Discussion with Feng Zhi's Sonnets: Why is Du Fu's poem called Sonnets?

Bibliography: 1. Feng Zhi's Biography of Du Fu. Tianjin: Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House, 2007 Introduction: The Biography of Du Fu is a masterpiece of poet Du Fu's poetic career based on his exile experience. It is a biography of a poet who integrates poetry with people, society and times. From the poems in the book, I also read the artistic conception, emotion and thought of the poem from the ups and downs of the poet's life experience. Du Fu's poems are called the history of poetry in the world, and Du Fu's life is actually a fascinating "history of poetry". 2. Biography of Mo Lifeng Du Fu by Nanjing University Press 1998: There are many biographical works about Du Fu. First of all, this book has two characteristics. This paper takes Du Fu, a great poet and a profound thinker, to analyze his literary achievements and philosophy of life. Secondly, combining with the broad social background at that time, this paper discusses Du Fu and his unique brilliance in history. 3. Du Fu biography Ma Mingming NATO Literature and Art Publishing House 1996, 1997 printing 4. Du Fu's Biography: Du Fu's Life Du Fu (7 12-770 AD), a native of Gongxian County, Henan Province, is a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty. He and Li Bai are also called "Da Du Li" and are called "Poets". He wrote 1400 poems in his life. While he was in Tang Suzong, the official left to collect the remains. Later, when he entered Shu, his friend Yanwu recommended him to be the minister of our province and the minister of industry. Therefore, later generations also called him Du Shiyi, and he studied and traveled before he was thirty-five. During the Tianbao period, he went to Chang 'an, was cornered, and was trapped for ten years. Only after he escaped from danger did he get the right back, and he was appointed as the official left gleaning post. In the second year of Gan Yuan (759), he abandoned his official position and went west, and finally settled in Chengdu. He used to be the Minister of Inspection Work of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Yanwu, and our time is under construction in South China, so he is also called Du Gongbu. In his later years, his family moved eastward, staying in Kuizhou for two years and leaving the gorge. He traveled to Hubei and Hunan and died of poverty and illness. Du Fu commented that his friends often helped him make a living. He wrote more than 65,438+0,500 poems in his life, and his poetic skills are exquisite enough to show the hardships of his life. Although he didn't shine brilliantly before his death, he was able to use the language of "words are not surprising and endless", the image of bleak management, and the structure of "no regrets and no waves" in his poems, which surprised the ghosts and gods in France. He conquered generations of descendants with his well-honed artistic attainments and sophisticated realm. In history, apart from the limited records of Du Fu in Old Tang Shu and New Tang Shu, it is really difficult to find other systematic words to introduce his life experience in detail, but this will not affect the understanding of him by future generations. The reason lies in his amazing poetry output, which not only enriches his experience in art. And the vast historical picture of his life can be displayed in front of people one by one. In the Biography of the Old Tang Dynasty, Du Fu was ridiculed as "at odds with the old man in Tianfu", which showed how thick the gap between the feudal literati and the working people at the bottom was, but Du Fu was able to break out of the camp of his class and go to the working people, with a pen as a knife and full of people's blood and tears, and recorded this abandonment in the orthodox history books of the next dynasty. It provides the most vivid research materials for future generations. Mo Lifeng's Biography of Du Fu is divided into six chapters, which are discussed from the aspects of the times, family, endowment, broad historical picture and profound inner monologue, Yue Buqun's artistic attainments, Yao Shun's life belief and political ideal, his literary view of learning from others and his aesthetic ideal of whaling in the blue sea. The eternal model of poetry Excellence and high moral standards depicts the extraordinary image of a poet in the last century. It combines book review and biography, pays more attention to evaluation, and tries to examine Du Fu in the broad background of the times and society, thus profoundly expounding his position, influence and significance. At the same time, the author regards Du Fu as a great poet, and discusses his poetic achievements and creative development in detail. Du Fu