From 18 19 to 1823, Heine studied law and philosophy at Bonn University and Berlin University. He has heard lectures by the romantic writer august wilhelm Schlaege and the idealistic philosopher Hegel. Heine began his literary creation as early as 20 years old. His early poems, such as The Distress of Youth, Lyric Episode, The Return of the Native, Beihai Collection, etc., mainly focus on personal experience and love distress, reflecting the depression of personality and the distress of not finding a way out under feudal autocracy. In the winter semester of 1820, he came to the University of G? ttingen and joined a student organization. However, only in June 182 1 1, he was forced to leave the school and the organization. Still in G? ttingen, Heine received his doctorate in law at 1825.
"Like some people, I feel the same pain in Germany. If I say the most uncomfortable pain, I will say my pain. " The personal feelings expressed in these poems have certain social significance. When 1827 was collected and published, these poems were labeled as poetry lines. They show distinctive romantic style, simple and sincere feelings, and rich folk songs, which are welcomed by readers. Many of them have been set to music by composers, which are widely circulated in Germany and are excellent works of German lyric poetry.
From 1824 to 1828, Heine traveled to many places in the motherland, Britain, Italy and other countries. Because of his extensive contact with the society, he deepened his understanding of the real society and wrote four prose travel notes.
In the first part of Travel Notes on Mount Hatz, Heine described the suffocating situation in Germany in the 1920s with a humorous and lively style, satirizing feudal reactionary rulers, stale universities, vulgar philistines, reactionary nationalists and passive romantics. It depicts the magnificent natural scenery of the motherland with a strong lyrical style, and at the same time depicts the working life of miners in mountainous areas with deep sympathy.
In the second book "Thoughts-Collected Works of Le Grunter", Heine described the scene of the French army entering his hometown, portrayed the image of Napoleon, and showed the author's longing for the French Revolution and his hatred of German feudal rule.
In the third Italian travelogue, A Passage from Munich to Genoa, it describes the scenery and social life of Italy, exposes the reactionary nature of aristocratic Catholicism, and criticizes the tendency of aristocratic writers to be divorced from reality.
In the fourth English fragment, the writer depicts the sharp opposition between the wealthy aristocrats and the bourgeoisie and the working people, and exposes the greed and plunder of the big bourgeoisie.
The main tendency of these four notes is to attack the feudal reactionary rule of Germany and expect a more thorough bourgeois revolution in Germany. The creation of these four travel notes shows that Heine has grown into a revolutionary Democrat in thought, and in art, Heine has turned from describing his personal experiences and feelings in his youth to exploring social reality and moving towards realism.
Heine's ideological contradictions and doubts in his later years are manifested in his belief and understanding of productism. His ideological contradiction is the product of that era. As Lenin said in memory of herzen, "it is the product and reflection of an era with world historical significance. In this era, the bourgeois-democratic revolution is dying, and the socialist proletarian revolution is not yet mature". At the same time, it also reflects the limitations of Heine's own bourgeois worldview. 1856 On February 27th, Heine passed away.
George gordon byron (1788.1.22-1824.4.19) is an outstanding representative of English romantic literature. 1788 65438+/kloc-0 was born in London on October 22nd, and his parents came from a declining aristocratic family. He was born lame and sensitive to it. At the age of ten, the hereditary title and property of the Byron family (Newstad Abbey is its residence) fell into his hands and became Byron VI. After graduating from Harrow College, he studied literature and history at Cambridge University on 1805- 1808. He is not a diligent student and seldom attends classes. But he widely read literature, philosophy and history works in Europe and Britain, and also engaged in shooting, gambling, drinking, hunting, swimming, boxing and other activities. 1March, 809, entered the House of Lords as a hereditary aristocrat. He attended the House of Lords and delivered some speeches, but these speeches clearly expressed Byron's progressive position of liberalism.
