Dot dyeing is a Chinese painting term. When painting, some places are decorated and some places are dyed, so as to draw a harmonious and unified picture. Borrowing classical poetry means that the author points out his will in some places and renders it in some places. This is common in lyric poetry, which is usually dyed with scenery. Point out the feelings to be expressed in one sentence and one word. Rendering is to highlight the will, which leads to rendering, interdependence and harmony.
For example, Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiu Si": "The old vine is faint, the small bridge is flowing, the old road is thin, and the sun is setting. There are no heartbroken people in the world." Among them, "there are plenty of grass in the sea" is a point; The rest of the sentences are "dyeing", which plays up the sadness of lovesickness.
For example, Liu Yong's Yulin Order: "Affection has been hurting since ancient times, and it is even worse to neglect the Qing Autumn Festival. Where will you wake up tonight? Yang Liuan, the wind is dying. " The first sentence is "point", pointing out "sadness and parting"; The rest of the sentence is "coloring", which plays up the sad mood. Li Qingzhao's Slow Voice uses "warm at first, cold at first", "three cups and two glasses of wine", "the wind comes late", "geese fly by", "yellow flowers all over the ground" and "phoenix tree with drizzle" to render sadness. Finally, it used "how can a word be sad at this time?"
In Wang Shifu's Farewell to the Pavilion, "The Palace Que is just good", in front of which "the sky is blue and the wind is tight in the west, the geese fly north and the forest is drunk" is dyed, and behind it "all tears keep people" is the point. This technique is also used.
2. Virtual reality
The combination of reality and fiction is one of the important artistic techniques in classical poetry. The so-called "truth" is the part of poetry that can be grasped through visual and auditory senses. The so-called "emptiness" refers to the part of poetry that exists in human ideology. In other words, as far as the method is concerned, the details are real and the simplicity is empty; Concrete is real, abstract is virtual; Evidence is truth, and false support is empty; Actions are real, but words are empty. As far as the object is concerned, the scene is real and the feelings are empty. Seeing is believing, and imagination is empty; Some are true, and none are empty; The obvious is true, and the hidden is empty; The present is true, the past and the future are empty; The known is true, the unknown is false, and so on. The combination of reality and fiction can give people endless imagination and aftertaste, and also make the poet's feelings more profound and full.
For example, Li Bai's Shu Dao Nan, with virtual realism, has created an amazing image of Shu Dao, from the opening of silkworm clusters to the opening of five mountains, from the return of six dragons to the night cry of Zigui.
Li Shangyin's Jinse uses four allusions to write empty stories (past events, dreams, setbacks, etc.): "Saint Zhuangzi daydreaming was bewitched by butterflies, Wang Chunxin sang cuckoos, and mermaid beads shed tears on the moon, the sea and the blue fields." ), which makes later scholars think deeply, is called an ancient "misty poem".
Li Yu's "The Mermaid" asks how much sorrow you can have, just like a river flowing eastward, but it turns the abstract "sadness" into a concrete and sensible river rolling, which is fresh and wonderful and memorable.
3. Density
The density of poetry mainly refers to the density of describing people, things, scenery and things. Density, density. Those who are sparse draw a big outline and focus on vividness. The secrets are mostly described in detail, with emphasis on putting down and rendering. In poetry, writing big scenes is beneficial, and writing small scenes is dense; Among the lyrics and songs, the graceful ones are more dense; Unrestrained people are rare.
But in a poem, the poet sometimes combines density with density to form a certain artistic conception. For example, there are four sentences in Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain, that is, "the wind is high and the sky is high, the apes are whistling and the birds are flying." The last two sentences "falling wood" and "Yangtze River" are one image, which makes the image sparse and broad. From the aesthetic point of view, there is a sense of tension because of density, and a sense of relaxation and openness because of sparseness, which brings psychological pleasure to the viewer. The author created this dense artistic image, and put the unique autumn scenery in a grand background, which set each other off and gave people rich imagination space.
Another example is the four sentences in Wang Wei's "Mountain in Autumn Night", "After the rain, the mountains are empty, the autumn stands late, the pine forest is moonlight, and the crystal stone of the stream is also full of profound meaning. The first two sentences explain "empty mountain after rain" and "autumn night", which can be described as sparse but refined. The last two sentences are written as bright moon, pine and cypress, moonlight, clear spring, stone and splash, with rich images; One is macro-openness, and the other is local tranquility, which really makes people relaxed and happy.
4. Exercise
The dynamic and static state of objective things gives the poet a lot of inspiration for his creation. They often combine the dynamic and static description of things, so that they can see the dynamic in the static and the static in the dynamic. The dynamic and static are complementary and interesting.
For example, Cha's "Looking at the Night Book of the Boat" says: "It's dark and windy in the moon, and the fireflies are a little lonely. The wind and waves are a little scattered and the stars are full. " The first two sentences are silent, while the last two sentences are dynamic, giving people wonderful reverie.
Wang Wei's Birding Creek: "When people are idle, osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and the mountains are empty. When the moon comes out in spring, I smell the birds. " It highlights the tranquility of the spring stream with the movement of flowers falling on the moon and birds singing.
