About the details of Qu Yuan, we will introduce you from the following aspects:
First, Qu Yuan's poems
Li Sao, Nine Songs of National Mourning, Tian Wen, Evocation, Buju, Nine Chapters of Mourning 3, Nine Chapters of Eight Oranges, Nine Songs in the Cloud, Nine Songs of Lady Xiang, Nine Songs of Emperor Taiyi and Nine Songs of Xiang Jun,
II. Introduction
Qu Yuan, a native of Zigui, Hubei Province, is surnamed Qu [mǐ] (the surname is different from that of the King of Chu, whose surname is Xiong. In the pre-Qin period, men called him Xiong, so he was called Qu Yuan. The year of birth and death is not recorded in the official history, and there is still controversy in the history circle. It is speculated that he was born on March 6, 342 BC and died on April 26, 278 BC. He is the earliest romantic poet in China, the descendant of Qu Xian, the son of Xiong Tong in Chu Wuwang, and the first great patriotic poet in the history of China literature. He is called "the father of poetry" by the world. His appearance marks that China's poetry has entered a new era from collective singing to solo. In 342 BC, Qu Yuan was born in Danyang, the capital of Chu State. Qu Yuan was diligent and studious since childhood. In his early years, he was trusted by Chu Huaiwang as Zuo Tu and Dr. San Lv. He often discussed state affairs with him, participated in the formulation of laws, advocated that the law should be clear and the law should be clear, meritocracy should be promoted, politics should be reformed, the Qin Dynasty should be jointly resisted, and "American politics" should be advocated. With the efforts of Qu Yuan, the national strength of Chu State has been enhanced. Honest and honest is a man of backbone, but he doesn't want to listen to Shangguan when amending laws and regulations. In addition, Jin Shang, the doctor of Yin and Shangguan, and his favorite concubine were bought by Zhang Yi, the envoy of Qin State, which not only made it impossible to accept Qu Yuan's opinion, but also alienated him. In 305 BC, Qu Yuan opposed the conclusion of the Yellow Thorn Alliance between Chu Huaiwang and Qin, but Chu completely embraced Qin. Qu Yuan was expelled from the capital by Chu Huaiwang and began his exile. As a result, Chu Huaiwang was lured to prison by the State of Qin under the strong encouragement of his youngest son Zilan and others.
After King Xiang of Chu ascended the throne, Qu Yuan continued to be persecuted and exiled to the south of the Yangtze River. In 278 BC, the general of the State of Qin led an army south to attack the capital of Chu. Qu Yuan's political ideal was shattered and he was desperate for the future. Although he wanted to serve his country, he was unable to return to heaven, so he had to die of illness and commit suicide in May of the same year. People were very sad to hear the bad news and hurried to salvage his body, but found nothing. So, some people wrapped glutinous rice in reed leaves and threw it into the river to offer sacrifices to Qu Yuan. This ritual activity has been handed down year after year and has gradually become a custom. It is arranged on the Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. He was indifferent to Qu Yuan's loyalty, and later poets stayed away from stagnation. His poem Qu Yuan said, "Heroes are exhausted and loyalty is heavy." The material is comparable to the wise master, and there is no plan to faint the king. "(Poems of Tang Scholars in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) This is not only a sincere pity for the patriot Qu Yuan, but also a sincere pity for" emperors and princes "(Poetry, Elegance and King of Literature); Not only for the king of Chu at that time, but also for other bad kings.
"Hair waste zhu, evening Yang. The end of the heart is straight, although it is far from it. " "Cheng Xupu Yu _ Yes, fans don't know what I do. Deep in the forest is where apes live. The mountains are steep and cover the sky, and the rain is continuous; The snow is boundless and the clouds are raining. I'm sad. My life is boring. I'm alone in the mountains. I can't change my mind and do as the Romans do, but I will be sad and poor. " During his exile, Qu Yuan left many immortal masterpieces to future generations. His works, gorgeous words, strange imagination, novel metaphors and profound connotations have become one of the origins of China literature.
