The ancients paid attention to refining words when writing poems, making them vivid and touching. Reading ancient poems and evaluating the poet's skills and functions of refining words and phrases are helpful to deeply understand the rich connotation of poetry. Refining words refers to tempering words, which means that poets choose the most appropriate, accurate and vivid words from the vocabulary treasure house to describe things or express their thoughts after repeated pondering; Analyze refined words, whether to taste the hidden feelings of well-used words or to taste their more vivid effects. For example, Li Qingzhao's "Drunk Flowers" is about the protagonist's sadness and pity for himself. At the end, it says, "Mo Tao doesn't forget me, the curtain rolls west wind, and people are thinner than yellow flowers." The word "thin" is the eye word of the whole article. It vividly summarizes the meaning of the whole article, makes the finishing point, and makes the characters and the environment look very harmonious.
The so-called "finishing touch" refers to the concise and vivid words in the title of a poem. For example, in the college entrance examination in 2002, Li Bai's "Smelling the Flute in Los Angeles on a Spring Night" was chosen: "Whose flute flies in the dark and the spring breeze permeates Los Angeles. This serenade is full of broken willows, and no one can afford to be homesick! " The word "smell the flute" in the poem title is "inscribe the eye", so the first three of the four sentences in the whole poem are used to write the flute, which leads the reader to the wonderful musical realm, and the poet's original intention is not revealed until the last sentence. Another example is "happiness" in Du Fu's Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night. Although the word "Xi" is not used in the eight poems, the meaning of "Xi" is revealed everywhere between the lines. In reading, finding and commenting on the "title eye" is helpful to understand the rich connotation of poetry.
Poetry has "poetic eyes" and words have "poetic eyes". The "eye of poetry" and "eye of words" here are sometimes concise and vivid words, and sometimes they are keywords and key sentences that convey the main idea. Poetic eyes, usually verbs or adjectives. Analyzing the eye of poetry is to grasp the most concise and vivid flavor of verbs or adjectives in poetry and see its role in deepening the artistic conception of poetry and conveying the feelings of poets.
example
join the army
li po
The battle was broken, the city was surrounded by the enemy, surrounded by the enemy.
Rushed into the camp, shot General Huyan, and led the rest of the soldiers back alone.
"Joining the army" is an old topic in Yuefu, which is not necessarily related to the content of poetry. This poem describes the image of a brave general. The first sentence describes his past military career, "broken iron clothes", indicating that the fighting time is long and the fighting is fierce; The second sentence is about the present situation, and "counting the encirclement" means that it is extremely dangerous; The last two sentences say that he broke through the tight encirclement and returned home by a strange road. The word "independence" is the eye of this poem. This word seems to have a decisive force, overwhelming the enemy's hordes and giving people a sense of indomitable spirit. He spoke highly of the heroism of the old general.
Through the temple of Ji Xiang.
Wang Wei
I don't know where Ji Xiang Temple is, so I climbed several miles into the clouds and peaks.
Ancient trees are towering, but there are no pedestrian paths, and there are bells in the mountains in the temple.
The spring water in the mountains hits the dangerous rocks, and the sun in the pine forest is cold.
In the evening, come to the empty pool and meditate quietly to suppress the dragon.
[Note] ① Anchan: Buddhist language, refers to sitting quietly with eyes closed, without distractions. Dragon: refers to secular desires.
The ancient people often used the word "poetic eye" when commenting on poetry. The so-called "poetic eye" often refers to the most concise and vivid word in a poem. Which word do you think is "poetic eye" in the last two sentences of this poem? Why? Please enjoy the whole poem briefly.
[College Entrance Examination Standard Answer] Poetic eyes are "pharynx" and "cold" respectively. The spring water flowing in the mountains, blocked by rocks, is like sobbing. Because of the darkness of the forest, the color of the sun shining on the pine trees looks dim. | The words "swallow" and "cold" vividly, concisely and vividly represent the quiet and lonely scene (artistic conception) (feeling) in the mountains.
