The life of the character
Jia Dao was born in a poor family in his early years. He once lived in Shi Cun, Shiyukou, Fangshan, but left Jia. 19-year-old travel, know Meng Jiao and so on. And ponder Han Yu. After returning to the secular world, scholars were introduced repeatedly. Tang Wenzong was the main book of Changjiang County (now Pengxi County, Sichuan Province), so he was called "Jia Changjiang". His poems are good at carving, and he likes to write desolate and lonely places, full of bitterness and feelings. He claimed to be "two sentences in three years, one song and two tears". But then the treasurer of Zhou Pu joined the army and died anywhere. The Collection of the Yangtze River 10 volume contains more than 390 poems. In addition, there are 3 volumes of small collections and 1 volume of poems. His poems like to describe desolate and lonely places, and there are many bitter words. Good at five-character poems. Pay attention to words and expressions, and deliberately look for a job. The allusion of "scrutiny" comes from his poem "Monks Knock (Push) on the Door under the Moon". He is the author of The Yangtze River Collection. [ 1]
Jia Dao and Meng Jiao are also called "thin suburban islands", Meng Jiao is called "poetry prisoner" and Jia Dao is called "poetry slave". They don't like to associate with ordinary people all their lives. Biography of Talented Talents in Tang Dynasty called him "a man who knows foreign affairs". He only likes to write poems and mourning poems and work hard on words.
In the winter of the fifth year of Yuanhe (8 10), I went to Chang 'an and met Zhang Ji. The following spring, I went to Chang 'an, visited Han Yu for the first time, and deeply appreciated my poems. After secularization, scholars were introduced repeatedly. When he was literate, he was demoted to the main book of Changjiang (now Daying County, Sichuan Province) for slander. He once wrote the poem Sick Cicada (Chronology of Tang Poetry). In the fifth year of Kaicheng (840), he moved to Zhou Pu to join the army. Five cases of Huichang died in Zhou Pu on July 28th (August 27th) in 843.
Jia Dao's poetry formed a school in the late Tang Dynasty, which had great influence. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Wei's "Poet's Picture of Subject and Object" was listed as one of the seven people who entered the church as "pure and elegant". In Qing Dynasty, Huaiming Li called him a "lonely man" in the Poet's Subject and Object Map of the Middle and Late Tang Dynasty, and listed many disciples as "entering the room" and "visiting the door". In the late Tang Dynasty, Dong Li, Sun Sheng and others in the Five Dynasties respected Jia Dao very much, and even burned incense to worship his portraits and poems, which was like a miracle (Biography of Tang People, Reading Records of County Zhai). Jia Dao's Collection of the Yangtze River 10, with four series widely used, was photocopied and translated in Song Dynasty. The New Collection of the Yangtze River is based on Jia's poems collected in The Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty, and other books and related anthologies, anthologies and appendices, such as Chronicle of Jia Dao, Examination of Jia Dao's Friends, and Jia Dao's Poetry Review, are relatively complete.
Taiping guangji
original text
Jia Dao's words are "Langxian" and "Yuanhe", while Bai Yuan is still shallow, and the island's independence has become secluded and charming. Although I sat sleeping, I didn't stop chanting. Try to cross the road by donkey. When the autumn wind is strong, the yellow leaves can be swept. The island suddenly sang, "The fallen leaves are all over Chang 'an. "It was impossible to get a joint punishment, but because of Liu Qichu's prevarication, he was released overnight. I also tasted Wuzong, a quiet house, and the island was particularly insulting and dumbfounded. One day, an imperial edict was issued, ordering an official to be deposed, granting a special commander to Changjiang County, and temporarily moving to a warehouse in Zhou Pu.