is a great thinker, and his philosophy of life, political thought and aesthetic thought are discussed. The author is not limited to explaining a series of times in a certain period one by one, but seeks corresponding arguments for his own views, which makes the book very organized and easy to analyze from the depths. In contrast, Feng Zhi's Biography of Du Fu pays more attention to biography, just as the author takes the first person as an example. The footprints of strong travel in youth; Trapped on the road of seeking officials in Chang' an; Thieves trapped in Anshi rebellion; The imperial court marched westward and the Northern Expedition; North China-a rejection country in factional struggle; Go to Luoyang to visit relatives and friends (three officials and three parting); Qin Zhou, Tonggu, Chengdu; The quiet years of the thatched cottage; Avoid chaos and return; Wandering in Kuizhou; Wandering and death in his later years, the author tells the poet's bumpy life experiences in chronological order, focusing on the events that have had a great influence on the poet. The analysis of his poems is also to explain the poet's situation and mental journey at that time. After the establishment of the Tang empire, there were two periods, which were called prosperous times in history. The former was the Zhenguan period of Emperor Taizong (627-649). The latter was in the Kaiyuan period of Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (7 13-74 1). In terms of political clarity, Zhenguan is certainly better than Kaiyuan, but in terms of economic development, Kaiyuan can be said to come from behind. Although there has been a chaotic stage in politics, enlightened measures such as land equalization system and land rent adjustment law formulated in the early Tang Dynasty have been promoting the development of production. After a hundred years of accumulation, the Tang Empire finally reached its peak in the Kaiyuan period. After Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne, he consolidated his position by punishing Wei Hou and killing Princess Taiping. At the beginning of the throne, he can still make great efforts to govern. However, in the face of a peaceful scene, his arrogance and extravagance gradually germinated, and various contradictions hidden within the empire continued to breed, breed and intensify. Political affairs are getting darker and darker, and there are frequent wars in the border areas. Bud will be arrogant and have a vast frontier. So a catastrophe shook the foundation of the Tang Dynasty. The decades before and after the Anshi Rebellion were not only the turning point of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, but also the turning point of the whole feudal society in China. Unlimited land annexation and the resulting alien invasion and the formation of the separatist regime in the buffer regions have also outlined the social development for more than 1000 years. Du Fu's life has been ruled by three emperors: Xuanzong, Suzong and Daizong. In other words, his life only began with the dramatic changes from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. The prosperity of economy and culture and the stability of society in Kaiyuan period provided good conditions for poets to roam in reading, and the poets who were self-sufficient in meteorology in the prosperous times left a deep impression on people. But it seems to be the intentional arrangement of fate. In the fifth year of Tianbao, that is, Tang Xuanzong registered Yang Guifei, which became increasingly dissolute. Li rejected dissidents and monopolized political affairs, state affairs and the whole society. Du Fu came to Chang 'an, the capital of China. This seems to be the intentional arrangement of fate. At that time, it happened that Du Xian had died, and Du Fu's financial resources were cut off. Sometimes, wearing coarse clothes and shorts, he huddles with the poor and buys rice at a reduced price in Taicang. Real life tortured Du Fu, and he also deeply educated Du Fu. He no longer has the "frivolous" mentality when he was young, and at the same time honed a pair of eyes that see through life. Thoughts and feelings gradually shifted to the hungry and cold ordinary people, creating the first batch of poems with realistic light. The poet listened carefully to her husband's fate at the bridge head in Xianyang, where he was crying loudly. On the banks of Qujiang Lake, there are beautiful women like clouds, and the poet coldly looks at the luxury ostentation and extravagance of Shi Yang's brothers and sisters from a distance. On the eve of the Anshi Rebellion, Du Fu finally wrote such a thrilling poem that "the wine and meat in Zhumen stink and the road freezes to death". Not only did he complain bitterly