(1) Pause
Pause refers to the sound pause between sentences or words. On the one hand, pause is due to the physiological needs of the reciter when reciting; On the other hand, it is the need of sentence structure; On the other hand, it is the need to fully express thoughts and feelings; At the same time, it can also give listeners room to appreciate, think, understand and accept, and help listeners understand the meaning of the article and deepen their impressions. Pause includes physiological pause, grammatical pause and emphasis pause.
1. Physiological pause
Physiological pause refers to the reader's short pause according to the need of breathing without affecting semantic integrity. Pay attention to physiological pause, not hinder semantic expression, and not split grammatical structure;
2. Grammatical pause
Grammatical pause reflects the grammatical relationship in a sentence, which is embodied as punctuation in written language. Generally speaking, the length of grammatical pause is roughly related to punctuation. Such as period, question mark, pause score after exclamation point, colon length; The pause after semicolon and colon is longer than comma; The pause after comma is longer than pause; Pauses between paragraphs are longer than pauses in sentences.
Emphasize pause
In order to emphasize something, highlight a certain meaning or a certain feeling, pause in writing where there are no punctuation marks, no physiological pause, or make a big pause in writing where there are punctuation marks. Such a pause is called emphasis pause. Emphasizing the pause is mainly arranged by carefully pondering the work and deeply understanding its internal meaning. For example:
Zunyi Conference corrected the serious principle error of "Left opportunism" committed in the fifth anti-encirclement campaign, United the Party and the Red Army, enabled the main forces of the CPC Central Committee and the Red Army to successfully complete the Long March, turned to the frontier of anti-Japanese, and implemented the new policy of the anti-Japanese national united front.
There are no punctuation marks after Zunyi Meeting, but in order to highlight the status of Zunyi Meeting and emphasize the great significance of Zunyi Meeting in the history of our party, there should be a pause, and it should be longer than the rest emphasized below. There are no punctuation marks after the words "correct", "unite", "enable", "transmit" and "implement", but in order to clearly show the great historical significance of "Zunyi Meeting", pause is applied, and all words marked with "║" and "│" in the sentence emphasize pause.
If you don't speculate on the work carefully and pause at will to show emphasis, it is easy to have a wrong understanding. For example, in He Jingzhi's Song of Lei Feng: "Come on! Let's catch Lei Feng's three stab wounds! " Some people pause after the "three articles", which will give the audience the illusion of "three arms" and affect the correctness of understanding.
pressure
Stress refers to the phenomenon that some words in a sentence are stressed when reading or speaking. Generally, it is reflected by increasing the intensity of sound. There are two kinds of stress: grammatical stress and stress stress.
1. Grammatical stress
According to the characteristics of grammatical structure, it is called grammatical stress to stress some parts of a sentence without expressing any special thoughts and feelings. The position of grammatical stress is relatively fixed, and the common law is:
① Predicates in short sentences are often stressed;
② Adverbials before verbs or adjectives are often stressed;
③ Verbs are followed by adjectives. Verbs and some phrases are often stressed as complements;
The attributive before nouns is often stressed;
⑤ Some pronouns are often stressed;
If there are many active components in a sentence, then there is more than one stress, and joint components such as attributes, adverbials and complements are often stressed first. For example:
How did we spend this stormy moment!
Let the flame burn red.
It is worth noting that the intensity of grammatical stress is not very strong, but it is heavier than other parts of the sentence.
Stress
Stress refers to the sound that is deliberately stressed in order to express a special feeling and emphasize a special meaning, in order to attract the listener's attention to a certain part he wants to emphasize. Where a sentence should be emphasized, there are no fixed rules, just the environment in which it is said. Dominated by content and emotion. The same sentence, with different stress, often has different meanings, such as:
I have been to Shanghai. Who has been to Shanghai? )
I have been to Shanghai. (Answer "Have you ever been to Shanghai")
I have been to Shanghai. (Answer "Beijing, Shanghai and other places, where have you been?" )
Therefore, when reading aloud, we should first carefully study the works and correctly understand the author's intention, so as to quickly and accurately find the place where the stress is emphasized. The difference between stress and grammatical stress is:
(1) In terms of volume. Grammatical stress gives people the impression that there is only a general degree of severity, while emphasizing stress gives people a distinct impression. The amount of stress is greater than that of grammatical stress.
(2) From the position. Emphasis stress may overlap with grammatical stress. When grammatical stress is subordinate to emphasis stress, just increase the volume slightly. Sometimes, these two pressures appear in different positions. At this time, the volume of stress is higher than that of grammatical stress.
