Shen Congwen (190265438+February 28th-1988May 10) was originally named Shen Yuehuan, pen names Xiu, Chen Jia, Shangguan Bi, Xuan Ruo, etc. Maolin, whose real name is Chongwen, is from Fenghuang County, Hunan Province. His grandmother Liu is a Miao. Shen Congwen is a famous modern writer, a researcher of historical relics and a representative of Beijing School novels. 14 years old, joined the team and roamed the Hunan-Sichuan-Guizhou border region. 1924 started literary creation, and taught at National Southwest Associated University after the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War. From 193 1 year to 1933, he taught in Shandong University. 65438-0946 returned to teach at Peking University. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he worked in the Museum of Chinese History and the Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences, mainly engaged in the study of ancient history of China. Shen Congwen died in Beijing on 1988.
general situation
Shen Congwen (formerly known as Shen Yuehuan), a Miao native of Fenghuang County, Hunan Province, is a famous modern writer, a researcher of historical relics and a representative of Beijing School novels. He has written and published academic monographs such as China Silk Patterns, Bronze Mirrors of Tang and Song Dynasties, Dragon and Phoenix Art, Lacquerware of Warring States Period, and Research on Ancient Chinese Costume.
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Literary works
Shen Congwen 14 years old graduated from high school and joined the army. 15 years old went out with the army. He worked as a staff sergeant, and later worked as a butcher and tax collector in the city with the army in the name of a secretary. Seeing the darkness of the world produces disgust. After being exposed to new literature, 1923 went to Beijing, but failed to enter the university. Embarrassed, he began to write under the pseudonym "Hugh Yun Yun". From 1930s, he began to construct his own "Xiangxi World" with novels, and completed a series of representative works such as Border Town and Long River. Prose Collection "Auspicious San Ji". He examined the present situation of urban-rural confrontation at that time from the subjective perspective of "countryman" and criticized the ugliness of modern civilization in the process of entering China. This concept, which is contrary to the masters of new literature, greatly enriches the expression range of modern novels. There are more than 80 collected works created by Shen Congwen in his life, which is the largest number among modern writers. Early novels include Oranges, After Rain and Others, Witch's Love and so on. The basic theme has been seen, but the urban and rural clues are still unclear, the description of gender relations is shallow, and the purity of literature is poor. After 1930s, his works were quite mature, including Dragon Ball, Hotels and Others, Zhou Shi, Tiger Boy, Black Miniature Story, Scenery under the Moon, Eight Horses, Ru Rui Ji, Selected Literary Novels, New and Old, and Housewives Ji. Shen Congwen is known as the "father of local literature" in China literary world for his unique writing style. From works to theory, Shen Congwen later completed a series of contrasting urban life forms, such as Xiangxi, Beauty of Rural Life Form and Synthesis of Critical Structure, and put forward his philosophy of "harmony between man and nature", that is, based on nature and returning to nature. The healthy and perfect humanity represented by Xiangxi, a beautiful, healthy and natural life form without violating humanity, is exactly the content of all his creations.
Historical research
After the founding of New China, Shen Congwen worked in the Museum of Chinese History and the Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences, mainly engaged in the study of ancient Chinese costumes. 198 1 year published a monograph on ancient Chinese costumes, which lasted 15 years. The book "Treasure of Wuling" by Mr. Zhou of Hunan Province also records that Shen Congwen was mainly engaged in the study of ancient history and culture in his later years, and points out his achievements in the study of ancient history and culture in his later years. In the book Study on Bronze Mirrors in Ancient Warring States in China, Shen Congwen's History of Bronze Mirrors points out: "Bronze mirrors in Warring States are famous for their standard modeling and exquisite ornamentation, which indicates that ancient bronze mirrors in China have moved from infancy to maturity, and Chu mirrors are one of them. It was first discovered in the Huaihe River Basin, and is usually called' Huai Mirror'. Seven years after liberation, because so many similar mirrors were unearthed in the Chu Tomb of the Warring States Period in Changsha, we realized that it was a product of the State of Chu, and it was more correct to call it' Chu Mirror'. From the analysis of realistic materials, although the invention of bronze mirror may not have originated in Chu State, the mirror casting workers in Chu State have undoubtedly made great contributions to improving production technology and enriching the art of mirror decoration. "This evaluation is in line with objective reality.