Graduated from Cambridge University. He is a member of the House of Lords. When I was a student, I was deeply influenced by the Enlightenment. 1809-1811year, he traveled to Spain, Greece, Turkey and other countries, and was inspired by the anti-aggression and anti-oppression struggles of people from all over the world, so he created Children Harold's Travels (1809-65438). His masterpieces include Childe Harold's Travels and Don Juan (18 18- 1823). In his poems, he created many "Byronic heroes". They are aloof, fanatical and romantic, but full of rebellious spirit. Their hearts are full of loneliness and depression, but they despise small groups. Childe Harold is the first Byronic hero in Byron's poems. The most representative, combative and brilliant work in Byron's poetry is his long poem Don Juan, which describes the romantic stories of Don Juan, the son of Spanish aristocrats, such as travel, love and adventure, exposes the dark, ugly and hypocritical side of society and plays the battle song for freedom, happiness and liberation. Byron was not only a great poet, but also a fighter who struggled for his ideals all his life. He actively and bravely joined the revolution, participated in the Greek national liberation movement and became one of the leaders.
From1809-1811,Byron traveled abroad to the East in order to "meet people, not just read about them in books", and also to sweep away "the harmful consequences of an islander staying at home with narrow prejudice". During the trip, he began to write Childe. Haller's travels and other poems, and brewing future oriental story poems in his heart. "Childe. The first and second chapters of Haller's Travels came out in February 18 12, which caused a sensation in the literary world and made Byron a star in London society. However, this did not make him compromise with the British aristocratic bourgeoisie. He has been aware of the stubbornness, hypocrisy, evil and prejudice of this society and its ruling class since he was a child, and his poems have always been a protest against all this.
1811-1816, Byron has been living in a constant emotional vortex. In his popular social life, there is a lot of love to take part in accidental amusement, and the affair of a young aristocratic poet is naturally more talked about. Byron proposed to an Anna milbank on 18 13 and married her on 18 15 1. This is the biggest mistake Byron made in his life. Mrs. Byron is a narrow-minded person, deeply influenced by the hypocrisy of her class, and can't understand Byron's career and views at all. One year after his marriage, he returned home with his daughter, who had just been born for more than a month, and refused to live with Byron, thus causing rumors. The British ruling class took this opportunity to take the craziest revenge on its traitor Byron in an attempt to destroy the poet who dared to be his enemy. The painful feelings of this period also made him write poems like Prometheus, expressing his determination to resist the oppressors to the end.
Pushkin (1799 ~ 1837) is a great Russian poet and novelist, the main representative of Russian romantic literature in the19th century, the founder of realistic literature and modern standard Russian. He is known as "the father of Russian literature" and "the sun of Russian poetry". He is good at all other things and founded Russian national literature and. Pushkin was also praised by Gorky as "the beginning of all beginnings".
Pushkin 1799 was born in a noble landlord family in Moscow. All his life, he was inclined to the revolution and fought against the dark autocratic system unremittingly. His thoughts and poems aroused the dissatisfaction and hatred of the tsarist Russian rulers. He was exiled twice and refused to surrender. Finally, he died in a duel with others under the conspiracy of the czar government. He is only 38 years old. He grew up in a strong literary atmosphere. As a child, he was disciplined by a French tutor and received an aristocratic education. At the age of eight, he was able to write poems in French. His family has a rich collection of books and makes friends with literary celebrities. His nanny was born a serf and often told him Russian folk stories and legends, which made him appreciate rich Russian since he was a child and became interested in folk creation.
18 1 1 year, Pushkin entered Huangcun School, a school for aristocratic children, and began his literary creation career at the age of 12. 18 15. In the senior high school entrance examination, he recited his own Memories of Huangcun, which showed his outstanding poetry writing ability, especially the beauty and exquisiteness of his poems. In his early poems, he imitated the romantic poets Bachu Skov and Zhukovsky, and learned the styles of French poets Andrei Che Nier 17 to 18. While studying in Huangcun Middle School, he was also influenced by the French Enlightenment and made friends with some security officers who later became party member in December. His thought of opposing czar's autocratic rule and pursuing freedom was initially formed.
Pushkin went to work in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Petersburg after graduation. During this period, he was deeply influenced by the December Party members and their thoughts on democracy and freedom. He joined the Green Light Society, a literary group associated with the secret organization of the December Party members, and wrote many poems against serfdom and eulogizing freedom, such as Ode to Freedom (18 17). To Cha Daieff (1818); Country, (18 19), 1820, Pushkin wrote a fairy tale narrative poem ruslan and lyudmila. The story is based on Russian folklore, and describes that ruslan, a knight, overcomes difficulties and obstacles and finally finds his bride, lyudmila. Pushkin used vivid folk language in his poems, which was different from classical poetry in content and form, and challenged the aristocratic traditional literature.