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Jia Dao is a fairy. In the Middle Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Zhen's and Bai Juyi's poems were all superficial, and Jia Dao pursued the change and defamiliarization of his poems alone to correct the lightness of his poems. Whether walking, sitting or eating, he never forgets to recite poems. I once rode a donkey under an umbrella through the streets of Chang 'an. At that time, the autumn wind was blowing violently and yellow leaves were everywhere. Jia Dao suddenly sang a poem: "Leaves are falling all over Chang 'an. "I forgot to avoid it because I couldn't think of another corresponding poem because I was impatient. I collided with Zhao Yin and Liu Qichu's sedan chair and honor guard in Dajing, and was arrested and locked up all night before I was released. On another occasion, he met Wu Zong in Dingshui Jingshe. Jia Dao was very rude to the emperor, and the emperor was very surprised. Later, the emperor ordered him to be demoted to Changjiang county magistrate. Soon after, he was appointed treasurer of Jinzhou and died in his office.
Anecdotes of characters
Becoming a monk at an early age
John young, Jia Dao's hometown, was once An Lushan's lair. After the Anshi Rebellion was put down, it was occupied by the buffer region for a long time and was in a semi-isolated state. Jia Dao was born in a humble family. So his early behavior rate can't be tested. Legend has it that he tried several times before he was 30, and all failed. Frustrated and forced to make a living, I had to become a monk and take a dharma name without publishing a book. His poor family and lonely life of meditation have cultivated his withdrawn, indifferent and introverted personality. He likes to be alone and curious, and he is lighter than wealth, and his feelings are vivid in his face, which is quite rare in the world. But he still loves to recite poems and is often carried away by the idea of good sentences. "Although I sit and sleep, I will never stop singing." Therefore, Jia Dao is regarded as a typical poet in the Tang Dynasty.
Study the origin carefully
One day, Jia Dao visited a friend named Li Ning on the outskirts of Chang 'an. He searched along the mountain road for a long time before he touched Li Ning's home. At this time, the night is quiet and the moonlight is bright. His knock on the door woke up the birds in the tree. Unfortunately, Li Ning was not at home that day, and Jia Dao left a poem:
Li Ning's Seclusion
Living leisurely here, few neighbors come, and the overgrown path leads to the wilderness.
Birds inhabit trees by the pool, and monks push the moon down the door.
Walking across this bridge, you can see the charming scenery of Ye Yuan, and the feet of clouds seem to be moving on the floating rocks.
I will leave here for a while, but I will come back and retire with my friends on the appointed date.
The next day, Jia Dao rode a donkey back to Chang 'an. On the way, he remembered the poem he improvised last night, and felt that the word "push" in "Birds by the Pool Stay in the Tree, Monks Push the Moon Down the Door" was not appropriate enough, and it might be more appropriate to use "knock" instead. Jia Dao rode on a donkey, sang songs, knocked at the door and pushed the door, and unconsciously entered Chang 'an. People in the street are amused to see him like this. At this time, Han Yu, who was an official in Beijing, came face to face with the honor guard. Pedestrians and vehicles gave way, and Jia Dao rode a donkey with lively gesticulations and broke into the guard of honor. Send someone to take him to see Han Yu.
Han Yu asked Jia Dao why he trespassed. Jia Dao read the poem he wrote to Han Yu, but he couldn't make up his mind whether to use "push" or "knock" in a sentence. Han Yu listened and thought with great interest. After a while, he said to Jia Dao, "I'd better type." Visiting a friend on a moonlit night, even if your friend's house is not bolted, you can't rush to the door. Knocking at the door shows that you are a polite person! In addition, the word "knock" adds a little more noise in the dead of night. There is movement in the silence, is it not lively? " Jia Dao listened to nodding. Not only did he not get punished this time, but he also made friends with Han Yu.
Since then, deliberation has become a popular word, which means that when making an essay, writing a poem or doing something, you have to ponder and consider it repeatedly to get the best result.