"The blue water is clear, you can lick my tassel; The water in the rough waves is turbid, so you can lick my feet. " After Qu Yuan was exiled, in a conversation with the fisherman, the fisherman advised him to "keep pace with the times" instead of "looking ahead and looking back" and asking for trouble. Qu Yuan said that he would rather die by throwing himself into the river than exposing his innocent body to worldly dust. In the eyes of fishermen, life need not be too lofty. The world is clean and honest, and you can come out as an official; The world is turbid and can rise and fall with the world. As for "thinking deeply and doing high", there is no need to end up in exile. The dialogue between Qu Yuan and the fisherman shows two philosophies of life. In 278 BC, Qin conquered the capital of Chu. On April 26th of that year (the fifth day of the fifth lunar month), Qu Yuan died in despair and grief. Dragon Boat Festival, that's why. After World War II, 75 famous people from 17 countries jointly launched the "World Congress for Defending Peace". 1953, the World Peace Council, which held the World Peace Congress in Moscow, decided to list Qu Yuan as one of the "four world cultural celebrities of that year" in the history of the Congress and called on people all over the world to commemorate him. (Because that year was the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan's death, and it was also the "big year" when three other literati died. Similar events were held many times later, such as "One of the Three Cultural Celebrities in the World" held by 1956 for Galitosa, Heine and Dostoevsky.
Three. life
The date of birth of Qu Yuan has been studied by many people since ancient times, and it was not until the archaeological relics were unearthed after liberation that it was set as 340 BC. The research on the year of Qu Yuan's birth and death is mainly based on two sentences in Li Sao: "She is the one who raises her virginity, and she is the one who lowers her virginity". Wang Yi thinks that "taking notes" means "taking notes", and Tai Sui takes notes in Yin Yue, which is based on the old star year. Zhu believes that "object" is the name of a star. This Sheti Star refers to bucket handle, the twelfth birthday belt, and here refers to the month. According to Zou and Liu's calculations based on the lunar calendar and the summer calendar, it was designated as the 2nd1day of the first month in 343 BC. In the Qing dynasty, Chen _ was calculated as the 22nd day of the first month in 343 BC by the weekly calendar. 1976 A "Li Chan" was unearthed in Lintong County, Shaanxi Province. It contains 4 lines and 32 words, and describes the cutting process of Zhou Wuwang. After careful textual research, Mr. Tang believes that among the three characters in the inscription "Sui", "Sui" refers to the old star, or the ancient "Sheti", which is now called Jupiter. "Ding" means chastity and proper training. "Ke" is homophone with "Gu", which is the name of the month, and November is Gu. "Time is true" means that the time star just rises from the east in the morning of 1 1 month, which refers to the rendezvous period of Jupiter. In this way, the inscription of "Li Chan", merchants, only Jia Zichao, old Tokisada can confuse merchants, is completely consistent with the record of "Jia Zi was not cold in the first month, Wu was in Muye, and he was in the commercial suburb" in historical records. The inscription "Sui Zhenke" in Li Chan and Lisao describes the same kind of problems, and both of them mark the year and month with the movement of the old star. If Li Sao is taken as an example, the inscription can be extended to "take chastity in bells and drums"; If we take the inscription as an example, the phrase "dedicate my chastity to Meng Huan" in Li Sao can also be simplified to "dedicate my chastity to Meng Huan". In Li Sao, the main idea of these two poems is: I was born in the first month of Meng Chun, and Geng Yin was the day I was born. Although there is no positive record of Qu Yuan's birth year here, every year in the first month of the summer calendar, when the morning star rises in the east, it marks that this year must be the so-called "year of release in the shade" for later generations. This shows that Wang Yi's statement that "object" refers to Jupiter is correct, while Zhu's statement that "object" refers to the name of a star is one-sided. Astronomers calculated that in the first month of Zhou Xianwang's third year (366 BC), Muxing's position happened to be the morning light in the east, which is the so-called year when Teague's photos were taken. Based on this coordinate, the date of birth of Qu Yuan can be calculated by using Jupiter's rendezvous period, sidereal period's law and historical materials in Qu Yuan's Historical Records and Jia Sheng's Biography of Chu. Starting from the third year of King Xian Zhou, Jupiter rose in the east in the first month of the 28th year (342 BC) after two constant weeks, that is, 24 years of operation. This year should be Li Sao's year of "dedicating chastity to Meng Wei". According to the Japanese scholar Xincheng Xinzang's Long Calendar of Warring States, the 26th of the first month of this year is Gengyin Day. Therefore, Qu Yuan should have been born on the 26th day of the first month in the 28th year of Chu Xuanwang, and on the 6th day of March in 342 BC. The Qin bamboo slips "The Book of the Day" unearthed in Yunmeng, Hubei Province is also called that people born in Geng Yinri are expensive. Yunmeng originally belonged to the Qin Dynasty. According to scholars' research, the owner of Yunmeng Qin Tomb was very happy that he was a survivor of Chu's entry into Qin. Therefore, the Japanese book named Qin bamboo slips actually reflects the religious consciousness of Chu people and accords with Qu Yuan's self-report.
