First, the flat tone
Generally speaking, the characters of the upper and lower tones (both Yin Ping and Yang Ping) in Putonghua are mostly "flat tones" in the phonology department of classical poetry; The third and fourth tones are Legato (both "rising tone" and "falling tone"), but this is only a general situation and is by no means certain. If we use the pronunciation of Putonghua as the rhyme to determine the level tone, there will be errors. Because in many Rusheng characters, its pronunciation is the tone of Yin and Yang in Mandarin, and Rusheng characters are only the rhyme of poetry. Entering rhymes is my biggest headache, and I will make mistakes if I am not careful. In my own classical poetry, most of the faults are found in the wrong entering tone words.
How can I remember the entering tone words? Someone summed up the trick, but I don't quite agree. In my opinion, the mastery of Rusheng characters should be gradually realized in long-term writing. When you are unfamiliar, you can only determine it by looking it up in a rhyme book. Although this is cumbersome, it can effectively avoid mistakes in leveling.
The rhyme book is very clear. Here, let's take a few words as examples, but I hope everyone knows that these words are not flat, but rhyme: peeling, eating, walking, * excitement, rest, and so on. The pronunciation of these words is "flat and even" in Mandarin, but they all rhyme in rhyme.
Add a short story to illustrate the problem of polyphony: Liang Wudi once asked Zhu Yi: "What do you literati mean by speaking four tones all day?" Zhu took the opportunity to kiss up: "It means' Long live the son of heaven'." The sky is flat, the child is rising, the ten thousand is falling, and the blessing is entering the tone. When the balance is balanced, it constitutes the four tones of middle ancient Chinese, and when the sky is high, it is called falling tone. Among these four tones, entering tone is the most problematic. Liang Wudi then asked: "Why is the' Tian Zi Hand Test' not four tones?" Heaven, Confucius and the birthday girl are all flat and up and down, but the exams are silent, indicating that ordinary people at that time didn't know what Rusheng was.
In fact, in Mandarin, Rusheng has disappeared. Some Rusheng words with different pronunciations and rhymes read exactly the same today. For example, "b, Yi, Yi" in Pingshui Rhyme, which belongs to four different rhymes of entering tone, thirteen-digit and fourteen-stroke, is read in Putonghua without any difference (if it is read in Minnan dialect, it can be clearly distinguished, and it can be read as ik, IT and ip respectively).
That's all I said just in a flat tone. Actually, if you have a rhyme book in your hand, it is the most convenient thing. When you are not sure about the level of many words, you can look them up. I used to prefer to use Ping Shui Yun, but now I only like the new version of the poem rhyme bought by the bookstore. This book is called Xin Yun, which is to improve the rhyming book of classical poetry. If you go to some big bookstores, you should be able to find such books to sell. Sanlian bookstore has these books.
Attachment: the new version of poetry rhyme, published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House. Book pricing 10.60 yuan.
Second, some concepts about rhyme.
Rhyme is one of the basic elements of poetry meter. In fact, if a word appears in a line of poetry, its flatness can be called law, its mistakes are called "irregular" and its mistakes are called "rhyming". Poets use rhyme in their poems, which is called "rhyme". Poetry from The Book of Songs to later generations has almost no rhyme. Even folk songs rhyme. In northern operas, rhyme is also called "quotation", so "rhyme" is also called "quotation".
People write classical poems in two ways: one is accustomed to writing poems in an even manner without following the rules, and the use of rules is determined by the pronunciation of Putonghua. So if they don't mention the rules, they won't write according to the rules, but the rhyme is probably wrong. I stubbornly believe that a classical poem can be wrong, but it must not be wrong, otherwise it is not classical at all. There are also some friends who like to write poems according to the meter. Most of the rhymes they refer to are the meter in Ping Shui Yun or Inspiration of Rhythm. This is correct. Although many people call for using Putonghua to determine the rhyming part of poetry, these appeals have not been paid attention to and recognized by the relevant departments. Therefore, if you want to make your poems not rhyme, you still have to use these rules written by the ancients for us. In fact, there are not many problems involved in rhyme, except that the words can be stipulated in the rhyme book, and then it is enough to understand a few concepts that must be mastered.
