Since the Song Dynasty, because people have neglected to examine the plant in detail, some people have said that the deer is a horse, and some have misrepresented it, which has become more and more outrageous and farther and farther away from the plant. Several main statements are briefly introduced as follows. Viburnum macrocephalum f.keteleeri is the most famous flower and tree in the Song Dynasty. According to the saying at that time, there was only one in Houtu Temple in Yangzhou, and it was named "Unparalleled in the World", so it was extremely valuable. Because of its white flowers, some people in the Song Dynasty thought that the jade pistils of the Tang Dynasty were Qionghua. Song Qi, a litterateur of the Northern Song Dynasty, said in "Picking Broken Pieces": "There were flowers in the earth temple after Weiyang, which were pure white in color and were called jade pistils. Wang Yuchen loved to admire them and called them Qionghua." Liu Chang's "Moving Qionghua Poems" "Preface" says: "Since Huainan Shidongping, moved to the earth temple, Qionghua was planted in Zhuoying Pavilion. There is only one ear of this flower in the world. Uncle Yong built an unparalleled pavilion for Yangzhou to appreciate it. The natives nicknamed it Eight Immortals Flower, or The jade pistil flower of Yunli Weigong is of this kind." His poem says: "The unparalleled jade pistil flower in Huaihai comes from the Eight Immortals' family at the same time. The people of Lu have not seen the tree in the sky, and they are begging for the east wind to appreciate the flowers." Song Minqiu's "Return to Farming in the Spring Festival". It is said: "There is a jade flower in the Houtu Temple in Yangzhou, which is what Li Weigong calls the jade stamen." In addition, Su Shi's "Xijiang Moon" poem about Ruixiang also contains the sentence "The jade stamen in the Houtu Temple is red in the Penglai Palace." . It can be seen that the saying "Jade pistil is the Qionghua" was popular in the Northern Song Dynasty.
However, the diameter of the inflorescence of Qionghua is more than 10cm, and its large sterile side flowers are white. Each side flower has only 5 stamens, and they are rarely exposed. There is no "Snowy Rose". Due to the large size of the flowers, it is impossible for the flowers to fall "lightly on the corridor" or "whirl around in the air for a long time" when they fall. And it is not produced in Shaanxi. Obviously, Qionghua is by no means a jade pistil. Many Song people have questioned or refuted this. Zhou Bida's "Yu Rui Syndrome" says: "Song Zijing, Liu Yuanfu, and Song Cidao are extremely knowledgeable. For some reason, they are suspected to be Qionghua." Ge Li Fang's "Yun Yu Yang Qiu" also said: "The Qionghua is only found in the Houtu Temple in Yangzhou... How can the jade pistil be found in one place! It is not the Qionghua Ming". Symplocos caudata is a wild flower and tree named by Huang Tingjian in the Northern Song Dynasty. In his "Preface to the Alum Flowers in the Mountains Beside Gaojie Pavilion", he said: "There is a kind of small white flower in the wilds in the south of the Yangtze River. It is several feet high. It blooms in spring and is very fragrant. The savages call it Zhenghua. Wang Jinggong wanted to write a poem but he named it poorly. Please call it mountain alum. The wild people picked the leaves of Zheng flower to dye it yellow, so it was named mountain alum." However, the jade pistil is not mentioned in the preface or the poem. Zeng Zhen, who lived at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, said in "Gaozhai Poems": "Today's flower is also the jade flower. Jiefu compared it with "zhi" and said that this word should be used. To cover the name of "yu", he chose its white ear. Lu Zhi It was also renamed Mountain Alum, which means it can be dyed. "Hong Mai's "Rong Zhai Essays" also said: "Rare things are rare, and there is no need to breed them differently. The jade stamens of Chang'an Tangchang are today's flowers, also known as rice bags. , Huang Lu was the one who changed the mountain alum." Xue Jixuan wrote in front of a five-character poem about mountain alum: "Huahua is the jade flower of Tang Dynasty. Jiefu calls it huahua, and Lu Zhi calls it mountain alum. It is abundant in Wuchang Mountain, and its leaves can be used to dye things. The natives call it "huahua". Use it to make wine." There is a line in the poem that "immortals come to jade pistils, and scribes set up mountain alum."
