Author: Zhang Ji
Crows fell on the moon, crowed coldly, slept on maple trees, and slept in fishing lanes by the river.
In the lonely Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou, the bell that rang in the middle of the night reached the passenger ship.
Precautions:
1, fishing fire: lights on fishing boats.
2. Gusu: Suzhou, Jiangsu Province today.
3. Hanshan Temple: A temple near Qiao Feng, Suzhou.
Rhyme translation:
The moon sets in the west, the autumn frost is all over the sky, and there are several cries in front of Wutai Mountain;
The fishing fire on the river reflects the red maple tree, which provokes me with melancholy.
Oh, the famous Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou;
The midnight bell floated to my boat.
Comments:
This is a poem describing the sight and feelings of staying at the Maple Bridge overnight. The first sentence is what you see (the moon sets), what you hear (the crow), and what you do.
Feeling (frosty sky); Two sentences describe the scenery and sad mood near Qiao Feng; Write three or four sentences about the passenger ship lying listening to the ancient temple clock
Sound. Ordinary bridges, ordinary trees, ordinary water, ordinary temples and ordinary clocks are all reproduced by the poet's art.
Made, it constitutes a meaningful, quiet and charming night scene of Jiangnan water town, and has become a famous work and article that has been circulated since ancient times.
Won. This poem has been discussed a lot since Ouyang Xiu said that "midnight is not the time to ring the bell". In fact, the midnight bell of Hanshan Temple rang.
This was true until the Song Dynasty. Sun Songyong's poem "Crossing the Temple" says: "Dream back to the old age together, and the green hills are not there.
Change the old look. The moon sets at the temple near the bridge, and the pillow still smells midnight. "To prove it. Zhang Ji may have rung the bell at midnight.
For different reasons, there is a saying called "midnight bell". People today may think that Wutai is the Wutai Mountain to the west of Hanshan Temple, but it is not.
Crows crow. Sleeping Sorrow is the Sleeping Sorrow Mountain south of Hanshan Temple, not Sleeping Sorrow. Almost unaware
Wutai Mountain and Lingshan are both named after Zhang Jishi. In Sun Bin's words, it is "falling all over the bridge and temple".
"Five Steps" obviously refers to "Five Steps Mountain".
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Frosty night,
Jiang Feng fishing and sleeping;
Hanshan Temple outside Gusu,
The midnight bell arrived at the passenger ship.
Zhang Ji, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote this poem, which is not only a household name, but also famous overseas, and has an extraordinary position in the history of China's poetry. However, how to correctly understand the unique connotation of this poem has been debated for thousands of years, and even middle school textbooks have participated in this debate in recent years. At present, there are usually two different interpretations of this poem: one is to describe this poem as a landscape poem, such as the authoritative Dictionary of Appreciation of Tang Poetry and textbooks, and think that this poem depicts the beautiful scenery of autumn in Jiangnan water town and the poet's mood when lying listening to the clock; The other is to understand this poem as a Zen poem, pointing out that this poem creates the artistic conception of the world with secular brushwork. It is a seven-line poem that helps Zhong to relieve the troubles of all beings with Zen, and it is also highly respected in Suzhou.
The author believes that the above two viewpoints basically fail to accurately grasp the style of the poem, misinterpret the artistic conception of the poem far-fetched, and reduce its style and taste to some extent. In fact, this is a typical homesick song. From the inside of the poem, it reflects the author's infinite yearning for his relatives in his hometown. From the outside of the poem, it shows the profound disaster brought to the general public by the "An Shi Rebellion". To understand this poem, we must combine the background of the poet's time and the grammatical characteristics of ancient poetry.
At the end of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty, "An Shi Rebellion" broke out, and Zhang Ji moved from the north to wuyue (now Shaoxing and Suzhou). According to the available data, it can only be determined that the poet was in this area from the first year to the second year (756~757), but it is difficult to verify when he was a guest in the old Soviet Union. Although the poet wandered in the south of the Yangtze River, he was still worried about the war in the north, and most of the poems in this period showed this mentality. In his poem, he wrote, "Appreciate Li's school book, and see you every autumn night across the city"-cold city police, lonely and angry for Longquan. Under the wind, whales fight Luochuan. The poem Under the Wind undoubtedly refers to Su Zong's accession to the throne in Lingwu; Whale Waves vs Luochuan refers to the fierce battle between the army of the Tang Dynasty and the rebels of An Lushan in Henan; Lonely and Angry Defending Longquan expresses the author's deep patriotic feelings and care for the people; the last two sentences reflect the post-war economic depression. It should be pointed out that the "Anshi Rebellion" also brought suffering to the people in the south of the Yangtze River.
During his stay in Gusu, Zhang Ji once wrote such a four-character poem "Nagato is a thing": "The tiller uses the building to recruit boats, and the spring grass is green; Try to go to the noon gate to see the county Guo, and there is new smoke in Qingming. " The poem reflects that farmers should be recruited to join the army, the old rural power is lacking, and a large number of fields are barren. It can be seen that the war has caused great damage to the local social economy! Therefore, when we read a night-mooring near maple bridge, which was written at the same time as this poem (according to textual research, these two poems were left by Zhang Ji when he was in Gusu), we should pay attention to and realize the influence of the war on the poet, especially the homesickness that is hard to give up. Only in this way can we truly understand the rich connotation and spiritual essence contained in a night-mooring near maple bridge.