Summarize the definitions related to rhyme, which is also a noun explanation:
1. Rhyme: Rhyme in classical poetry writing, which can be used by mixing the rhymes of adjacent rhymes.
2. Narrow rhyme: There are few words in a rhyme. (Wide rhyme is the opposite of narrow rhyme, so it is omitted. )
3. Rhyme: When rhymes should be used according to the rules of word spectrum, words mixed with other rhymes in poems are called rhymes.
4. Rhyme: rhyming words used in singing and other people's poems are used to rhyme poems.
5. Secondary rhyme: also known as "step rhyme", the same rhyme words in the original poem must be used in the same order.
6. Rhyme: Use the same rhyme in other people's original poems, but not in their order.
7. Rhyme: Use words that rhyme with the original poem, but don't use its original words.
8. Rhyme: The first sentence rhymes with the last sentence, the second sentence rhymes with the second sentence of Tao, and so on.
9, even rhyme: rhyme only when you meet even sentences.
10. Rhyme: A rhyming method in which one call should be converted. Generally, the last sentence rhymes and the next one follows.
1 1. Rhyme arrangement: From the ground sentences to the whole chapter or even the whole article, every sentence is based on the same rhyme.
Third, duality:
If Duality is elaborated, it is better to buy a book and read it carefully, mainly because there are too many contents. I remember I was very surprised when I saw that the word "dual" had so many learning materials. I always thought that mastering basic knowledge was enough, but I didn't expect to learn so much. In every part of the antithesis, it is divided into small parts, and it is difficult to summarize it comprehensively here. Therefore, you can only choose some memorable and versatile knowledge as the content of your notes, and you must read books for deeper knowledge.
Duality in poetry is called duality. The ancient guard of honor is relative, which is the origin of the word "antithesis". Generally speaking, duality refers to the relativity of the upper and lower sentences. The previous sentence is also called "sentence", and the next sentence is also called "duality".
The antithesis of orthographic poems is different from that of couplets, so it is wrong to copy them. The antithesis in couplets is very wide, that is to say, even if it is neat (also called wide antithesis), the antithesis in metrical poems is different. The antithesis of metrical poems is very strict in neatness, even stricter than words and songs. Because there are many antitheses in the seven-metrical poems, antitheses are required in couplets and necklaces, so antitheses are mostly used in the "seven-metrical" genre in metrical poems, but less in quatrains. The requirements of lyrics and songs are relatively loose. Generally speaking, the five-character and seven-character sentences in classical words require antithesis as long as they appear in pairs. If the first two sentences of a word require antithesis, there will be special requirements in the word spectrum, such as the first two sentences of Xijiang Moon and Shake Up and Walk. Fortunately, many of these requirements are not deliberately reminded, so now when we fill in the words, even if there are mistakes, we often ignore this aspect.
The antithesis rules of metrical poems have the following points:
1, the syntax is the same.
You can't use words with the same meaning. Confrontations like "people have joys and sorrows, and the moon has ups and downs" are allowed in words and songs, but not in metrical poems.
3. Part of speech should be relative. Noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, adverb to adverb, pronoun to pronoun, function word to function word. If you want to be neat, you must also use words (mainly nouns) with the same meaning, such as astronomy to astronomy, geography to geography, logarithm, orientation to each other, color to color, time to time, device to device, personnel to personnel, biology to biology, and so on. One thing that needs special attention is that it cannot be synonymous in duality. For example, "the stars descend from the clearing, and the moon runs from the river", "star" and "moon" are astronomical pairs, "wild" and "river" are geographical pairs, "vertical" is relative to "surge", "flat" is relative to "big" and "wide" is relative to "flow". This kind of confrontation is called the right work.
4. Sentences are relative.
5. Sentence words and sentence words cannot be reused.
There are two differences between antithesis of words and metrical poems.
First, the antithesis of words is not necessarily equivalent, but equivalent. For example, "thousands of miles are frozen, Wan Li snow drifts", or "looking inside and outside the Great Wall, I am boundless; The river rises and falls, losing its momentum "(the city is flat on the river; Outside to the bottom, right).