Du Fu's quatrains: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky. The window contains Xiling Snow, at the entrance of Wu Dong Wan Li Boat Park. " The first two sentences are written and a beautiful picture is drawn; The last two sentences are silent, with a wide space and a long time, but they are also silent and moving, which is the poet's thinking for thousands of years and seeing Wan Li's movement.
Li Bai's "Looking at Tianmen Mountain" is even more exciting, and the magical movement of water is written with "Tianmen breaks Chutian", which is magnificent; And with "Higashi Shimizu flows to this back", the mountain is majestic and steep, and it is quiet; Then write silence with "the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite", and there is movement in silence; "The solitary sail comes from the side of the sun" is about moving, and there is silence in moving; Dynamic and static contrast, that is, strength confrontation, but also can live in peace, it is really like God's help!
Step 5: Shadow
In painting, shade mainly refers to the depth and lightness of color. In literary creation, it mainly refers to the color of language. Light, plain writing, not carved. As far as writers are concerned, some pursue plain, while others pursue rich and colorful; Some of them combine colors and contrast with each other to receive vivid artistic effects.
For example, Wang Anshi's "Gui Zhi Xiang Jin Mausoleum Nostalgia" describes the magnificent scenery of Jinling, and describes autumn scenery with "like training", "Qingfeng", "sunset" and "floating clouds", with gorgeous language; The next film sighs that the six dynasties are contending for luxury, and the language is plain; The contrast between the rich and the poor has effectively strengthened politicians' far-reaching thinking of drawing lessons from the past.
Another example is Li Qingzhao's A Cut the Plum, in which the words "red lotus root", "jade hairpin", "Luo Shang", "blue boat", "brocade book" and "full moon" are written in the previous film, with strong colors; The next film is about "flowers", "water" and "leisure", and the color is lighter; The contrast between shade and shade fully renders and expresses the poet's lovesickness; "Thick" can't solve her troubles, but "light" makes her feel worse.
6. Elegance and vulgarity
Elegance and vulgarity is an art of using language. "Elegance" means elegance, and "vulgarity" means vulgarity. Proper use of elegance and vulgarity in poetry will make both elegance and vulgarity enjoy, and enhance the artistic charm of poetry.
For example, in Zhang's "Goat Tongguan Nostalgia", the first seven sentences are "The peaks are like gathering, the waves are like anger, and the mountains and rivers are on the Tongguan road. Looking at the west, it is sad, and the Qin and Han dynasties made soil, which is more elegant; The last two sentences, "Xing, people suffer! People suffer when they die, which is more popular: this fully expresses the poet's concern for the people's suffering.
Another example is Bai Juyi's poem "Recalling Jiangnan", which is well-known for "Jiangnan is good and the scenery is old" and "Can forget Jiangnan"; And "sunrise is better than fire, and spring is as blue as blue", which is elegant. Without elegance, you can't write the beauty of Jiangnan; Without vulgarity, we lose intimacy and unique yearning, which can be described as bringing out the best in each other.
7. Smart and clumsy
Creativity is also the art of language use. Clever is clever, clumsy is simple. The combination of the two can often achieve unique and intriguing artistic effects.
For example, Jiang Kui's Yangzhou Slow: "The Twenty-four Bridges are still there, the waves are swaying, and Leng Yue is silent." The first sentence is simple, and the last two sentences are skillful. Without the former, the latter two sentences lose their support; Without the latter, the former sentence loses its proper expressive effect: consistency, a sad scene suddenly emerges and a feeling of regret flows.
Another example is Zhou Bangyan's "Su Curtain Covering": "The leaves are dry and rainy, the water surface is clear and round, and the wind and the load are at one stroke." In the previous sentence, it is easier to write that the sun rises and the dew dries up; The last two sentences are about the green pool water, the wind is blowing the water, and the swaying leaves seem to be constantly being held high.
8. Straight
Qu and Zhi are two ways for poets to express their feelings. "Music" is graceful and implicit, while "straightness" is straightforward and clear. Generally speaking, poets like to be subtle and tactful when they are calm, and they will speak freely when they are excited. In real life, the author's thoughts and feelings are often complicated and changeable, so they always use music and straight lines to express their feelings in their works at the same time, so that music and straight lines complement each other and are wonderful to his heart.
For example, Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" describes a fascinating fairyland, clearly describes the yearning for fairyland, and secretly writes a strong dissatisfaction with reality, which belongs to the "bending" technique; At the end of the poem, he shouted: "Oh, how can I solemnly bow and scrape to those people with high status and important positions, because they will never tolerate others showing them a sincere face!" " This is "straightness", which has always shown the poet's frank and lovely personality to the fullest.
Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip, although formal and straightforward, lacks Li Bai's frankness, but mainly focuses on music; His life experience in Pipa Girl directly shows sympathy for the lower-class geisha and working people, but twists and turns express his profound understanding of reality and strong dissatisfaction with the world after political setbacks. He said that his experience was "straight", but he still used such a "song" to express it, without telling a story, but telling the same feelings. The use of twists and turns is related to the poet's mood, which is really intriguing.