hehuazhou, offering suggestions for exterminating the Anshi Rebellion and considering how to reduce the burden on the people. When the soldiers and horses of Li, the main force of the rebel army, passed through Huazhou, they wrote a poem "Two Kansai Soldiers Going to Guanzhong for Standby" to express their patriotic enthusiasm.