chronological table
Shen Congwen as a teenager
1902 was born in a military family in Fenghuang county, Hunan province. His scientific name is Yue Huan, his real name is Maolin, and his word is Chongwen. 19 17 Participated in the First Guerrilla Detachment of the Second Army of Guo Jing Allied Forces in Xiangxi, and was stationed in Chenzhou (Yuanling). 19 18 After graduating from primary school in his hometown, he joined the local indigenous troops in the border areas of Hunan, Sichuan and Guizhou and the Yuanshui River Basin, and then officially joined the army on 1922. Attracted by the May 4th Movement, he went to Beijing, where he failed to further his studies. I taught myself to write with the encouragement of Yu Dafu and Xu Zhimo. 1923 to Beijing. I applied for Chinese class in yenching university, but I was not admitted. Audited at Peking University. 1924 began to publish his works in the supplement of Morning Post, and later published in Now Review and Novel Monthly. Beijing to Shanghai 1928. Organize Red and Black magazine and publishing house with Hu Yepin and Ding Ling. From 65438 to 0929, she went to China College in Wusong and fell in love with Zhang Zhaohe, a female student. The works of this period include Ducks, Hotels and Others. After 1930, I went to Qingdao University to teach. Before the Anti-Japanese War, more than 20 collections of works were published, including Zhou Shi, Tiger Baby, Little Scene under the Moon and Eight Horses. 193 1 year accompanied ding ling to rescue Hu yipin and escorted ding ling and his son back to Hunan. 193 1 to 1933, as a lecturer in the College of Literature of Qingdao University; 1933 On September 9th, she married Zhang Zhaohe. On 23rd of the same month, he co-edited Ta Kung Pao Literary Supplement with Yang Zhensheng to create Border Town. 1in the spring of 938, he went to Kunming and continued to compile Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools with Yang Zhensheng. 165438+ 10, professor of Chinese Department in The National SouthWest Associated University. 1948 began to be severely criticized by the left-wing cultural circles. In the same year, the focus of work began to shift to cultural relics research. After 1949, he has been engaged in cultural relics research for a long time. 1950 committed suicide because of unbearable political pressure and was rescued. 1960 published articles such as "Dragon and Phoenix Art". 1969 went to work in May 7th Cadre School in Xianning, Hubei. 1978 transferred to the Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences as a researcher. Mrs Zhang Zhaohe went to the United States to visit relatives and give lectures. 198 1 year published the monograph "research on ancient Chinese costumes", which lasted 15 years. 1983 was hospitalized with cerebral thrombosis. 1984 is seriously ill. After the rescue, it is even more inconvenient to speak and act. 1988, 10 In the afternoon of May, he died of a heart attack.
A hard life
Shen Congwen's life is bumpy and dedicated. From 19 17 to 1922, wandering in the Yuanshui River Basin in western Hunan. 1923 broke into Beijing, 1923 to 1928 made a living by writing in Beijing; From 1928 to 1930, Shen Congwen was discovered by Xu Zhimo, and recommended this young man to Hu Shi, the president of China College, as a lecturer at Shanghai China College, and edited literary supplements such as Ta Kung Pao and Yi Shi Daily. Qingdao University lecturer 193 1 to1933; 1934 to 1939, editor-in-chief of national Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools in Beijing; 1939 to 1947, Professor The National SouthWest Associated University; Professor Peking University from 1947 to1949; 1950 to 1978, cultural relics researcher, Beijing Chinese History Museum; 1978 to 1988, researcher, Institute of China Academy of Social Sciences. Mr. Shen Congwen's literary works such as Border Town, Xiangxi and Autobiography of Shen Congwen have great influence at home and abroad. His works have been translated and published by more than 40 countries such as Japan, the United States, Britain and the former Soviet Union, and have been selected into university textbooks by the United States, Japan, South Korea, Britain and other countries or regions 10, and twice nominated as Nobel Prize in Literature candidates. Mr Shen Congwen is not only a famous writer, but also a famous historian and archaeologist. He has written and published academic monographs such as China Silk Patterns, Bronze Mirrors of Tang and Song Dynasties, Dragon and Phoenix Art, Lacquerware of Warring States Period, and Research on Ancient Chinese Costume, especially the representative work Research on Ancient Chinese Costume, which has great influence and filled a gap in the cultural history of China.
