Specific works include: Balzac's "Human Comedy", Byron's works and Rousseau's works, the father of romanticism.
Romantic movement is the product of French Revolution, European Democratic Movement and National Liberation Movement. It reflects the demand for personality liberation in the rising period of the bourgeoisie, is a political resistance to the joint rule of feudal lords and Christian churches, and is also a literary resistance to French neoclassicism.
The Enlightenment made ideological preparations for the French Revolution politically, and also for the Romantic Movement in European countries in literature and art, but the bourgeois dictatorship and capitalist social order established after the victory of the French Revolution declared the disillusionment of the Enlightenment ideal. "Compared with the gorgeous rhetoric of enlightenment scholars, the social system and political system established by Victory of Reason is an extremely disappointing cartoon." (Engels) The romantic movement that swept across Europe was a reflection of the general disappointment of all social classes at that time with the consequences of the French Revolution and the "kingdom of reason" proposed by the enlightenment thinkers.
Romanticism prevailed in France in the late18th century and the first half of19th century. It is an ideological and cultural movement in Europe with a wide range of contents, but it still lingers until the 20th century. French romanticism is mainly embodied in the fields of painting, sculpture, novel and drama. English romanticism is mainly embodied in the fields of poetry, historical painting and landscape painting; Romanticism in Germany is embodied in music, poetry and painting.
Spanish painter-Francisco de Goya, 1746 to 1828) is a dazzling star.
The purpose of romanticism is opposite to "rationality", and its main feature is to pay attention to the expression of personal feelings, be less restrained and be free and unrestrained. Romanticism transcends reality in a fantasy or retro way. The French word romance means rich feelings and sentimental feelings.
Romanticism, as a literary trend of thought in European literature, came into being in the era of bourgeois revolution and national liberation movement at the end of18th century19th century. It opposes feudal autocracy in politics and classicism in art, and belongs to an ideology in the rising period of capitalism.
The word "romanticism" evolved from the adjective "romance", and the adjective "romance" was transformed from the French word "romance" (that is, "legend" or "novel"). According to the available information, 1654 was first used by British talents. It obviously contains negative connotation of derogatory meaning. It was not until18th century that the word gradually became a positive commendatory term, which was used to evaluate works and gained the additional meaning of "pleasant melancholy".
1At the end of the 8th century, with the rise of romanticism in the European literary world, the word romanticism became very popular. 1798 Franjo learned the names of other creative methods.
European romanticism was born under the historical conditions that people were disappointed in the "rational kingdom" of the Enlightenment, disillusioned with the slogan of "freedom, equality and fraternity" in the bourgeois revolution, and dissatisfied with the capitalist social order. The reality at that time, as Engels pointed out: "Compared with the gorgeous promises of enlightenment scholars, the social system and political system established by' rational victory' turned out to be an extremely disappointing cartoon." The writers at that time were dissatisfied with the reality and tried to find ways to solve social contradictions. However, due to the different class positions and political attitudes held by writers, two opposing romantic schools have been formed, namely, positive romanticism and negative romanticism. The former is a progressive trend, which makes people look forward, while the latter is a reactionary countercurrent, which makes people look back. This.
Positive romantic writers dare to face up to reality, criticize social darkness, aim at feudal aristocrats and oppose the residual feudal factors in capitalist society. At the same time, they also expose all kinds of evil phenomena caused by the bourgeoisie itself, so they are full of passion for resistance and struggle, pinning their hopes for the future and yearning for a new and better life, and some are in favor of utopian socialism. Daimai writers include Byron and Shelley in England, Hugo and George Sang in France and Heine in Germany. Russian former Higgins (early), Polish Mitzi Kevic, Hungarian Petofi, etc. Their life practice and artistic practice were all connected with the bourgeois democratic revolutionary thought at that time and the national liberation movements of various countries, and most writers were active participants in these national liberation movements.
Negative romantics are not. They can't face up to the sharp contradictions in social reality and adopt a passive evasive attitude. Their thoughts are related to the ideology of the overthrown feudal aristocracy. Starting from the bourgeois life movement, they opposed the status quo, nostalgic for the past, beautified the patriarchal clan system in the Middle Ages, and fantasized about seeking spiritual comfort and sustenance from the ancient feudal society. The emergence of negative romanticism is actually a literary reflection of the ideological and emotional decline of the overthrown feudal aristocracy. Representative writers are the German brothers Rajgl, namely Ashe Rajgl and Fauci Rajgl, Novalis, French chateaubriand, Ramadan, Winnie the Pooh, Russian zhukovsky, English Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey and so on.
The rise and fall of romanticism is determined by the characteristics of historical conditions in various countries. As a formed literary trend of thought, it first appeared in Germany. At that time, due to the rampant aristocratic forces in Germany and the weakness of the bourgeoisie, negative romanticism was strong and positive romanticism developed slowly. After Heine entered the literary world, positive romanticism was improved in Germany.
The romantic trend of thought in France, like the waves of the sea, is magnificent, spectacular and violent. Its emergence and development can not be separated from the restoration of feudal nobles and the repeated struggles of the bourgeoisie. Romanticism first rushed out of various obstacles set by classicism and won in one fell swoop through hand-to-hand combat. And then I fought in the inner corner of romanticism. Positive romantics organized a broad United front, including critical realist writers, and defeated negative romanticism. 1Before the 1920s, negative romanticism was king. From the late 20s to the early 1930s, due to the political victory of the bourgeoisie, positive romanticism suddenly rose and gained a dominant position.
In Russia, romanticism developed relatively late. It only became a genre in the early19th century. Among them, positive romanticism was closely related to the Russian The Decemberists Movement, which played an important and progressive role in the aristocratic revolution. The representative writers are early Pushkin and Reiliyev.