Song people also had different views on this. For example, Ge Lifang's "Yunyu Yangqiu" said: "From the perspective of others, it may not be certain. Jade pistil is also a good name. This flower has been passed down since the Tang Dynasty. It should be named after the jade pistil. It should not be called without the jade pistil." Lu Zhi should not abandon jade pistils and call mountain alum. How can Duan Bo have any evidence? "Zhang Hao's "Yungu Miscellaneous Notes", Zhou Bida's "Yu Rui Syndrome", and Song Jingyi's "Quanfang Beizu"? Others disagree with this statement and believe that jade pistil and alum are each one thing. A seven-character ancient poem by Zheng Yu goes like this: "The Qionghua in Weiyang Houtu Temple, and the jade pistil in Anye Tangchang Palace. The two objects are completely different in origin, so they are called ordinary good things... Later generations did not recognize the flowers in the sky, and they regarded them as flowers in the mountains. Alum is lighter than comparison." This poem is obviously influenced by "Yu Rui Syndrome", and denies the statements such as "Yu Rui is Qionghua" and "Yu Rui is mountain alum". By the Ming Dynasty, probably the Qionghua flowers in Yangzhou had also disappeared. Therefore, people have questions about the original plants of jade stamens and viburnum. Lang Ying, a litterateur of the Ming Dynasty, wrote in "Qiong Hua Bian": "Yong Lu distinguishes gardenia as jade flower and changes it to alum... If there is only one kind, gardenia can be found everywhere in the south of the Yangtze River. Do you think it's expensive? "" According to "Yangzhi", it is said that Qionghua may be a Tang plant. Today's "Yong Lu" also lists the jade pistil as the only one in Chang'an. Yuan and Bai et al. wrote poems about it, and it has a yellow heart. When it blooms, it fills the field with fragrance and can be several feet high. Does it mean that it is the gardenia with thousands of leaves? "It's a pity that Jiangnan failed to protect it, so it grew taller. It was born in Shaanxi and moved to Yang and Bian, where it also grew naturally. It’s so strange.”
Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides) is a famous dye and flower that has been widely cultivated since the Han Dynasty. It has been praised by many ancient people and cannot be confused with jade stamens or viburnum. In addition, "Yong Lu" written by Cheng Dachang of the Northern Song Dynasty did not identify "gardenia as jade flower", but mistakenly believed that there was only one jade flower in Chang'an. The "Gardenia Thousand Leaves" is a double-petaled variant of Gardenia, one is Gardenia grandiflora (var.grandiflora) and the other is Gardenia jasminoides (var.radicana), both of which are shrubs no more than 2m tall. They are grown in Africa in Shaanxi Province. Origin, it is even less possible to "make it taller". Although Lang Ying was a learned man, his textual research revealed his ignorance of botany. The "Dictionary of Botany" by Kong Qinglai and others said: "Passiflora caerulea L. is also called passion flower. Its name is found in "The Secret Flower Mirror"."
Therefore, when Chinese scholars study and interpret the jade flowers or jade stamens in ancient books such as "Flower Mirror" and even "Qunfang Pu", they think it is passion flower or egg fruit (P. edulis) of the genus Passiflora. The "Flower and Bird Poetry Appreciation Dictionary" published by China Tourism Publishing House selected several poems about "Jade Tree" and introduced the myths and legends of the Tang Dynasty in the appreciation, but it still wrote in its annotation: "Jade Tree" "Pistil flower, also known as passion flower...belongs to the Passiflora family, a climbing plant" and so on. It is also said that this flower "has been introduced to our country for more than 1,300 years."
In fact, the "jade flower" in Chen Haozi's "Flower Mirror" is the same as the "jade flower" and "jade tree" in the Tang Dynasty poems, and most of its text is copied from "Yu Rui Syndrome" (The "Yu Rui" in Wang Xiangjin's "Qun Fang Pu" is also mostly copied from "Yu Rui Syndrome Differentiation"). It's just that Chen classified it as a "vine" based only on the "vines like tea", which was already wrong; and Kong regarded it as a herbaceous vine passion flower, which was even more wrong; "Flower and Bird Poetry" The Appreciation Dictionary also concluded based on this that passion flower "has been introduced to our country for more than 1,300 years", which is even more wrong. It is found that passionflower was originally only one of the appendices of "lotus root" in "Qunfangpu"; "Huajing" called "passionflower", but most of the text was copied from "Qunfangpu". Li Tiaoyuan's "Notes on Nanyue" written by Li Tiaoyuan in the Qing Dynasty said: Passiflora "has lotus petals and chrysanthemum stamens. It starts with lotus and ends with chrysanthemum, so it is also called passion flower." It can be seen that the history of passion flower cultivation in my country It is no more than 400 years old and has only been introduced in the southern tropical regions. It is absurd to regard this herbaceous vine that cannot stand upright as the flower and jade stamen of the Tang Dynasty.