Children's interesting stories
19 15 years, Shen Congwen entered the second junior middle school in Fenghuang County from a private school, and transferred to Wenchangge Primary School six months later. Because Shen Congwen is lively and loves to play, he often plays truant and goes to the streets to watch puppet shows, so his schoolbag is hidden in the land temple. On one occasion, he put his schoolbag in the earth temple and watched the play all day. After watching the play, the other children had gone home from school. When he returned to the Earth Temple, he found his schoolbag missing. At this time, he was anxious, but on second thought, it was no big deal that the schoolbag was gone. The next day, he went to school as usual. As soon as he walked under a nanmu tree on campus, he met his class teacher, Mr. Mao. With an irate look on his face, Teacher Mao sent Shen Congwen to kneel under the nanmu tree and asked him loudly where he went yesterday. Shen Congwen knew he couldn't hide it, so he simply replied, "I went to the theatre." Teacher Mao saw that Shen Congwen was so arrogant in playing truant, so he severely criticized: "Diligence is meritorious, drama is useless, trees like to grow up, but you like to be a dwarf under the tree. It's disappointing!" After kneeling for about half an hour, Teacher Mao told him to get up. At this time, Teacher Mao asked Shen Congwen in a gentle tone if he hated the teacher and punished him by kneeling under the tree. Shen Congwen said frankly, "Of course, I hate that you shouldn't be punished and humiliated in front of your classmates." Later, Teacher Mao brought Shen Congwen into the office and slowly enlightened him and said, "The tree grows upward, but you have to kneel down. People should be enterprising, not arrogant and arrogant. " After being patiently persuaded and taught by Teacher Mao, Shen Congwen became brave after knowing his shame, changed his old stubborn temper and studied hard, and his grades improved rapidly.
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Shen Congwen published more than 30 collections of short stories, such as Zhou Shi and Congwen Subsets, and 6 novellas, such as Border Town and Long River. Shen Congwen is the main executor and thinker of the rural world with special significance. He believes that "beauty lies in life" is obsessed with the beauty of human nature although it is in a hypocritical, selfish and indifferent city. He said, "There may be something in this world." Choose a small piece of land as the foundation and pile it up with hard stones. Exquisite, firm and symmetrical, small but not slender, it is my ideal building, and this hall is dedicated to "humanity" (preface to Selected Works).
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Collection of novels
Honest Man, Tangerine, After Rain and Others, Love of Witches and Gods, Dragons and Zhu, Hotels and Others, Zhou Shi, Tiger Baby, A Black's Short Story, Little Scene under the Moon, Eight Horses, Collection of Confucianism and Selected Literary Novels. 5) Long river.
attempt
Remember Hu Yepin, Remember Shen Congwen's Autobiography, Remember Ding Ling, Notes on Xiangxing, Xiangxi, Waste Mail to Save the Bottom, Candle Deficiency, Yunnan Reading Collection.
Academic writing
Study ancient Chinese costumes and appreciate jade from literature.
Related biographies
Shen Congwen, autobiography of Shen Congwen, Hunan Fine Arts Publishing House Jin, Shen Congwen Biography, International Culture Publishing House, Shen Congwen Biography, Beijing October Literature and Art Publishing House Wu, Shen Congwen Chronology, Tianjin People's Publishing House, Shen Congwen Biography, Changjiang Literature and Art Publishing House.
