1. Accumulation and application
1. Read the pronunciation of the characters and write the words correctly.
cellar jiào care hē protect mourning dào read erect yì stand winding wān yán huǎng trance absurd miù longing chōng hope sore chuāng scar jié ask fear dàn thunderbolt pī lì shocking sǒng hate zēng hatred transfer xiè messy jí fu fù leisurely tuǒ Tie hesitant chóu chú staggering pán shān decadent tuí Tang trivial suǒ xiè worried diàn Ji concave dàng threshold kǎn embarrassing gān gà noon shǎngwu head lú panic huáng fear ban dì skeleton kū lóu clutch zuàn zhì stupid shame zuò trek bá shè lament xū Qi Qī's face is saddened by the sudden news and suddenly faints jué He hè scolds the tricks jì two people are shaking and screaming háo crying loudly and yān has no arc hú shape The xiāo river is lifelike xiào Charming beauty appreciates the pavilions, pavilions, xuān pavilions, ponds and swamps zhǎo There are many mountains and mountains zhàng qiuhehè 嚙lín勋苋qiāngwei pouring zhēn discretion chuchù Li Zhan zhàn blue very different jiǒng different 伧cāng customary rest qì
2. Works of key writers.
Sun Li is from Hebei. Modern novelist, essayist, and representative writer of the "Lotus Lake" school. Main works: "Lotus Lake" and "Luhuadang" were published in Yan'an in 1944; after liberation, the novella "The Prequel of Tiemu", the collection of essays "Jinmen Xiaoji", the collection of essays "Literary Judgment", etc.
Simonov, Russian writer from the former Soviet Union. Major works: script "A Boy in Our City", poetry collection "Friends and Enemies", novel "Days and Nights", trilogy "The Living and the Dead", etc. He was awarded the Stalin and Lenin Literature Prizes.
Hugo, the leader of the Romantic literary movement in the early 19th century, was an outstanding bourgeois democratic writer in the history of French literature. Main works: novels "Notre Dame de Paris", "Les Misérables", etc.
Nie Hualing, a Chinese-American female writer, was born in Wuhan, Hubei. There are novel collections such as "The Lost Golden Bell", "Sangqing and Taohong", etc., and essay collections such as "Dream Valley Collection".
Lu Xun, whose original name was Zhou Shuren and whose courtesy name was Hencai, was from Shaoxing, Zhejiang. A great proletarian writer, thinker, revolutionary, and the founder of modern Chinese literature. Main works: novel collection "Scream" and "Wandering", essay collection "Morning Blossoms Picked Up at Dusk".
Zhu Ziqing, courtesy name Peixian, is a famous modern poet, essayist, scholar, and democracy fighter. A native of Yangzhou, Jiangsu. Main works: poetry collection "Traces", prose collection "Back", "Miscellaneous Notes on Travels in Europe", etc.
Yang Jiang, formerly known as Yang Jikang, was born in Beijing in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. Writer and literary translator. Major works: the novel "Taking a Bath", the collection of essays "Six Notes on the Cadre School", and the translation of "Don Quixote".
Qian Zhongshu, modern literature researcher, writer, literary historian, and classical literature researcher. A native of Wuxi, Jiangsu. Married Yang Jiang in 1935. His main works are: essay collection "Written on the Edge of Life", short story collection "Humans, Beasts and Ghosts" and novel "Fortress Besieged".
Yu Qiuyu, a native of Yuyao, Zhejiang, is a famous contemporary art theorist, cultural historian and essayist in my country. Main works: "Cultural Journey", "Autumn Rain Prose", "A Thousand Years Sigh", etc.
Ye Shengtao, formerly known as Ye Shaojun, is a modern writer and famous educator from Suzhou, Jiangsu. Main works: novel "Ni Huanzhi", essay collection "Footsteps", new poetry collection "Snow Tide", fairy tale collection "Scarecrow", etc.
3. About News
News, also known as information, refers to the timely and accurate reporting of recent socially significant facts at home and abroad. News in a broad sense refers to news, communications, reportage, etc.; news in a chivalrous sense refers specifically to news. The news of our text study is news.
The structure of news: including (title - introduction - main body - background - conclusion)
