Han Yu (768～824), whose courtesy name was Tuizhi and whose nickname was Changli, was called Han Changli in his later life and whose posthumous title was Wengong. He was called Han Wengong in his later life. He was a native of Heyang, Henan Province (now Mengzhou, Henan Province) in the Tang Dynasty. He also had another ancestral home. Deng Zhouyi said that he was one of the Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties. He calls himself Junwang Changli, and is known as Han Changli in the world (the word Junwang is the combined name of Jun and Wang. Jun is an administrative division, and Wang refers to a famous family. Jun Wang is used together to mean a famous family in a certain region. Han Yu lived in Changli, so he was also called Han Changli). In his later years, he served as the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, also known as the Ministry of Official Affairs of Han. He was also an advocate of the movement, so he was called Hanliu together with him. He also had the names of Wenzong Jugong and Baidai Wenzong. He proposed the idea of ??combining literature with Taoism and opposed the trend of parallel couples since the Six Dynasties. He is the author of forty volumes of "Han Changli Collection", ten volumes of "Waiji Collection", "Shi Shuo" and so on. There is a reputation for writing that started the decline of the Eight Dynasties.
Evaluation
An advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, he was said to have caused the decline of the Eight Dynasties (referring to Han Yu’s ancient prose which boosted the sluggish literary style of the Eight Dynasties.). The Ming Dynasty praised him as the Tang Dynasty’s The head of the eight great writers of prose in the Song Dynasty, he is called Han Liu together with Liu Zongyuan, and Han Wen is called Du Shi Han Bi along with Liu Zongyuan. He is the author of forty volumes of "Han Changli Collection", ten volumes of "Waiji Collection", "Shi Shuo", etc.
Became a Jinshi at the age of 25, and entered the official career at the age of 29. However, he suffered repeated setbacks in his fame and official career.
Dezong was demoted to the county magistrate of Yangshan (now Yangshan County, Guangdong) in the 19th year of Zhenyuan (803). In the first year of Yongzhen reign of Emperor Shunzong (805 AD), he was transferred to Jiangling Prefecture and joined the army.
On the way to his appointment, he passed by Leiyang from Chen to Heng, made a special trip to visit the tomb, and wrote a long poem "Inscribed on the Tomb of Du Gongbu" to pay tribute to him. He was the first to realize the value of Du's poems.
He met with Zou Ru, the governor of Hengzhou, at Hejiang Pavilion in Shigu Mountain, and wrote twenty rhymes of ancient poems. The whole poem "Inscribed on Hejiang Pavilion to the Governor Zou Jun" has 200 words, with one rhyme to the end, one breath, sonorous tone, and majestic momentum. It is a masterpiece that has been passed down through the ages since the Tang Dynasty. It is also a masterpiece for later generations of literati. It is highly praised and there are many people who sing according to its rhythm. In particular, the two sentences "Looking at the vastness of the sky and the pure green cannot be spitted on" have become famous sentences widely recited by people in later generations. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1587-1598), he, together with Li Kuan, Li Shizhen, , Huang Qian, were worshiped at the Seven Sages Temple of Shigu Academy, and were known as the Seven Sages of Shigu in the world.
Climbing Zhurong Peak, Han Yu's Kaiyun has been a good story in Nanyue Hengshan for thousands of years, and literati in the past dynasties have continued to sing about Kaiyun.
He was also the first literati to write a poem and recite the stele of King Yu. In the Ming Dynasty, his poem "Mountain Gongji" was highly praised. How could it be compared to the stone drum?
Thus, Four Things became the great writers who had the most profound influence on Hengyang’s humanistic history.