Creative style
Shen Congwen's writing style tends to be romantic. He demanded the poetic effect of the novel, combining realism, recalling dreams and symbolism. The language style is simple, the sentence pattern is simple and steep, the trunk is prominent, simple and heavy, simple and vivid, with strong local color, which highlights the unique charm and spirit of rural humanity. The whole work is full of hidden worries and philosophical thinking about life, just like his real and tenacious life, which gives people lessons and enlightenment.
Novel classification
There are two main types of novels created by Shen Congwen. One is about life in western Hunan, and the other is about city life. The former praises the beauty of human nature by describing the primitive and natural life form of Xiangxi people. The latter reveals the loss of urban natural humanity through the corruption of urban life. The rural world in his works shows the overall pattern of opposition and mutual participation with the urban society, while the "distortion of human nature" of the upper class under the urban theme is exposed under the candlelight of the ideal of "harmony between man and nature". It is his unique value scale and philosophical speculation on connotation that constitute the bridge between urban life and rural world under Shen Congwen's pen, and it is precisely because of this criticism of "modern literature" with money as the core and his romantic ideal.
magnum opus
The novella Border Town is his masterpiece, which embodies Shen Congwen's aesthetic ideals of "beauty" and "love" and is his most outstanding work to show the beauty of human nature. Through the love tragedy of his son and daughter Cui Cui's lover in Xiangxi, it reflects that Xiangxi can't grasp its own destiny in the face of "nature" and "personnel", and repeats a sad life from generation to generation, placing the author's national and personal hidden pain.
Other works
calligraphy
To talk about Mr. Shen Congwen's calligraphy, you can write a long paper. Because he can not only write Cao Zhang and Xing Kai well, but also have a complete set of personal theories about calligraphy. Shen Congwen liked calligraphy very much when he was a child, and there were many posts. You can write a good regular script as a teenager. Although Mr. Shen has always loved calligraphy and is quite famous in the circle, he has never regarded calligraphy as a fun thing for himself, and he has never thought about selling words for profit. Except once. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Mr. Shen returned to Peiping from Yunnan. At that time, while he was a professor, he used a little time to edit a supplement for a newspaper. A poet named Ke Yuan, because of family difficulties, had to write a letter to Mr. Shen Congwen, the editor who often published his poems, asking for his help. After Shen Congwen knew the situation, he was not well-off at that time, so it was convenient for him to post a notice in Tianjin's "One Stone Telegraph Weekly" on September 20, 1947: "There was a young writer who had never met before, and his family was in trouble because of his funeral. Who is willing to relieve some friendship difficulties for this promising young writer and spare no effort to do it? I can sell 20 banners for this writer as a thank you for this kindness. This word is tentatively set at 6,543,800 yuan. My idea is that anyone who wants my words can write to me and tell him how to send money directly to poor writers when I send it. " At the same time, he also wants to generalize. "If you think this method is reasonable and sponsored, I want to sell words to the families of several dead writers for half a year." After 1949, Ke Yuan became a professional writer in Guangzhou Military Region. For various reasons, he didn't know the whereabouts of Shen Congwen until 1980, so he went to Beijing to find Mr. Shen and told him how he had helped a lot. But Shen Congwen himself has long forgotten this matter. 1982 In May, Shen Congwen and his wife, Ms. Zhang, went to Zhangjiajie. On the first day, they saw Jin Bianxi at the foot of the mountain. The next day, they wanted to go up the mountain. Because his legs and feet were not very flexible, his wife and accompanying people went, and he stayed in the hotel. The comrades of Zhangjiajie management office brought paper and pen to find his inscription, and he agreed. Speaking of sending someone to accompany him, he said, I have a habit of writing alone and don't want others to read it. The comrades in the management office think that you are 80 years old. How can we safely leave you alone in the hotel? So I said, I'm afraid it's inconvenient for you. Mr. Shen said sensitively, as for my health, I just checked it recently. No problem. Don't worry. After playing for a long time, my wife and the accompanying people returned to the hotel and saw that Mr. Shen had written many pictures, such as Zhangjiajie, Golden Whip Rock and Zhanjuan. By this time, he was already tired. When he met his wife, he said that he was really tired of writing today. At this time, Mr. Shen is not in previous years. In the past, he insisted on practicing calligraphy even in hot summer. At this time, his hands were shaking and he didn't listen to his pen. Seeing a pile of inscriptions, the comrades in the management office were a little embarrassed and said, I'm really tired of your old man. For people who want to write a book and ask him to write the title, he often writes a few pictures and sends them to others for them to choose from. Mr. Shen Congwen never pays attention to pen and ink in his writing. The two words I received and those received by some friends are mostly uneven in ink color, and there is nothing good about paper. 