Imperial examination high school
Is Jia Dao abrupt with Liu Qichu? Are you a scholar? In what year did you become a scholar? I can't pass the exam either, but it's true that my career is bumpy. Jia Dao took many exams, but all of them fell behind in Sun Shan. On one occasion, he was not only dismissed from his post, but also detained "on business" because he "stabbed a public official by singing a sick cicada"
Heinous "hat. What saddens him even more is that his good friend Meng Jiao died of a sudden illness in the 9th year of Yuanhe (8 14). In the fourth year of Changqing (824), Han Yu died of illness again. At this time, Jia Dao was still an ordinary white man. It was not until Jia Dao was old that Jia Dao became the main book of Changjiang County. In the fifth year (840), Jia Dao passed the exam for three years and moved to Zhou Pu (now Anyue County, Sichuan Province) to join the army. In the third year of Huichang (843), Jia Dao died on July 28th (August 27th).
Jia Dao's contribution to the post of the main book of the Yangtze River is not recorded in the history books. Su Jiang, a native of Tang Dynasty, praised Jia Dao for "being in office for three years and never letting go" in his Epitaph of Jia Sicang. It seems that Jia Dao's hobby of reading and reciting poems has not changed since he became an official.
Write poetry assiduously
Jia Dao is famous for writing poems diligently. This is also reflected in his own poems. For example, in the poem "No Man", he wrote "Walking alone at the bottom of the pool": "After two sentences of three years, tears flowed. If you don't appreciate your confidant, you will return to the mountain. " "Two sentences in three years" is naturally exaggerated, but he often takes pains to recite poems, but it is true. Compilation and Drawing of Su Wen's "Wuzhong Ren Xian Spectrum"
It is precisely because of his efforts that he was able to make up for the lack of talent, and finally won a place in the dazzling Tang Dynasty poetry world, leaving many excellent works. For example, his "Chu Shi on the River": "When Fujian sails, the toad is desperate. Autumn wind blows the Weihe River and leaves fall all over Chang 'an. Tonight, the weather is cold and thunderstorm. Lan Shoushu has not returned, and the news is in the clouds. "The whole poem is full of backbones, and poetry is turning. In particular, the couplets of "Autumn wind blows the Weihe River and leaves are full of Chang 'an" are natural, humorous and desolate, vividly conveying the poet's deep affection for remembering his friends, and are worthy of being told through the ages.
Another example is his "Message to Korea for the Recovery of Chaozhou". "This heart followed the Mulan boat until the tide came to the south. Come to China for an appointment every other chapter, and the letter will pass. The peak hangs on the postal road, the clouds break, and the roots of the city are immersed in the sea. The smoke and wind swept away overnight, and at the beginning of the next month, I went to langxi Building. " Write Jia Dao's suspense and sympathy for Han Yu, which sets off Han Yu's aboveboard, broad realm, high syllables and long charm, indicating that Jia Dao saw meaningful brushstrokes in a plain place.
Another example is his poem "Xia Di": "How can I live in the emperor's hometown with my first empty bag! Apricot garden is full of tears, who is drunk for flowers? Tears fall on distant mountains, and spring grass grows in illness. Friends are good to meet, and the three townships are good. " Expressed his painful feelings after being seriously backward. Jia Dao was very frustrated, lonely and poor all his life, and his political career was extremely difficult. Therefore, his poems mainly describe the lonely and secluded realm. But sometimes there are works of generosity and agitation, such as his "Song of the Sick Stork": "Handsome birds also jump on the high ground and climb down the ladder abruptly. Sometimes it is revealed that nothing goes with the wind. Borrow the swift to get the jade rabbit, and brush the golden rooster in the sun later. Bak Yan's hairiness has been shattered, how can you be ambitious? " Again, my ambition remains unchanged, and my ambition is hard to grind. I still fantasize about the chance to fight in the air. This intense factor in his thoughts is often vented by the images of old generals and veterans. For example, his "A Generation of Old Generals": "The old story says that it is like a dream, who should believe the old man? There are several battlefields, and there is no one in the Ministry. Collect sick horses at sunset and take pictures on sunny days. Youxi Sheng Chao uses it. He has a white moustache. " His "A Generation of Border Generals": "Holding Ge Cluster to the border, the cloud will be harvested after the war. Cry cold when the grass is exposed, and sing long in the spring at night. Hold the iron in three feet and run for the bull. It is not expensive to serve the country, and anger will be flat. " His swordsman: "It takes ten years to grind a sword, but the frost blade has never tried." I'll show you today who is unfair. "His" Meet the Old ":"Don't fight when you are a few years old, but advise to drink now. I envy you for walking across the Yellow River without white hair. The soldiers in the old house burned out, and the new palace fought more and more every day. The demon star still has horns, and a few feet of iron are reground. "These poems are full of heroism and strong character. Unfortunately, Jia Dao had this ambition but no opportunity, which led to his failure to display his talents, leaving only his Poems of the Yangtze River.