In Wang Wei's five-character poems, the word "country" in the title means to visit. Because the poet "didn't know" Ji Xiang Temple, he went into the vast mountains to look for it. After a few miles, he came to the misty mountains. In the middle four sentences, write what you saw and heard in the deep mountains and forests. There was no one in the towering jungle, and the old trees were towering. Suddenly, a faint bell floated in the distance, making the silent mountain forest more peaceful. Those five or six sentences still show the quietness and coldness of the mountain. "A brook sings over the winding rocks", where the steep rocks stand in the mountains, unable to flow briskly, and can only walk through the rocks with difficulty, as if sobbing. This "Swallow" is written accurately and vividly, setting off the silence of the mountain forest. "The sun is exercised by pine trees", and the poet uses "cold" to describe the color of the sun, which is also very vivid. The forest was dark, and the afterglow of the sunset rubbed on the deep pine forest, giving people a feeling of "cold". The word "cold" also reflects the poet's inner loneliness. Based on this analysis, it is not difficult to sum up the answer to this question.
Second, understand the meaning of common words.
The wording of excellent ancient poetry is accurate and concise, and many seemingly ordinary words have rich connotations in the poet's pen. Being able to understand the connotation of common words is an appreciation ability.
(1) refine verbs. A poem is a combination of some poetic images according to a certain artistic conception. The words that can really form a distinctive image of turning beauty into rhyme are mainly figurative verbs that express dynamics. Because a noun is often only an object to be stated in a poem, it is not expressive in itself, but it can give a noun a vivid form as a subject, mainly a verb that often acts as a predicate. In this way, the refinement of figurative verbs has become the main content of refining words in China's classical poems. Without refined verbs, the art of refining words is eclipsed.
Example 1: Tao Qian sees Nanshan leisurely. The word "look" is more expressive. "Look" is conscious, but look is unconscious and natural. With a word "hope", the relationship between man and nature is appreciation and appreciation. As if people are outside nature, nature has become the object of human observation. Just a word "look", man and nature are not the relationship between appreciation and being appreciated. Man is in nature and is integrated with nature. I looked at Nanshan carefree, expecting Nanshan to look at me. Integration with nature is also integration with heaven and earth, integration with the universe, and it is the realm of heaven and earth or close to heaven and earth. If it is hope, it becomes intention. Seeing words is writing about the harmony between man and nature, and even the universe. Besides, Tao Qian said, "If you stay in a cage for a long time, you can return to nature." This kind of return has a high consciousness, not a natural realm, but a high realm.
Example 2: Analyze the artistic description characteristics of "Clouds break through the moon to make a shadow".
A: Because "clouds break through the moon and flowers become shadows", the whole article shines at the moment. This word lacks meaning and is full of meaning. Clouds, moons, flowers and shadows write three objects and four scenes, and in the middle, three words are used to write a continuous trend: the clouds break with the moon, and the moon comes with a shadow, which leads to people and an elegant gesture of swaying and caressing the shadow with the wind. Just seven words, written from the sky to the ground, clouds are scattered and the wind is blowing, forming a beautiful and hazy picture. Personize clouds, moons and flowers, endow them with rich emotions and life, and let the quiet picture fly.
When appreciating poetry, we should pay attention to verbs, especially "polysemous" verbs.
Example 1: Why should a strong brother complain about Liu? Spring breeze is not enough to pass Yumen Pass.
The word "resentment" obviously uses personification, which is not only the emotion in the song, but also the heart of the piper.
Example 2: Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness.
The words "splash" and "shock" are not only fresh words, but also add to the poet's inner pain of hating others.
Example 3: Mist from Yungu and Menggu enveloped Yueyang City.
"Steaming" and "shaking" are somewhat exaggerated.
Exodus 4: Rain makes the flowers wet and the wind darkens the leaves. ("Suburban Xing" Wang Bo)
In this poem, "wet" means "light" and "sparse" means "shadow", which is unusual in itself. Wang Bo wrote about the spring rain, which rained for a short time. After sunrise, there was no rain on the flowers, and it was even wetter under the sunlight, so the word "wet" was extremely accurate. The word "light" is full of energy, so the word "light" is affectionate. The wind stopped, and under the sunshine, the night shadow was clear and sparse, and the word "sparse" appeared, indicating that the sun was coming from the leaf shadow. It is written completely according to the lifestyle and looks very poetic. The words here are wonderful.
(2) Refine adjectives. Poetry is the subjective expression of social life. It is essential to draw a picture, turning abstraction into concreteness and invisibility into materiality, so that people can listen to its voice, see its people, touch its objects and experience its surroundings. A considerable part of this task is undertaken by adjectives. There are two situations that deserve special attention in refining adjectives in China's classical poems. One is the overlapping use of adjectives, and the other is the flexible use of adjectives, especially when they are used as verbs.