198 1, he said in a letter to the writer Peng Jingfeng that the pen I used, the pen for calligraphy in primary and secondary schools, was only worth 13 cents, and only 15 cents was used for paper and Korean paper for window pasting ... The ink was precipitated with water, so it was disgraceful, so it should be called dead ink. It seems that all book experts know that it is a layman. He is often dissatisfied with his works. February 9 1982 wrote to Mr. and Mrs. Zhao Ruikun: As the saying goes, the more a mother-in-law looks at her son-in-law, the more interesting it is. As for writing, I am just the opposite. I always feel dissatisfied when I write it. It can also be said that it is tragic and futile, which is equal to asking for trouble. Never get the happiness a writer deserves. So when giving words, he always told me not to pretend, and to find a bigger board to paste it on. There are three articles by Mr. Shen on calligraphy: writing (1) published in the literary supplement of Tianjin Ta Kung Pao on April 41937; On writing (2) published in the Analects of Confucius semi-monthly in July1948; There is also an article "The Progress of Continued Zhangcao" written in the 1970s, which was unpublished before Mr. Shen's death, and was later included when his family edited his complete works. When talking about writing (1), Mr. Shen said that writing should be regarded as an art. He believed that when the social organization is complex, all undertakings should be divided. Any kind of work will take many years to achieve anything. There is a clear difference between being a player and playing with tickets. On this issue, there are some geniuses, but few. Without a specific understanding, it is difficult for ordinary people to create a special artistic career; Without a deeper understanding, there must be no miracle. When discussing that writing is an art, he analyzed it from a historical perspective. Oracle Bone Inscriptions, a word-maker at that time, paid attention to the decorative beauty and pattern beauty of his individuals and groups in addition to clear and pleasing lines for easy memory. The words of Shang Dynasty are picturesque, while those of Zhou Dynasty are very organized. Qin Zhuan Xiongxiu and Han Li Cao Zhang both pay attention to graceful modeling. The artistic value of Chinese characters has been recognized in history. When Cai Yong was writing the Story of the Stone, the streets were full of people and cars who came to visit and write. Wang Xizhi established the artistic value of "Running Grass". But later, because the author emphasized imitation and practicality, its artistry was not as fixed as pictures, music and sculpture. Teacher Shen believes that the main influence on the artistic status of words is not the words themselves, but the evaluation methods of most people. Some people think that writing is not creative and has no moral and emotional education. He said that such people disdain to write, but they should hang some couplets and beautiful rubbings at home to decorate the walls. This kind of person is easy to deal with, because they require words to have their own artistic effect. To make matters worse, another kind of people, who value words but have low appreciation ability, regard words as a symbol of power. Therefore, the words of the famous public and the Qing Dynasty flooded. A good stone wall, a wall, all famous people are carved on it, and tourists' eyes will be abused. To solve these problems, it is a good way to emphasize the division of labor. Some experts should understand the art of Chinese characters, compromise the ancients, and find a new way to understand the point and dense distribution of Chinese characters, so as to create Chinese characters that are pleasing to the eye and give people sculpture, pictures and music effects visually. Of course, the art of writing can also be advocated. Mr. Shen's other two articles, one is an analysis and evaluation of the Song Dynasty and modern calligraphers, and the other is his view on the origin. I think only the first article reflects his basic views on the art of calligraphy. Interestingly, the article he wrote 60 or 70 years ago seems to be aimed at the strange phenomenon in the current book world and specially invited him.