China was defeated by Japan in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-0/894+65438. 1in the spring of 895, the B-class scholar was in Beiping, waiting for the exam to be announced. The news that treaty of shimonoseki ceded Taiwan Province Province and Liaodong and paid 220 million taels of silver suddenly reached us, and the people who took the exam in Beijing were furious. Taiwan Province juren is crying.
Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei jointly launched a campaign of "writing on the bus" with people from all provinces. On April 22nd, Kang Youwei wrote an 18,000-word "The Emperor in Today's Book", which was responded by 18 provincial juren and countersigned by 1200 people. On May 2nd, juren from eighteen provinces and thousands of citizens gathered in front of Duchayuan to represent them in the battle.
The Letter on the Bus is regarded as a sign that the reformists stepped onto the historical stage, and also as the beginning of the mass political movement in China.
2. 1898 Reform Movement
The Reform Movement of 1898 was a bourgeois reform movement represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. It advocated learning from the West, advocating scientific culture, reforming the political and educational systems, and developing agriculture, industry and commerce through Emperor Guangxu.
The Reform Movement of 1898 was implemented in June 1898+0 1. Its main contents include: reforming government institutions, abolishing redundant staff and appointing reformers; Encourage private enterprises to set up industrial and mining enterprises; Open new schools to attract talents, translate western books and spread new ideas;
Establish newspapers and open their opinions; At the same time, it is stipulated that the imperial examination should abolish stereotyped writing, redundant yamen and useless official positions. However, because the reform harmed the interests of the old school headed by Empress Dowager Cixi, it was strongly resisted and opposed.
1Sept. 2, 8981Empress Dowager Cixi and others launched the coup of the Reform Movement of 1898, Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled to France, Japan respectively, and Tan Sitong and other six gentlemen of the Reform Movement were killed, which lasted 103 days and failed.
The Reform Movement of 1898 was a patriotic reform movement, an important political reform in the modern history of China, and also an enlightenment trend of thought, which promoted ideological emancipation, social progress and ideological and cultural development, and promoted the progress of modern China society.
3. The founding era.
1896 was established in Shanghai on August 9th. Founded by Huang Zunxian, Wang, Liang Qichao. Xun magazine, with historical papers and lithographs. Liang Qichao, the general manager of Wang, is the first magazine run by China people. The following year, Liang Qichao went to Hunan and still got the magazine from afar.
Due to Zhang Zhidong's interference, the Prime Minister presided over the main work and the contradictions intensified. Liang Qichao resigned in a rage, and there was no Liang Wen after the fifty-fifth issue, and the arrangement was different from before.
1898 At the end of July, Emperor Guangxu changed The Times into an official newspaper, but Wang refused. On August 8, 1898, the publication was closed, with a total of 69 issues published. On August 17 of the same year, Wang changed his registration to a daily newspaper for publication.
4. Poetry Revolution
During the 22nd and 23rd years of Guangxu, Xia Cengyou, Tan Sitong and Liang Qichao began to try "new poetry". Tan Sitong and others try to open up new sources of poetic language and express new bourgeois ideas, which has its positive and desirable side.
But they actually narrowed the language source of poetry, and their works completely ignored the artistic requirements of poetry, divorced from tradition and the masses, and soon lost their vitality.
After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Liang Qichao fled abroad, focusing on cultural propaganda and promoting literary improvement. "Poetry Revolution" has become one of the important aspects.
He opened columns in Tsing Yi Daily, Xinmin Cong Daily and New Novel, published works by Tan Sitong, Tang, Kang Youwei, Huang Zunxian, You, Qiu and Xia Cengyou, and wrote his own poems in the ice room, expounding his theoretical views and praising Huang Zunxian and other new poets. The poetic revolution formed a certain scale and momentum.
The revolution in the field of poetry has impacted the archaism and formalism that have dominated the field of poetry for a long time, requiring writers to try their best to reflect the new era and new ideas. Some new style poetry languages tend to be popular, and they are not bound by the old style rhythm, which has played a role in liberating the expressive force of poetry at that time.
Liang Qichao and others emphasized keeping the old style, but also bound their hands and feet, making it just new wine in old bottles. Although some progress has been made in the reform of China's classical poetry, little progress has been made.
5. Build a strong society
1895 In August, with the support of Weng Tonghe, the bureaucratic leader of the Imperial Party, a strong society initiated by Kang Youwei and organized by a bachelor's degree was established in Beijing. Chen Chi is the headmaster and Liang Qichao is the clerk. Ding Lijun, Zhang and Shen were appointed as managing directors and presided over the meeting.
Yang Rui, Shen Zengtong, Xu Shichang, Yuan Shikai, Zhang Zhidong, Nie Shicheng, Wang Daxie, Sun Jianai, timothy richard and gilbert reid are members.
On June+10, 5438, the Shanghai Strong Society was established, and its articles of association were drawn up, stating that it was "committed to China's self-improvement", with gathering books, specializing in adults as its "holy religion".
1896 65438+1October 20th, Yang Chongyi, the late party suggested impeaching Qiangshe, please forbid it. The association was later changed into an official bookstore, specializing in "translating and engraving books from various countries", allowing discussion of current events and not allowing Tibetans. It is divided into four branches: academic affairs, book selection, bureau affairs and newspaper affairs. A powerful society that "represents China's self-improvement" will violate its original purpose. Beijing Strong Society was banned and Shanghai Strong Society was dissolved.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Liang Qichao