Pushkin's works aroused the anxiety of the czar government. 1820 was sent to work in southern Russia, which was actually a disguised exile. During this period, he had more frequent contacts with members of the1February Party and attended some secret meetings in The Decemberists. His thought of pursuing freedom is clearer and stronger. Pushkin has written famous works such as Short Sword (182 1), Prisoner (1822), To the Sea (1824), and also wrote a set of poems of the South, including Captives of the Caucasus. He also wrote many beautiful lyric poems: The Sun goes down (1820) and Prisoner and Short Sword (182 1), which expressed the poet's strong yearning for freedom. Since this period, Pushkin has fully demonstrated his unique style.
1824- 1825, Pushkin was sent back to the village of Mikhailovsk, the territory of his parents in Pskov, where he was imprisoned for two years and wrote nearly 100 poems. He collected folk songs and stories, studied Russian history, and his thoughts became more and more mature, and his realistic tendency in his creation became more and more obvious. From 65438 to 0825, he completed the creation of Boris Godunov, the first realistic tragedy in Russian literary history.
1826, czar Nicholas I ascended the throne. In order to win people's hearts, Pushkin was recalled to Moscow, but he was still under the secret surveillance of the czar police. Pushkin did not change his attitude towards The Decemberists. He had an illusion about the new czar, hoping that Nicholas I could pardon The Decemberists in exile in Siberia, but the illusion was quickly shattered, so he wrote a political lyric poem "To the Prisoner of Siberia" to express his loyalty to The Decemberists's ideal.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/830, Pushkin spent three months in his father's territory, which was the harvest period of his life's creation and was called "the autumn of Polkino" in the history of literature. He finished the poetic novel yevgeni onegin written from 1823, and created the image of the first "superfluous man" in Russian literature, which became his most important work. He also wrote Belgin's Tales, Tragic Knight, Mozart and Charlery, Plague Banquet, The Stone Man and nearly 30 lyric poems. The postmaster in Belgin's short stories is a model of Russian short stories, which opens the tradition of shaping "little people" and his realistic creation is in full swing.
Pushkin moved to Petersburg in 183 1 and still works in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He went on to create many works, including the narrative poem The Bronze Knight (1833), the fairy tale The Fisherman and the Goldfish (1833) and the short story The Queen of Spades (1834). He also wrote two novels about farmers, Du Blovsky (1832- 1833) and The Captain's Daughter (1836).
1836 Pushkin founded the literary magazine Modern People. This publication was edited by belinsky, Necrasov, Chernyshevski and Dobro Lyubov. Until the 1960s, it not only trained a large number of outstanding writers, but also became the mouthpiece of Russian progressives.
Pushkin's creation and activities are a headache for the czar government. They conspired to provoke the captain of the French gendarmerie, Dants, and desecrated Pushkin's wife, Natalia Nikolaevna Goncharova, which led to the duel between Pushkin and Dants in 1837. Pushkin was seriously injured in the duel and died on February 8, 1987 at the age of 37. His early death made Russian progressive literati sigh: "The sun of Russian poetry has set".
Pushkin's works have exerted great influence in the world with their lofty ideology and perfect artistry. His works have been translated into all the major languages in the world. Pushkin's love for freedom and life in his works, his firm belief that light will overcome darkness and reason will overcome prejudice, and his lofty mission and lofty ambition of "illuminating people with words" have deeply touched generations. Genius masterpieces have inspired the creative passion and inspiration of many Russian musicians. Opera "yevgeny? Onegin ","Boris? Godunov, the Queen of Spades, ruslan and lyudmila, Zokan and so on are all great music works. Pushkin's lyric poems have been set to music and become popular art songs; Other works have also been adapted into ballets and become immortal classics on the stage.
In memory of Pushkin, people renamed Huangcun, where he was born, Pushkin (1the place where Emperor Catherine died in 796). Now it has become a famous tourist attraction, and the famous village of Poljinnuo is also nearby.
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