about the dark reality at that time, but he also profoundly exposed the whole unreasonable feudal society. The outbreak of An Shi Rebellion brought great disaster to the country and people. At that time, Li Bai was in Yicheng and Cen Shen was far away from the war-torn areas. Gao Shi once worked in Luoyang, and later went to Shu as an official, with a high official position. He didn't suffer from hunger and cold. After the fall of Chang 'an, Wang Wei was questioned by the rebels and forced to accept a fake post, but after Chang 'an was recovered, he was acquitted and reinstated. Among the great poets at that time, only Du Fu was caught in war and famine, and almost personally experienced or witnessed all the sufferings of the people. In April of the 15th year of Tianbao (756), Du Fu went to Fengxian to meet his family with his uncle Cui Shuo. In June, Tongguan fell and whitewater was in an emergency. After Sanchuan, I arrived at Qiang Village in Yanzhou. In August, the poet went to Lingwu in Yanzhou, but was captured by the rebels and taken to Chang 'an. In April of the following year, he ventured to Fengxiang. In July of the second year of Gan Yuan (759), due to the famine in Guanzhong, the poet abandoned his official position and fled to Qin Zhou with his family, and went to Chengdu via Tonggu. Even though the poet was far away from the war-torn Central Plains, he still personally experienced some local wars, such as Duan Zhangzhang's rebellion (76 1), Xu Zhimo's rebellion (762), Cui Hao's rebellion (765) and Zang Jun's rebellion (770). On his way back to Huazhou from Luoyang, Du Fu witnessed the roar of officials in Shi Hao Village and the pain of people in Xin 'an Road. Only then did I write the immortal works of "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". The great turmoil caused by An Shi Rebellion exposed the dark side hidden in society without reservation, which made Du Fu observe more deeply and go further and further on the road of realism. In ancient times, Qu Yuan lived in Chu and sang along the river all his life. Now Du Fu is worried about the country and the people and speaks loudly. It can be said that both of them are great poets endowed with extraordinary missions by extraordinary history. Regarding the writing goal of Du Fu's biography, Feng Zhi once asked himself: "To restore Du Fu's true colors, his greatness and historical limitations should be written in moderation." Du Fu is a great realistic poet. He cares about reality and people's livelihood, which is reflected in his poems. But Du Fu is not a Gao Daquan figure. He is an objective historical figure with flesh and blood. Because of the times, he also has his own limitations. Feng Zhi wrote in his works: "He wandered around Chang 'an, getting poorer every day. In order to maintain his life, he had to humble himself and be a' guest' in several aristocratic homes. " "From here, we can see that Du Fu was oppressed by poverty on the one hand and driven by professionalism on the other. In order to get the official position, it has reached the point of unscrupulous means. " "Before he was 40 years old, he wrote not many poems, but 50 poems, of which there were certainly many poems, but the object of praise was nothing more than personal experience and the beauty and grandeur of nature." ..... From the above sentences, we can see that Feng Zhi portrayed a real Du Fu who was tortured by poverty and ambition in his works. Ten years in Chang 'an. He strives to win the favor of powerful people and seek ways to be promoted. Therefore, during this period, he created many poems of praise and entertainment. In the works of this period, he paid more attention to personal honor and disgrace, and did not cast his eyes on the broad masses of the people. This is his historical limitation, but when he expounded this point, Feng Zhi truly described Du Fu's inner contradictions, and at the same time, from his personal misfortune, all this indicates that his creative direction or life path is about to change. Du Fu's poems are called "the history of poetry" because he truly recorded the social and historical situation in the twenty years before and after the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, which not only described major historical events, but also described the sufferings of ordinary people. Unlike the official history, which only focuses on the martial arts of emperors and generals, his poems focus on the general public, even on personal experiences. You can also see the shadow of the times. Feng Zhi is an excellent poet himself. One of his sonnets is specially selected in this article, so that we can better understand "how poets write poets" and deepen our understanding of Du Fu's poetry as a "history of poetry".