(3) Judging from the difficulty of determining the stress. Grammatical stress is easy to find, which can be determined according to the characteristics of the internal grammatical structure of the sentence, and the determination of stress is closely related to the reader's learning and understanding of the work.
(C) the speed of speech
Speech speed refers to the length of each syllable and the tightness of the connection between syllables when speaking or reciting. The speed of speaking is determined by the speaker's feelings, and the speed of reading is related to the ideological content of the article. Generally speaking, warm, cheerful, excited and nervous content is faster; The content of calmness, solemnity, sadness, heaviness and reminiscence is slow. General narrative, explanation and discussion use medium speed. Take the dialogue between Zhou Puyuan and Lu Shiping in Thunderstorm as an example. When reading aloud, the speed of speech should be adjusted according to the changes of the characters' emotions, rather than reading aloud at the same speed. For example:
Zhou: Miss Mei's family is very virtuous and well-behaved. One night, I suddenly drowned. Later, later.-You know what? (slow. In order to get some information, Zhou Puyuan pretended to chat with Lu Shiping. )
Lu: This Mei girl did jump into the river one night, but not one. She was holding a boy who had just given birth for three days. It is said that she behaved badly before her death. (Slow down, Shi Ping recalls the sad past and tries to restrain her resentment so as not to be recognized by Zhou Puyuan. )
Lu: I saw her the other day! (medium speed)
Zhou: What? She's here? Here? (quick. Show Zhou Puyuan's surprise and nervousness)
Lu: Would you like to meet her, sir? (slow. Lu deliberately tempted)
Zhou: no, no, no (hurry. Show Zhou Puyuan's panic and guilt. )
Zhou: I don't think it's necessary to mention the past. (medium speed)
Lu: I want to mention it, I want to mention it, I have been bored for 30 years! (Quick, showing Lu Shiping's extreme grief and indignation, almost shouting)
(D) Sentence tone
In Chinese, words have tones and sentences have tones. We usually call words tone, which refers to the rise and fall of syllables. The tone of a sentence is called intonation, which refers to the rise and fall of a sentence. The mood of the sentence runs through the whole sentence, but it is especially obvious in the syllables of the sentence. According to the different mood and emotional attitude, the tone of a sentence can be divided into four types: rising tone, falling tone, flat tone and tonal tone.
1. The rising tone (↑) is low before and then high, and the language potential rises. Generally used to express doubts, rhetorical questions, surprises, etc.
2. Descending tone (↓), high before and low after, and the language potential gradually declines. It is generally used in declarative sentences, exclamatory sentences and imperative sentences to express feelings such as affirmation, determination, praise and blessing.
3. level tone. (1) This sound is smooth and soothing without obvious fluctuation. It can be used for statements and explanations without special feelings, and can also express feelings such as solemnity, sadness and indifference.
4. tune. The intonation of the whole sentence is curved, either rising first and then falling, or falling first and then rising, which often drags out the words that need to be highlighted in the sentence. This kind of sentence tone is often used to express irony, disgust, irony, suggestion and so on.
In addition to these basic means of expression, in order to make recitation vivid, we have to use some special means of expression, such as laughing, vibrato, crying and rereading. I won't introduce it in detail here.
Fourth, reciting is different from reading aloud and performing.
Reading aloud is different from reading aloud. Reading aloud is to read the article in a clear and loud voice and convey the ideological content of the article. Reciting is to recite the article with a clear and loud voice and convey the ideological content of the article. It can be seen that the requirement of reciting is higher than that of reading aloud. It requires not looking at the work, facing the audience, using body language such as eyes and gestures to help express the feelings of the work and arouse the audience's singing.
Recitation is often accompanied by gestures, gestures and other body language, but the gestures or actions when reciting should not be too much or too much. After all, reciting is different from acting. When performing, the actors do not communicate directly with the audience. He plays the role in the play and imitates their language. Action, he only communicates with the actors on the same stage, and the reciter communicates directly with the audience. He mainly conveys his feelings to the audience through his voice, which causes the audience to sing. Gestures and gestures are only auxiliary tools to help express their feelings, and should not be too much or too far away.
What is recitation?
Lang's voice is clear. Loud voice; Recitation, that is, recitation, is a kind of language art that uses clear and loud voice and combines various language means to perfectly express the thoughts and feelings of works.
Recitation is an important form of oral communication. Recitation can not only improve reading ability and artistic appreciation ability, but more importantly, through recitation, great men can cultivate their temperament, broaden their minds, behave in a civilized manner and enhance their understanding; Young people can effectively cultivate the ability to appreciate the nuances of language and vocabulary, and establish the self-recognition ability of the best oral expression. Therefore, if you want to be a master of oral expression and communication, you can't ignore reciting.