Jia Dao's poems and his bitter spirit are still very influential in the late Tang and Five Dynasties. For example, in the late Tang Dynasty, Dong Li "enjoyed the Yangtze River calmly, so he wrote an island statue in bronze and put it in a towel. I often miss Jia Daoxian with a few beads, a thousand times a day. People who like islands will personally give them poems to remind them to say it four times: this is no different from Buddhist scriptures, burn incense and worship. " Another example is Sun Sheng in the Southern Tang Dynasty, who painted a portrait of Jia Dao and hung it on the wall for worship day and night. Although Jia Dao believed in immortal Buddha before his death, I'm afraid he never thought that someone behind him regarded him as immortal because of his poems. If he lives in heaven, he will be content to be immortal after death!
The Poetic Style of Meng Jiao, Jia Dao and Guqiao
Su Dongpo is a very interesting person. He doesn't have the poetic style of Ouyang Xiu's June 1 poem and You Mao's whole Tang poem, but he often has sensational views on poetry. Such as "viewing poetry, there are paintings in poetry; There are poems in the painting. " "Du Fu's poems, Korean poems and Yan Shu's poems are all masterpieces." Meng Haoran's poetic rhyme is high but short. He also put forward "... thin on a cold island in the suburbs", and it was summed up so accurately, vividly and vividly.
The reason why "being thin in a suburban island" comes from the poetic style of Meng Jiao and Jia Dao mainly refers to the narrow pattern, poor mood and bitter spirit reflected in their poems. Both of them are decent officials who have never done anything in their lives. Meng Jiao, essentially Geng Jie, is a person who is not good at communicating with others. After taking three exams, I won a Jinshi at the age of 50 and got a poor little official position. But he usually spends his time drinking, playing the piano, making friends and writing poems, and is indifferent to government affairs. Finally, someone else took his place, went home with half his salary and lived a poor life.
Therefore, his poems are becoming more and more "cold", such as: poverty and illness can be ashamed, so there is no new fur on the bed. Spring burns the skin and the meal is bitter. Tired sleep smells and strong words sound soft. Cheng Yan was caught in a trap, and his tears did not dare to flow. Silently in your heart, you will continue to worry about it. ("Disease") If you don't stop studying at night, there will be sorrow in your suffering. How not to be idle, heart and heart are enemies. It hurts to die, and you will be ashamed for many years if you are humiliated. There are no straight branches in the green laurel, and Bijiang misses the old tour. (The night is drifting away) Jia Dao used to be a monk and a "poetic Taoist". Biography of Talented Talents in the Tang Dynasty said that he "lived in Beijing for 30 years, and lost his literary field repeatedly, so he became a pagoda". Although he was so poor, he still didn't hide Jia Dao's humanity. One day, Xuanzong traveled incognito the temple where Jia Dao was located. He moved upstairs when he heard the sound of singing poems upstairs. When he saw a poem on the box, he took it out and read it. Jia Dao didn't know the emperor, so he made a sudden snatch and took it away. His expression was cold and sarcastic. Thanks to the emperor's grace, I went downstairs and left. Later, Jia Dao realized that something was wrong and was frightened. He rushed to the palace to confess his crime. This surprised the emperor. The interpretation of this story is too unreliable, but it shows the temperament of Jia Dao.
Meng Jiao and Jia Dao have lived in poverty for many years. Although both of them were rewarded and subsidized by Han Yu at that time, neither of them got rid of real life. So in their poems, words like "tears", "hatred", "death", "sadness" and "bitterness" can be seen everywhere.
