First of all, make use of the intertextuality of the materials to deepen the understanding of the text.
Two articles, The Theory of Six Kingdoms and The Theory of Yue Qin, are based on the historical fact that Qin destroyed six countries and unified China. The former focuses on the reasons for the collapse of the six countries and puts forward the view that "the collapse of the six countries harms Qin" to warn the current monarch; The latter emphatically analyzed the reasons for the decline of Qin State from prosperity, and put forward the viewpoint that "benevolence and righteousness are not applied but the offensive and defensive potential is different". Although the two articles comment on history from different perspectives and have different writing purposes, because of the same materials, they can provide us with multiple perspectives to understand and evaluate history, and gain richer historical understanding through the mutual reference of the two articles. There is a saying in On Qin: "So we broke up and lost. We fought for territory and paid tribute to Qin. Qin spared no effort to control its disadvantages, chasing death and driving north, burying millions of bodies and bleeding; Take advantage of the trend, slaughter the world and split the mountains and rivers. Strong countries please serve, and weak countries enter the DPRK. " It proves that "the disadvantage lies in bribing Qin" in the Theory of Six Kingdoms. However, when Qin Xiaogong was mentioned in On the Qin Dynasty, the State of Qin "legislated internally, cultivated and weaved, maintained the tools of war, and checked and balanced the vassals externally", and listed in detail the military, political and economic talents of the six countries. From this point of view, the demise of the six countries can not only be attributed to "bribing Qin", but the best policy is to divide the land for peace when the six countries are forced to have no choice.
When Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, there was a way of writing "co-occurrence", that is, the method of dispersing a character's deeds in different places and focusing on his own biography. Chapters such as Houlun, Hongmen Banquet, Biography of Xiang Yu and Gao Ancestral Family fully reflect the personality characteristics of Liu Bang, Xiang Yu and their advisers, feuds and the reasons for the provincial government. For example, the legend of "dying for the elderly" in Hou Lun highlights the "forbearance" to emphasize the importance of "forbearance" to his career. "forbearance" means "forbearance", and it can also be said that it is good at hiding-it can not only realize its own strategy, but also make the king feel threatened. At the Hongmen Banquet, Sean's way of doing things just confirmed Sean's way of doing things: when Xiang Bo arrived at Liu Bang's barracks overnight and told Zhang Liang about Xiang Yu's plot, Sean even had already thought about the countermeasures and kept them in mind. However, he did not take the initiative, and directly presented a plan to Liu Bang, but let Liu Bang decide. It was not until Liu Bang anxiously asked himself "why" that he gently reminded Liu Bang; At the banquet, the situation was pressing and Liu Bang was dying. Sean indirectly ran to Fan Kuai to "nudge" Fan Kuai, and Fan Kuai became a fearless hero at the banquet. Sean's forbearance is fully reflected in the mutual supplement of several articles.
Second, use intertextuality to deepen text understanding.
The traditional themes of China's literary works are as follows: first, to express the life ideal of actively joining the WTO and serving the country; The second is to express the praise of pure love and the pursuit of freedom of love and marriage; The third is to express the complex of returning to nature. The similarity or similarity of China's literary works, especially ancient works, provides us with an effective way to deeply understand the text.
Starting from Confucius, "actively joining the WTO" has become an intellectual's attitude towards life, and "loyalty to the monarch", "patriotism" and "protecting the people" have become the natural mission of intellectuals. National consciousness and people's livelihood consciousness are the starting points of many texts, and even if the individual's desire to make contributions is expressed, it is born from this. Qu Yuan's Lisao and Crossing the River are full of sadness. In addition to expressing his antipathy to "loyalty being slandered, believing in suspicion", he was even more anxious about the monarch's wrong practice of "being close to a villain and being far away from a virtuous minister" and worried that the country "loved birds and gave birth to chickens, but the day was far away; Worried about the chaos of "the sparrow is black, but the magpie returns to the altar to nest", such as Du Fu's poems "Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity" and "Ode to Monuments", expressed a strong feeling of serving the country and the world. Xin Qiji's Water Shadow Dragon? Deng's healthy banquet pavilion and music that he has never met before? Works such as "Looking Back on the Past at Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou" satirize the present through the ancient times, sincerely put forward suggestions to contemporaries, and strongly expressed the idea of "being strong when old". In fact, from ancient political articles such as Lonely Country and On Qin, or to exhort or comment on history, to modern articles that seem to write personal feelings, such as Autumn in the Old Capital and Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, all involve this theme to some extent.