Qu Yuan's name is plain, with the original word, also known as regular, and his word is flat. Regarding the origin of his name, Qu Yuan said in Lisao: "The Miao nationality of Emperor Levin was Xi, and the emperor's name was Bo Yong. I went to Meng Xi with my virginity, but Geng Yin and I surrendered. The emperor took a look at Yu Chu and gave Zhao Xiyu a good name, which is called Zheng and the word is ". I am a descendant of the ancient emperor Levin, and my father's name is Bo Yong. I was born in the year of Yin Mao, Meng Chunyue and Geng Yinri. My father gave me a good name, Zheng, and the word is Ling Jun. Qu Yuan's father Bo Yong is knowledgeable. Boyong named his son "Ping" and "Regular". The word "yuan" and the word "yuan" together mean "people who are reasonable and disciplined are nothing more than heaven, and people who support everything are indifferent to the earth. There are a pair of Qu Yuan's names and characters in Yuan written by Gao Ping, in which the names "Chang" and "Ping" together mean heaven and "Yuan" together mean earth. It is the personality requirements and principles that a father wants his son to achieve. Qu Yuan's birth name is interpreted as the three systems of heaven, earth and man, which accords with Historical Records.
Qu Yuan's story is mainly found in Sima Qian's Historical Records. According to Lisao, Qu Yuan was born on the 14th day of the first month (65438+2 BC1February). Qu Yuan was born in Danyang, Chu, on January 14th, 2008. He experienced three periods in his life, namely, China, Japan and the Kingdom, and mainly lived in the Qing Dynasty. Judging from Qu Yuan's works, he participated in the witchcraft activities of Chu as an aristocrat. Archaeological documents show that the upper nobility of Chu believed in witchcraft. Scholars said: "Comparing the gods contained in bamboo slips of Chu Tomb in Jiangling with the gods sacrificed in Nine Songs of Chu, we can find that the gods contained in bamboo slips and the gods described in Nine Songs of Chu complement each other and become a relatively complete series, which further provides circumstantial materials for people to understand the specific contents of Qu Yuan's witchcraft activities in that year." Qu Yuan lived on the eve of China's imminent reunification, and there is a saying that "the emperor of Qin is horizontal and the king of Chu is vertical". Qu was born in a famous family and was good at dealing with chaos and rhetoric. He was favored in his early years and was a leftist. All the policies and announcements of the imperial court came from him. In order to realize the great cause of rejuvenating Chu State, Qu Yuan actively assisted Chu Huaiwang in reforming the country to make it stronger, and insisted on uniting with Qi State to resist Qin, making Chu State once a powerful vassal state. However, due to the sharp contradiction between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the jealousy of Shangguan doctor and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by a clique and alienated by Chu Huaiwang. According to Records of Historian Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng, Shangguan Doctor Jin Shang framed Qu Yuan in front of Wang Huai out of jealousy, and Qu Yuan was drafting a constitutional order for Chu Huaiwang at that time, so Wang Huai was "angry and reluctant to Qu Ping". After being dismissed as a left disciple, Qu Yuan was transferred to be a doctor, in charge of the affairs of the three surnames of Zhao, Qu and Jing in the royal family, and was responsible for offering sacrifices to ancestral temples and educating aristocratic children. In the 15th year of Wang Huai (3 14 BC), Zhang Yi went from Qin to Chu, and bought off Shanxi merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin merchants, Jin At the same time, he deceived Wang Huai with merchants from 600 miles away, which led to the breaking of diplomatic relations between Qi and Chu. After being deceived, he became angry from embarrassment and sent troops to Qin twice, both of which were defeated. Therefore, Qu Yuan was ordered to send an envoy to Qi State to rebuild the friendship between Qi and Chu. Thirdly, Zhang Yi disintegrated the Qi-Chu alliance from Qin to Chu, which made the Qi-Chu alliance unsuccessful. In twenty-four years, Qin Chu was the "alliance of yellow thorns", and Chu was completely embraced by Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from the capital and moved to the Northern Han Dynasty. Thirty years after Wang Huai, Qu