(According to "Hengyang Dictionary of Hunan Cultural Celebrities", edited by Gan Jianhua and produced by Erya Culture)
Learning Process
Han Yu lost his father when he was three years old. His brother Han Hui and his sister-in-law raised him. Han Huineng's articles had an influence on Han Yu. He was homeless in his early years and had the ambition to study and manage the world. Although he was lonely and poor, he was diligent and studious. In the second year of Zhenyuan (786), 19-year-old Han Yu went to Chang'an to take the Jinshi examination, but failed in three tests. It was not until the fourth time in the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792) that he passed the Jinshi examination. After that, he failed three times in succession in the official examination of Erxue Hongci. It was not until the age of 29 that he got a small official position in the Dong Jin shogunate in Bianzhou as an observer and recommendation official. Later, he returned to Beijing and served as a doctor of four disciplines. At the age of 36, he was appointed as the censor. Soon after, he was demoted to Yangshan County magistrate because he wrote a letter to discuss the drought and people's hunger, asking for tax reduction and exemption. During the reign of Emperor Xianzong, he returned to the north and became a doctor of the imperial family. He was promoted to the crown prince's right concubine, but failed to achieve his ambition. From then until the age of 50, his official position continued to fluctuate. In the twelfth year of Yuanhe, when Han Yu was 50 years old, he participated in the battle to pacify Wu Yuanji in Huaixi and showed his ability to handle military and state affairs. He was moved to the position of Minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs and entered the upper-level ruling group of the imperial court. But two years later, he offended Xianzong by admonishing the Buddha's bones and was almost executed by Xianzong. Fortunately, he was saved by the ministers and was demoted to the governor of Chaozhou (in today's Guangdong). After eight months in Chaozhou, the eunuchs killed Xianzong and established Mu Zong. Han Yu was recalled to the court. Later, he held the positions of Guozi Jijiu, Minister of the Ministry of War, Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, and Jing Zhaoyin. He was more accomplished in politics. He died of illness in Chang'an in the fourth year of Changqing (824) at the age of 57.
The origin of the name
The Korean public names have more and more characters. When talking about the name and the name, there is a good story. Han Yu's parents died young and he was raised by his brother and sister-in-law since he was a child. Soon it was time to enter school, and her sister-in-law Zheng wanted to give her brother a beautiful and elegant scientific name. On this day, Zheng opened the book and picked a word on the left because she thought it was not good, and on the right she thought it was too vulgar. After picking it up, half an hour passed, but I still hadn't chosen a satisfactory scientific name for my brother. Han Yu stood aside and watched. Seeing that his sister-in-law was having trouble naming him, he asked, "Sister-in-law, what do you want to name me?" Zheng said: Your eldest brother is named Hui, and your second brother is named Jie. Hui and Jie are both preceded by a human character, which symbolizes that they must be the leader of the group. Hui means gathering, and Jie means upright. Their meanings are very good. The third brother The scientific name must also start with a human character, and the meaning must be more specific. After Han Yu heard this, he immediately said: Sister-in-law, you don't need to read the book. This character 'yu' starting with a human character is the best. , I’ll just call him Han Yu. When Mrs. Zheng heard this, she quickly closed the book with the character Yu and asked her brother: What is the good meaning of the character Yu? Han Yu's Tao becomes more and more transcendent.
When I grow up, I must do something great. I will be ahead of the ancients and no one will come after me. I will definitely not be a mediocre person. After hearing this, my sister-in-law clapped her hands and exclaimed: OK! good! You are really good at naming, what a perfect word for "heal"! How could Han Yu give himself such a beautiful and elegant name? It turned out that he was smart since he was a child and had read many scriptures. He began to read literature at the age of three. He could memorize thousands of words every day. He had read all the works of various scholars before he was seven years old. His extraordinary talent and cultural literacy made him set on lofty ambitions early on. The word "healing" is the expression of his youthful ambition. When he reached the age of nineteen, he was already a talented and energetic young man. This year happened to be the opening of the imperial examination. Mrs. Zheng packed his luggage and sent him to Beijing to take the examination. After arriving in the capital, he maintained his talent and thought he would win by entering the market, and he never ignored his companions. As a result, others passed the exam, but he failed. Later, he lived in Beijing for several years, took the exam four times in a row, and finally got the 13th place. After that, after three consecutive palace examinations, he still didn't get any official position. Since he had already spent all his money, he moved from Kyoto to Luoyang to find friends for help. In Luoyang, friends helped him get engaged, and he got engaged to Miss Lu, who was both talented and beautiful. Miss Lu's father was a highly respected military officer from Henan Prefecture. Han Yu lived in his house and planned to choose an auspicious day to marry Miss Lu. Miss Lu is lively and frank by nature. On the one hand, she admires Han Lang's talent, but on the other hand, she is worried about Han Lang's arrogance. She had thought many times that if she wanted her husband to do something in the future, she should persuade him now, but how to persuade him? After dinner that day, in front of the flowers and under the moonlight, the two of them chatted about poetry. During the conversation, Han Yu mentioned the disappointments he had suffered in the past few years while seeking official positions. Miss Lu said in a pleasant manner: Sir, there is no need to worry about this matter anymore. Failures in the examination room are a common occurrence. My father always praised you for your knowledge and sincerity. I think you will definitely be able to accomplish something in the future. However, if you have suffered repeated setbacks in this examination, you must have your own shortcomings. You should find out the reason now. After hearing this, Han Yu nodded frequently and thought to himself: Miss Lu is really insightful. He then said: Miss Lu is very reasonable. As the saying goes, you can't see the darkness in your own face. Please give me some advice. When Miss Lu heard this, she laughed out loud and said: You are such a smart person! Then he spread out his paper and wrote: People seek the truth, fire seeks a guilty conscience. If you want to become a great weapon, you must retreat first. Han Yu gave the gift and thought for a while: These are the dirty words of the young lady! Since ancient times, arrogant soldiers will be defeated. What they lack is humility. The word "Yu" is the evidence. So, he immediately chose the last two words in Miss Lu's message: retreat, and gave himself a new name.