Example 1: "Before it rains, the stamens in the flowers are seen first, and after it rains, there are no flowers at the bottom of the leaves. Butterflies flying over the wall should suspect that spring scenery is next door. This is a beautiful scene written by Wang Jia. Wang Anshi changed those two sentences to "bees and butterflies fly over the wall one after another, but spring scenery is next door." In addition to changing "butterfly" into "bee" and "should" into "que", the key to refining Chinese characters lies in "flying".
Example 2: A cautious "dream soul wants to go, but it is afraid that the dream will be covered by worries" ("High balcony, send friends to Vietnam"), in which the word "light" is used to describe the dream soul, turning intangible into tangible, and it is also a wonderful use of synaesthesia in adjective tempering.
Modifiers-mostly adjectives and adverbs-are also the focus of attention in poetry appreciation.
Example 1: The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, and there is an isolated city, Wan Ren Mountain.
A word "loneliness" can describe the loneliness of the environment and reach people's hearts directly.
Example 2: Young married women in boudoir don't know how to worry, so they put on Cui Lou in spring. Suddenly I saw the green willows, and I felt uncomfortable; Oh, I regret that I shouldn't have asked my husband to find Hou Feng. ("in my heart forever" Wang Changling)
After dressing up, the young woman rushed to Cuilou to enjoy the spring scenery. At this time, the author used a word "suddenly", which means casual and just right. The person she met-the willow color that broke into her eyes reminded her of the scene when she broke the willow with her husband, and she couldn't help but feel sad when she thought of her husband. This is a young woman with a childish face. A word "suddenly" vividly describes this emotional change, which is exactly what this poem is intriguing.
(3) Refine quantifiers. Excellent poets carefully select refined quantifiers, and under their urging, they can produce rich and meaningful poetic feelings. There was once a poem: "One piece, two pieces, three or four pieces, five pieces, six pieces, seven pieces, eight pieces, ninety pieces, thousands of pieces, countless pieces, flying into plum blossoms, never seen." In Yu Xin's Xiao Yuan Fu, "one inch and two inches of fish, three poles and two poles of bamboo", the predecessors called it "indulging in reading".
Example 1: "In the former village of Zita Law, several branches blossomed last night". Zheng Gu changed the word "several branches blossom" in the poem "Morning Plum" by monk Miracle to "one branch blossom", so Miracle worshipped Zheng Gu as a "ci teacher". This story is familiar to everyone, so I don't need to repeat it. According to the Yuan Dynasty Confucian scholar's Study on Old Learning, Zhang Juxuan wrote a poem, "It rains at night when the water is half flowing, and a tree blooms early. Where is spring?" Yuan Yishan believes that once the "tree" is pointed out, there is no doubt. At the same time, a plum tree is by no means precocious, so he changed "a tree" into "several points" and "a plum tree"
Special words: In poetry, some words themselves are different:
A. Reduplicated words: Reduplicated words have two functions: enhancing the sense of rhythm of language or playing an emphasis role.
The willows in Jiang Shuiping are green, and I can hear the songs on the Langjiang River. (《lt； "Zhuzhi Ci" Part I, "Liu Yuxi")
The rising sun sheds light on doors of each household, New peachwood charm is put up to replace the old. ("Yuan Ri" Wang Anshi)
Looking around, lonely and sad. ("Slow Whispering" Li Qingzhao)
B Onomatopoeic words: Some onomatopoeic words are overlapping words, so they are listed separately because of their high frequency. Function makes poetry more vivid and makes people feel immersive.
Outside the curtain, the rain is gurgling, spring is fading, and Luo Can can't stand the cold. ("Langtaosha" Li Wei)
The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. ("Ascending the Mountain" Du Fu)
C. Words expressing colors: These words have only one function. Color generally expresses mood, enhances the sense of color and picture in description, and renders the atmosphere. When you appreciate it, you can grasp the words that can express light colors, and realize the rich artistic meaning and distinctive rhythm of "two orioles singing green willows and a row of egrets rising to the sky" in the poem. The four colors of yellow, green, white and cyan are patchy, extending from points and lines to infinite space. The picture is still and moving, and the three-dimensional rhythm is distinct. Or grasp the words in the poem that can show sharp contrast and appreciate the concentrated emotional color: "The fleeting people, cherry red, banana green." "Red" and "Greenway" show Jie Jiang's "colored thoughts" lamenting that time is in a hurry and spring is fleeting. Even if we grasp the words expressed by a single color, we can also appreciate the poet's deep affection: "Recalling the love in Tsing Yi, we pity the grass everywhere." "Whoever is drunk in the frost forest at dawn always makes people cry!" Pity and hurt feelings are both in "Young" and "Drunken Red".