Second, the antithesis of words can make the same word relative. Such as "A Thousand Miles of Ice" to "Snow in Wan Li"; Another example is "broken horseshoe" versus "whistle"; "Cangshan is like the sea" versus "Sunset is like blood".
Except for the above two points, the antithesis of words is the same as that of poetry.
The explanation of some nouns in duality;
1, hands crossed-the antithetical upper and lower sentences in a pair of couplets are generally different or opposite in content. If two sentences are completely synonymous or basically synonymous, it is called "crossing hands". Crossing your hands is a taboo in writing poetry.
2, running water pair-the relationship between the upper and lower sentences is the same, talking about the same thing, the next sentence is derived from the previous sentence, and the two sentences are actually one sentence, called "running water pair."
Fourthly, the differences in rhyme between ancient poetry and ancient poetry:
The rhyme of ancient poetry is somewhat different from that of ancient poetry. Respectively in the following aspects:
1, each poem of classical rhythm can use one rhyme, or two or more rhymes, and it is allowed to change rhyme; Modern verse can only use one rhyme per rhyme, and even the arrangement of dozens of sentences cannot be changed.
2. Classical poetry can rhyme with even sentences or odd sentences. Modern poetry rhymes only in even-numbered sentences except the first sentence (which rhymes with a flat tone and does not rhyme with a flat tone). Five words don't gamble more, seven words gamble more), and the rest of the odd sentences don't rhyme;
3. Classical poetry can rhyme; Generally, only flat rhyme is used in the near body. ("Qi Liang Ti" is called archaism, and the poems that are out of date after the Tang Dynasty are also called archaism. Metric poems, including metrical poems and quatrains, are called modern poems or modern poems. )
The rhyme of a word can be found in the dictionary. The rhyme of a word does not need to rhyme to the end like a metrical poem, and you can choose other rhymes to use within the scope of rhyme. This practice is called "general charge". The rhyming part of "Children's Song" can't be used at will, it is still the part stipulated in rhyming.
The rhyme, rhyme and rhyme are all different, just search online and you will know. This is an indispensable tool for the creation of ancient poetry. If you want to write qualified and harmonious classical poems, you have to rely on their accuracy. After all, there are too many rhymes for us to remember at all, so printing them out or buying a book is the best choice.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) and several other problems:
1, recite the secret of modern poetry common sense:
Push down from the first sentence, and the couplet will be posted on it. One, three, two, four, don't be lonely.
The ending is flat and rhymes, and the last three sounds of the sentence are different. In the middle, the sentence pattern is still changing.
Cut off the adjacent couplets and make a quatrain, whether it is antithetical or not. Garton in front is seven words, and there is no doubt that there is no need to frown at the back.
If there is more, the reason is the same, but the rice is slightly loose. No matter how long the poem is, the rules are the same. Add a few couplets to keep it safe.
note:
(1). The last three words cannot be equal or different.
(2) Don't be lonely. That is, it must be flat.
(3). One, three, regardless, two, four, motionless.
(4) Stickiness: The same is true for the second word in the couplet.
(5). Right: The words in each couplet are even pairs. The characters of parallel couplets and necklaces should be the same.
(6) Rhyme: even sentences rhyme. The first sentence and the last sentence are flat and must rhyme.
2. Definition of "lonely and flat" and "awkward sentence": In addition to rhyme, the whole sentence has only one flat word, which is called "lonely and flat". Loneliness is a taboo in modern poetry, which is rarely seen in Tang poetry. This kind of illegal sentence is called "embarrassing sentence".
3. Definition of "difficult to save": In order to avoid loneliness, we must make some changes and adjust the level tone (if the first word must be level tone, then the third word should be replaced by level tone to save the inconsistency in a poem), so as to avoid loneliness. This practice is called "difficult to save".
Special account:
Save yourself, be lonely. Very common and useful.
Save a panacea. It is often used at the beginning of a sentence.
It's a difficult sentence and it's harmonious. Often used for tail connection.