Political opinions
Politically, Han Yu advocated the unification of the world and opposed the separatist rule of vassal towns. During the reign of Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty, he accompanied Pei Du to quell the rebellion in the Huaixi feudal town. He and Liu Zongyuan had political disagreements, but this did not affect their joint efforts to advocate the ancient prose movement. They opposed excessive pursuit of form in parallel prose, advocated prose, and emphasized the importance of article content. Han Yu, one of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties, was demoted to Chaozhou for introducing Buddhist bones. Later, due to his outstanding political performance, he moved to Yuanzhou, now Yichun, Jiangxi Province, and wrote the history of Yuanzhou. During his tenure in Yuanzhou, Han Yu made outstanding political achievements and trained the first number one scholar in Jiangxi Province at that time. Now there is a sandbar in the Xiujiang River in Yichun, named Zhuangyuanzhou. Legend has it that it was the place where students studied. There is the Zhuangyuan Building on the highest hill in Yichun City and there is Changli Road in Yichun City, both to commemorate Han Yu's special achievements.
Han Yu was a famous essayist and important poet in the Tang Dynasty. His poems strived to be dangerous and novel, powerful and powerful. The poetry world of Han Yu's era had begun to break through the narrow world of Dali poets. Han Yu was even more unique and created a new poetry genre. He is good at using strong and powerful brushstrokes to drive the majestic momentum, mixed with strange and strange tastes, to render a rich and magnificent color to the poems, creating a spectacular scene of thunder and lightning. In addition, Korean poetry has the characteristic of "using text as poetry" in art, which also has a considerable influence on later generations. Of course, there are also some grotesque and weird words in Korean poetry, which are not advisable. He is the author of "Han Changli Collection", "Waiji Collection", "Shi Shuo" and so on.
Educational Thoughts
Han Yu’s political thoughts and worldview are relatively complex. In politics, he advocated benevolent government, opposed officials' coercion of the people, and asked the court to waive taxes and corvee. This showed that he cared about the fate of the country and the people's livelihood, which was the progressive side of his political thought. He enthusiastically promoted Confucian orthodoxy, which was consistent with his political thought. But he also promoted the feudal ethical concepts in Confucianism and defended the feudal system, which was of course wrong. Of course, we cannot demand that the ancients transcend history and have our current thinking. At the same time, we must also see that Han Yu's thoughts still have a contradictory side. He worked hard to maintain the orthodoxy, but often destroyed the orthodoxy unconsciously. In his "Preface to the Farewell to Meng Dongye", he put forward the realistic and combative idea that all things will flourish if they are not equal. This thought had an outstanding and very significant impact on his prose achievements. Literary Achievements
Theory of Literary Creation
Theory of Literary Creation: He believes that Tao (i.e. benevolence and righteousness) is the purpose and content, and literature is the means and form. He emphasizes that literature is to carry Tao, and literature is Tao. Unity, with Tao as the main focus. He advocated the study of ancient Chinese literature in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, and acquired the works of Zhuang Zhou and Yang Xiong. It is advocated that learning from ancient times should innovate on the basis of inheritance, and insist that the words must be written by oneself and the words must be stated.
It attaches great importance to the moral cultivation of writers and puts forward the theory of nourishing Qi. When Qi is strong, it is suitable for both short and long words and high or low voice ("Reply to Li Yishu"). Put forward the argument that if there is injustice, there will be complaints. It is believed that the author's dissatisfaction with reality is the reason for deepening the thought of the work. In terms of the style of his works, he emphasizes strangeness and uses strangeness as a good thing.
Han Yu was listed as the head of the Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties. He was also mentioned together with Du Fu, and he was known as Du Fu's poem in Korean.