Ten miles after the spring breeze, the wheat is green. ("Yangzhou Slow" Jiang Kui)
Lotus root is fragrant, and jade is lingering in autumn. ("A Plum Piece of Li Qingzhao")
The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves. ("Shu Xiang" Du Fu)
It should be emphasized that the refinement of words is not only the refinement of sound and shape, but also the refinement of meaning. Only by extracting sentences that conform to the theme and situation from articles and sentences can the extracted words be truly polished, and successful text extraction is closely combined with the extracted meaning.
Third, summarize the language style of poetry.
"Style" refers to the different creative characteristics caused by the author's life experience and artistic accomplishment. For example, Li Bai's poems are fresh and elegant, Du Fu's poems are depressed and frustrated, Tao Yuanming's poems are diluted and peaceful, Wang Wei's poems are picturesque, Han Yu's poems are mysterious and strange, and Bai Juyi's poems are popular and distinctive. For another example, according to the ci theorists, Su Shi and Xin Qiji's ci are bold and unrestrained, while Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao's ci are graceful and restrained. Understanding its style and characteristics means understanding the beauty of language and its connotation.
1 Romanticism: Good at expressing passionate pursuit of the ideal world, often using exaggerated and passionate language and magnificent imagination.
◇ Realism: Pay attention to accurately and delicately describe the imagination according to the original appearance of life.
2. Bold school: the momentum is bold and the artistic conception is magnificent.
Graceful school: the language is beautiful and subtle, lyrical and lingering.
Bold: Su Shi, Xin Qiji
Graceful and restrained: Liu Yong, Jiang Kui, Li Qingzhao
Meaningful: Li Yu, Liu Yuxi
Nature: Xie Tiao and Xie Lingyun
Fresh and elegant: Li Bai
Frustration and frustration: Du Fu
Powerful and tragic: Qu Yuan
Distant and quiet: Tao Yuanming
Jingmei: Wang Wei
Magnificent and heroic: Wang Changling
Powerful and majestic: Cao Cao
Broad-minded and handsome: Du Mu
It is worth noting that the special case of a poet's style is often the proposition point. For example, Li Qingzhao is good at graceful words, and there are also bold words of "90,000 Li Fengpeng is in the right place"; Su Shi is famous for The River of No Return, but he has such sad works as Ten Years of Life and Death, Missing a full moon makes people feel quiet at first.
Palace poetry: lingering
Pastoral poetry: tranquility and serenity
Landscape Poetry: Fresh and Beautiful
Frontier poems: sad and generous
Allegory Poetry: Repression and Anger
Poetry: magnificent
Nostalgia: deep and long-lasting
Farewell poems: meaningful
[Answer Paradigm] Clarify the characteristics (accurately say the language characteristics in one or two words)+list examples (specifically analyze this characteristic with relevant sentences in the poem)+analyze feelings (point out how the poet's feelings are expressed)
[Example 1]
Heartbroken in spring
Get rid of the oriole, get rid of all the music on the tree.
They woke her up when she dreamed that she went to meet him in Liaoxi camp.
Combined with the whole poem, this paper briefly analyzes the language characteristics of this poem.
A: The language features of this poem are fresh and natural, colloquial (Ming characteristics), and "Huang" is a child's voice, which shows the innocence of women. "They woke her up in her dream and said that she had gone to the camp in western Liaoning to meet him there." In simple language, the oriole was beaten because it disturbed her dream of missing her husband (give examples). This is a very natural expression of a woman's longing for her husband.
[Example 2]
Four Long Dry Songs (Part I) Cui Hao
"Tell me, where do you live? ? Near here, next to the fishing pond? . "
Stop the boat. Sorry, if we belong to the same town. ..
Q: Please comment on the linguistic features of this poem. (4 points)
A: The language of this poem is simple and natural, lively and fresh, like a folk song. (Ming characteristics) Where to live, in Hengtang, through the dialogue form of self-questioning and self-answering, with simple oral language, without carving, (example) set off a simple and true image of a boatman woman. (analyzing feelings)