The first sentence "Cold Night" has always been controversial, but the views on the word "the moon sets" are basically the same. It is believed that the first quarter moon rose early at that time and sank at midnight. However, the author found that the "moon setting" is essentially different from the "moon setting" in ancient poems: "moon setting" means that the moon has been lost, which means that the moon could not be seen at that time; The "falling moon" means that the moon is gradually sinking, which means that the moon can still be seen at that time. For example, Zhang's two sentences in Moonlit Night on the Spring River, such as "the moon sets on the west slope of the pond" and "the moon rocks are all over the river", illustrate the scene of "the moon sets", and Wang Wei's "lonely smoke in the desert, the long river sets the yen" also shows the magnificent landscape when the sun sets; The words "the moon sets and the clouds fall, and the wandering children pick up buds on strangers" in Liu Yuxi's "Step on Words" (the third song) show that when it is about to rain, the gathered people flee everywhere, and only the children who are playing are still picking up buds left by people's panic. "The setting of the moon" obviously means that the moon has been covered by dark clouds, and the poet can no longer see the moon. Wang Wei's famous phrase "The moon rises to startle the birds, and when it is singing in the spring stream" also depicts the situation that the moon suddenly appears from the clouds and actually scares the mountain birds from another angle. Therefore, in Zhang Ji's poems, "the moon sets" should point out that there was no moon at that time, and people generally misunderstand "the moon sets" as "the moon falls".
However, can the "crying" in the poem be understood as "the clouds are gathering and the wind is howling" just like "stepping on the lyrics"? The author thinks it is inappropriate because it can't be linked with the "frosty sky" behind it. The "black body" here actually refers to the local water old black, that is, the cormorant used for fishing after domestication. Du Fu wrote a poem, "Domestic niggers eat yellow croaker every meal", and Shen Kuo made a special explanation for this in the 274th article of Meng Qian Bi Tan. Cormorants are very common in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. They often snore at night and are called "making more noise" by fishermen. It is conceivable that when dozens or hundreds of cormorants gather on the river, their cries will inevitably last for a long time, which makes people feel depressed and deeply sad. As for the interpretation of "black crow" as crow or black magpie, it obviously does not conform to its living habits, and it is not familiar with the local environment of the water town. The description of "frost all over the sky" does not seem to conform to the reality of natural landscape, because frost usually appears on the ground. In fact, what the poet wants to express is that he stood in the bow for a long time because he couldn't sleep, and his body and face were unconsciously polluted by frost. Isn't the vast night sky outside him filled with frost? !
This sentence describes what the poet saw, heard and felt on a passenger ship on a cold night without the moon, but what is the reason for his insomnia? Needless to say, as a wanderer stranded to escape the war, he had to worry about the safety of the country and miss his relatives in his hometown. It is not difficult to find that the poet actually used a metaphor in this sentence: "The moon sets" indicates the decline of Chang 'an after the demise of the Tang Dynasty; "Full Body" vividly depicts the rampant rebels in Anshi Rebellion. Frost all over the sky reflects the depression and tension caused by the war in the whole country.
The second sentence, "Jiang Feng fishing for fire and worrying about sleep", has always been a difficult and controversial point in understanding the poem. "Jiangfeng" undoubtedly refers to the maple trees by the river, and "fishing fire" necessarily refers to the fishing fire on the ship, but how to understand "sleeping with anxiety" is the key? We need to borrow the knowledge of modern hydrogeology to find the answer: the maple trees along the river are always straight at first, but due to the long-term lateral erosion of the river, a lot of soil will be slowly lost, and the trees will continue to tilt into the river under the action of gravity, even seriously damaged or even parallel to the water surface, forming a strange landscape lying across the river. Today, this phenomenon can still be seen in some old Hanoi near Suzhou.
With this understanding, we can understand the true meaning of "worrying about sleep". Originally, what the poet saw on the boat was the maple tree leaning against the river and its "reflection" in the water, as well as the fishing lamp hanging obliquely on the boat and its "reflection" in the water, and found that both of them were "sleeping relatively". This is an indescribable contrast with the poet's loneliness. How can this not make him feel deeply? A word "sadness" just expresses his infinite grief for his relatives in his hometown. It can be seen that in this sentence, the poet used the method of comparison to compare Jiang Feng's "sleeping together" with his loneliness, and transferred his sadness to them, achieving the silent blending and agreement between the poet and the scenery, which has considerable artistic appeal.
The three or four sentences "Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, the bell rings at midnight to the passenger ship" must be explained together, because the poet used the brushwork of "inverted sentences" here. Generally speaking, the poet didn't think of it until he heard the bell-the bell came from Hanshan Temple, but here, the poet reversed the two. It should be admitted that this "inversion" not only conforms to the homesickness of the poets at that time, but also creates a special artistic conception. As you can imagine, it was late at night, and the poet who had been trapped for a long time suddenly heard the bell from Hanshan Temple. What was his strongest feeling and mood at that time? There is no doubt that his greatest wish is to let distant relatives listen to the melodious bursts of bells! That's the voice of the wanderer calling to you. Therefore, the correct understanding of these two poems should be as follows: Hanshan Temple outside Gusu, although your midnight bell is so long and sonorous, it is a pity that only passengers on passenger ships can hear it. How I hope this bell can cross mountains and rivers and let my relatives in my hometown hear it together.
For thousands of years, people have always used the moon to express their thoughts about their relatives and friends. There are countless famous sayings, such as "the sea rises and the moon rises, and the sky is * * * at this time", "Looking up, I found it was moonlight, and then sinking, and I suddenly thought of home". However, on a moonless night, how can we express our feelings? The poet Zhang Ji expressed his deep homesickness with The Bell. This organic combination of "virtual and real, far and near" creates a typical artistic realm of blending scenes, which is more intriguing, more exciting and more thought-provoking than before!
The bell of Hanshan Temple not only expresses the poet's deep yearning for his relatives in his hometown, but also contains his cry for national peace-may Hanshan Temple be louder, longer and wider! ! !