Yuan returned to Du Ying. In the same year, Qin made an appointment with the military attache Wang, but Qu Yuan urged him to enter the customs. However, his youngest son advised him to join the state of Qin, ignoring the suggestions of Qu Yuan and others. As a result, he was detained by Qin on the day he joined the alliance and died in a foreign country two years later. After King Huai was detained, Xiang Wang succeeded to the throne and Zilan was appointed as Lingyin (equivalent to the Prime Minister), and the diplomatic relations between Chu and Qin were once cut off. However, in the seventh year of his succession, Xiang Wang married Qin in order to live in peace for a while. Qu Yuan opposed their shameful position and accused Zilan of being responsible for Wang Huai's humiliating death. Zilan also instructed Shangguan doctor to vilify Qu Yuan in front of Xiang Wang, which led to Qu Yuan being exiled to Yuan and Xiang again about thirteen years before and after Xiang Wang. When Qu Yuan was exiled for many years, the situation in Chu became more and more critical. In the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, the Qin generals broke through Chu (now Jiangling, Hubei Province) without results, which indicated the future crisis of Chu. The next year, Qin Jun went further. Qu Yuan saw that there was no hope for his once powerful country, and considered leaving other countries, but in the end he loved his hometown, threw himself into the Miluo River in grief and indignation, and died for his ideal.
Fourth, hometown
Regarding the birthplace of Qu Yuan, Fang Ming, president of the Qu Yuan Society of China, published an article saying that the Warring States period in which Qu Yuan lived was a turbulent time. Due to the oppression of Qin, the territory of Chu moved eastward, which led to the repeated changes of the capital of Chu and the food city of Chu nobles, and Qu Yuan was constantly displaced all his life.
Qu Yuan's story circulating in Xixia County, Henan Province has distinct local characteristics. There are also local inscriptions related to the legend of Qu Yuan. There is a carriage back to the city in Xixia County. The Return of the Carriage is named after the poem "Return to my car and go home, not far away" in Qu Yuan's famous poem Lisao. There is a village called Quyuangang in Huicheng Town, which is located on the avenue between Qin Chu. "According to legend, during the Warring States Period, Yi Cheung alienated Chu and Qi, and promised to give the Qin-Shang region to Chu. Later, Qin supported the alliance to cede territory. In a rage, he ignored the doctor Qu Yuan's repeated exhortations and personally led the troops to attack Qin, resulting in a crushing defeat. He came to a mound, remembered Qu Yuan, and regretted not listening to his advice. Later generations called this mound Qu Yuangang (Xixia County Records). In the existing Quyuan Port Monument, "it is made of bluestone, with four small characters" The land is handed down by people "carved horizontally on the outside and three big characters" Quyuan Port "carved vertically on the bottom. The inscription was written by Qiu Mingxun of the Qing Dynasty, and it was the third year of Xuantong in the Qing Dynasty (19 1 1). " There is a Quyuan Temple on Quyuan Mountain. During the Dragon Boat Festival, there were endless incense, which reflected the local people's nostalgia and admiration for Qu Yuan.
Zigui County is located at the foot of Woniu Mountain on the north bank of the Yangtze River, which looks like an inclined gourd, so it is called "Hulu City". It is also called "Stone City" because the city walls are made of stones. Outside the east gate of Zigui County, Guo Moruo inscribed the memorial archway of Qu Yuan's hometown. Next to it are two stone tablets inscribed with "The Hometown of Doctor Chu Qu Yuan" and "The Hometown of Emperor Wang Qiang". There is a beach between Zigui and Xiangxi called Quyuantuo with Quyuan Temple on it. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the construction of Gezhouba Water Control Project, the water level has risen. After several relocations and repairs, this temple was built in 1976. Now it is located in Xiangjiaping, east of Zigui. It was renamed as "qu yuan memorial hall in zigui county, Zigui County". With the construction of the Three Gorges Project, Quyuan Temple will be relocated again. In Leping, there are many places of interest and legends about Qu Yuan, such as Xiangluping, Zhaomian Well, Reading Cave and Corn Mountain.