"Autumn wind whispers, sad people hate to leave. At the moment when he was driven away, he faced each other with tears in his eyes and wanted to say something to each other, but he cried before he opened his mouth. There are thousands of words in my heart, but at this moment, I am too sad to say them. Forget it, and heaven remains our neighbourhood. " (Meng Jiao's "Farewell the Old and Welcome the New") "Try to see my concubine and your tears, two drops of water. Look at the hibiscus, who died for this year. " (Meng Jiao's poem "Resentment") "If you don't write a poem for a day, your heart is like a waste well. Brush inkstone is pulley, chanting is slap. If the DPRK smokes heavily, it will still be clear. Books are with people, and there are many hardships between the lines. " (Jia Dao's Play for Friends) That's it. "A poet should beware of prosperity, but demons can haunt wanderers" (Du Fu), because the poet has lived in poverty for many years, so it is possible to get in touch with society deeply, and his poems are more temperament and artistic.
Although Meng Jiao wrote such lofty sentiments as "Pride in Spring Breeze, Horseshoe Disease, See You One Day in Chang 'an", and also wrote such timeless famous sentences as "the thread in the hands of a fond-hearted mother, making clothes for wayward teenagers", these are not his main theme after all, but "cold in the suburbs" is his main color. Please look at his homesickness: "A sad person saw a candle at night and a hometown book burst into tears"; He wrote that the world is cold: "Abandoning it is like a knife wound"; He wrote about the emotional world like this: "Try my concubine and your tears, two drops of water"; He described the desolation of nature like this: "The cold dew dreams are broken, and the cold wind combs the bones. "."Poetry comes from the heart, from the heart. " (Su Shi's Reading Meng Dongye's Poems) This is the style of Meng Jiao. In Hanshu Hermit Poems, he said, "Meng Jiao's poems are poor and secluded, which is really bitter. From its syntax, Gree can be seen. It calls itself' singing at night, if you sing ghosts and gods. How not to be idle and be enemies with your heart. ""Although Jia Dao is not as good as Cold in the Suburb, it also has its own distinct personality. He wrote, "When I asked your students under a pine tree," he replied, "My teacher went to pick herbs." However, through these clouds, how can I know which corner of the mountain it is facing? The detached S poem once revealed that "it takes ten years to grind a sword, but the frost blade has never tried."
Today, the monarch's test is full of injustice, so he is in high spirits, but his poems are mainly "bitter songs", so they still seem narrow and carved. He himself described it this way: "Two words for three years, a song with two tears. If you don't appreciate your confidant, you will return to the mountain. " The most popular story about Jia Dao is the allusion of "Deliberation". It is said that he has been addicted to lettering for a long time, and one day he actually collided with Zhao Hanyu's motorcade, was photographed left and right, and pushed to Han Yu's face. "The island is real, undecided, wandering like an elephant, and I don't know how to avoid it", so I collided with an adult. It turned out that he was absorbed in thinking that "the bird stayed in the tree by the pool and the monk knocked at the door." The verb "push" in The Monk Knocks on the Moon cannot decide whether to use "push" or "knock". Han Yu is not surprised. He stopped to think for a long time before saying, "Good typing." Since then, I have made friends with Jia Dao, and I have also "taught grammar, climbed pagodas, and promoted to Jinshi." In fact, these two words can be used, but using "knock" has a kind of sound beauty, which can better set off the artistic conception in the dead of night.
Because Meng Jiao and Jia Dao usually write poems, they always think hard about their own words and sentences, coupled with the influence of the objective factors mentioned above, their poems will naturally have a "cold, thin and embarrassed" style. They are all "bitter poets" in the history of China's poetry. The difference is that Meng Jiao was the five great masters in ancient times, and Jia Dao was the first of the five laws.
According to the 752nd page of the Records of Jingxian County, Hebei Province, "Jiadao Village is more than 50 miles southwest of the county seat. There is Yungai Temple next to the village, where the Tang Dynasty poet Jia Daoxian became a monk.