Love is an eternal topic for human beings. Everyone longs for truly pure love, but there is also betrayal in this beautiful feeling, and there is also material infiltration in this emotional world. Therefore, expressing the praise of faithful love and the pursuit of equality, freedom, love and marriage have become the same theme in many texts. For example, in The Foolish Man, as the heroine is like a mulberry leaf, she changes from "her leaves are fertile" to "her yellow leaves are withered" and gradually loses her beautiful face, the attitude of the foolish man has changed from "laughing" to "learning", and through the heroine's self-report, she attacks the ungrateful people who are unfaithful to love. In Peacock Flying Southeast, Liu Lanzhi and Jiao Zhongqing, two natural couples, finally broke up because of their mother-in-law's dissatisfaction. However, after their double suicide, they realized the perfection of love through a tree with interlaced branches and leaves. The confrontation between "the alliance of wood and stone" and "the marriage of gold and jade" in A Dream of Red Mansions has won the material world represented by "gold and jade" in form, but the spiritual and emotional connection between Bao Dai is as strong as fate. Shu Ting's To the Oak clearly declares the modern women's love concept: "Cold wave, wind and frost, thunderbolt" and "* * * enjoy the mist, flowing orchid and rainbow".
"Fisherman" in Qu Yuan's Songs of the South and "He" in Confucius' The Analects of Confucius? Zhang Ren and Fang Fang in Su Shi's Fang Zhuan are "hermits" in China culture. The prototype of "seclusion" reveals the life value orientation of China literati class that "if you are rich, you will help the world, and if you are poor, you will be immune to it", which reflects the contradiction and struggle between intellectuals' entry into the WTO and their birth under the influence of Confucianism and Taoism. When the life ideal of helping ordinary people can't be realized and their dignity and personality are facing subversion, intellectuals turn their eyes to nature, eager to realize secular liberation in the opening of nature, and gain spiritual purification and peace of mind. They get the inspiration of life in nature, reach the state of forgetting things, and form a tepid and calm spirit. The story of Peach Blossom Garden has created a natural world of "Xanadu". People in the Peach Blossom Garden "work at sunrise and rest at sunset", maintaining the lifestyle of natural people, but being happy regardless of external changes. Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Lanting describes his drinking and having fun with his friends in the Lanting. Although he felt the philosophy of "knowing that a dead life is a false birth and Peng Qi's grief is an illusion", he was more attached to the beautiful scenery in front of him and "feathered" himself in this landscape, "looking up at the vastness of the universe and overlooking the prosperity of various categories". "Gui Xi Ci" and "Gui Yuan" opened up an ideal pastoral world opposite to the gentry society, in which the world gained real pleasure in life.
Thirdly, intertextuality is used in methods and techniques to deepen text understanding.
The inheritance and reference of a text to other texts is not only in content, but also in form, that is, the borrowing and transformation of methods and skills. Therefore, the comparison of creative skills used between texts can also deepen reading comprehension. In poetry, especially in China's classical poetry, the expression of the coexistence of reality and reality is often used. Poetry begins with the description of reality, and draws the scene of another day in association, thus highlighting the scene and feelings at this time. In Liu Yong's Lin Yuling, when the poet leaves his friends, he thinks about the scenery, events and people he will face after a journey, and uses different day scenes such as "twilight is heavy" and "the breeze is fading away" to strengthen his reluctance to his friends and his confusion about the future, and expresses his deep affection and true meaning with the loneliness of different days. This expression is also used in Li Shangyin's Notes to Friends in the North on a Rainy Night: "Ask Jun to return, it rains late in the autumn pool. When * * * cuts the candle at the west window, it talks about the rain at night. " In addition to the autumn rain, the poem highlights the yearning for hometown and relatives, and also strengthens the pain here and now through thinking about the scenery of another day. On another day, the reunion and joy of "cutting the window candle" make a person's loneliness and sadness stand out today. Double-line structure method is to set two clues in the narrative process, separate the two events, reflect, contrast, cross and overlap each other, so as to better convey feelings and ideas. The double-line structure is used in many works of Lu Xun, such as Medicine and Blessing. In medicine, Yu Xia took part in the revolution, was betrayed by his relatives, was killed, and was finally made into medicine. It was one line, and it was another line that spent the old family selling medicine and taking medicine, but the medicine could not be saved. In "Blessing", "I" came to Luzhen, and "I" recalled the fragments of Sister Xianglin's life I had seen before, and "I" woke up from the memories, which is a line. Seeing that Mrs. Lin came to Luzhen as a widow, was sold and remarried, lost her son and husband, and then went to Luzhen, which is another line. The parallel way of the two lines in the two works gives the author great significance. Hua Xiaoshuan's foolish death and Yu Xia's foolish death deepened the tragic implication of his works. The death of Sister Xianglin gave me mental shackles, and moral guilt gave more intellectuals like me the courage to act.
Flaubert once said, "If someone asks the author where his writing started, the author might as well answer,' I think I remembered something, so I continued to write'." "Any literary text does not exist in isolation, but is the result of inheriting and absorbing other texts. Text and text are open to each other, and each literary work forms a relationship of creation and understanding with its previous literary works and contemporary literary works. Therefore, when reading a text, it is impossible to understand it completely without other texts, but to enrich the understanding of the text in the cross-reference of the text.