1. Title, the title of the news is the eye of the full text, requiring (accuracy, conciseness, novelty, eye-catching).
Form (topic; topic plus shoulder question; topic plus subtopic; complete)
Relationship (topic is the core fact of the message; shoulder 2. Introduction, position (the first sentence or paragraph of the message.) Content (a summary of the most valuable and core facts in the message. ) Writing method (concise description of the main facts; incisive comments on the reported facts; sharp questions on the reported issues.) 3. Main body, content ( Expanding and supplementing the content of the introduction is the body of the message) Structure (arrange the levels according to the order in which things happen; arrange the levels according to the logical relationship between things.) 4. Background refers to the historical circumstances and environmental conditions of the facts reported in the news. Category (contrastive background material; illustrative background material; annotative background material.) Position (usually placed in the main body, but can also be placed in the introduction and conclusion.) 5. Conclusion, position (the last sentence or paragraph of the message. For some messages, if the facts are clearly stated, there is no need to end. Method (summary of the full text content) Summary; end with inspiring and motivating language; predict development trends; raise questions worth pondering) 6. The elements of news are the same as the six elements of narrative. For example, "One Million Troops of the People's Liberation Army Crossing the Yangtze River" Time: April 20, 1949 - April 22, 1949 Location: Jiujiang in the west ( (excluding), east to Jiangyin Character: One million troops of the People's Liberation Army Reason: Liberation of the whole of China Passage: Three-way army crossing the river p> Result: Cross the Yangtze River smoothly 4. Reading of narratives Narratives are mainly about recording people, narrating, describing scenes, and describing objects. A style of writing that mainly expresses itself. From a formal point of view, news, communications, features, interviews, travel notes, reportage, memoirs, fairy tales, fables, essays, novels, etc. can all fall into the category of narrative. (1) Common narrative reading ability test points 1. Able to clarify the ideas of the article, analyze the structure of the article, divide the article into layers, and summarize the meaning of the paragraph. 2. Ability to perceive the overall meaning. Grasp the content of the article, grasp the elements, clues, writing order, etc. of the narrative, clarify the ideas of the article based on the internal connections between the parts, and summarize the central idea. 3. Find out the overall content of the article. Analyze and understand key paragraphs, keywords, and sentences to understand their content and their role in conveying meaning. 4. Understand narrative, description, explanation, discussion, lyrical and other expression methods, and understand their use in expressions. The expression function in the text. 5. Be able to evaluate the thoughts and feelings of the characters and the author, and talk about the emotional experience and creative understanding during the reading process. (2) Test question types. The main types of questions are fill-in-the-blank questions and short-answer questions, with few multiple-choice questions interspersed. Some questions and appreciation questions that can reflect students' reading feelings and reading experience are further added. ( 3) Review points 1. The six elements of narrative (time, place, characters, cause, process, and result of the event) 2. Clues of narrative
3. The narrative sequence of the narrative: narration, flashback, and interlude.
4. Narrative person: first person (kind, true); second person (direct, closer, face to face); third person (flexible and free, with large narrative space).
5. The description methods include: frontal description and side description or direct description and indirect description.
Character description includes: appearance description, language description, action description, psychological description, demeanor description, etc.
Environmental description includes: description of natural environment and description of social environment.
6. Pay attention to the analysis of arguments and lyrical sentences in narratives, which are often the core of the article.
7. Pay special attention to analyzing the expressive effects of various rhetorical techniques.
8. The expression methods in narratives include: narration, description, discussion, lyricism, and rarely explanation.
9. The methods of dividing paragraphs are:
(1) Divide according to the structural characteristics of "total-part-total".
(2) Divide in chronological order.
(3) Divided according to the transfer of location (that is, the transformation of spatial location).
(4) Divided according to the development of the storyline.
(5) Divide according to changes in thoughts and feelings.
10. Methods of summarizing the meaning of a paragraph:
(1) Syntax extraction method: extract the central sentence in the paragraph.
(2) Summary method: Use your own language to summarize the main meaning of the entire paragraph.
(3) Combined method Some paragraphs talk about more than one meaning. When summarizing, several meanings must be expressed in concise language, and each one is indispensable.
5. Reading of expository texts.
1. Understand the characteristics of expository writing
Concept: Expository writing uses "explanation" as the main expression to introduce or explain the state, nature, structure, function, production method, etc. of things. A practical style of writing about the development process and inner affairs.
Classification of expository essays: expository essays on things: such as "Suzhou Gardens"; explanatory essays on affairs: such as "The Dead Sea".
2. Grasp the characteristics of the object: Characteristics are the signs that distinguish this thing from other things. Only by accurately grasping the characteristics of the object of explanation can we deeply understand the object of explanation.
There are generally two forms of expression in articles:
First, there are sentences in the article that can summarize the characteristics and essence, which can be found out by reading and analyzing the full text.
The second is that there is no sentence in the article that comprehensively summarizes the characteristics or essence of the object, or although there is, it is not concentrated, and it needs to be summarized through the analysis of the full text.
For example, the article "Suzhou Gardens" focuses on the general characteristic of "no matter where you stand, there is always a perfect picture in front of you", and explains it from five aspects: The layout; the coordination of rockeries and ponds; the contrast of flowers, plants and trees; the hierarchy of close and distant views; and the carvings and colors of doors and windows, etc.
3. Clarify the order of explanation
Three major orders: time order (program order is a kind of time order); spatial order; logical order time order: that is, based on the occurrence of things, The development time is arranged in the order of description, so as to write the development and changes of things. Language markers are words that express time
Spatial order: that is, according to the spatial existence form of things, or from outside to inside, or from top to bottom, or from front to back, or from far to near. . Language markers are words indicating location
Logical sequence; that is, the order of explanation is arranged according to the internal relationship of things or events and the process of people understanding things. The internal relationships of things include causal relationships, hierarchical relationships, primary and secondary relationships, total score relationships, parallel relationships, etc.; the process of understanding things or events refers to the process of understanding things or events from the shallow to the deep, from concrete to abstract, etc. Ordered by the laws of thinking
4. "Nine major" explanation methods
Give examples, classify data, compare them, make analogies and draw charts
Definition for interpretation (the difference between definition and interpretation is: the definition requires completeness, that is, the object of the definition must be equal to the extension of the definition, and the entire connotation of the concept must be fully revealed from one aspect; while interpretation does not require completeness , as long as part of the connotation of the concept is revealed, and the object of explanation and the extension of the explanation may not be equal)
For example: A: "Word is the smallest unit of language that can be used independently." Definition, the connotation and denotation of subject and object are exactly the same and can be reversed. That is to say, "the smallest unit of language that can be used independently is a word."
B: "Uranium is a silver-white metal" is an interpretation. Its connotation and denotation are not equal. The denotation of "uranium" is smaller than that of "silver-white metal", so the subject It cannot be said in reverse with the object, that is, it cannot be said that "the silver-white metal is uranium".
Although the language used for interpretation is not as strict as the definition, it must also be concise, accurate, and easy to understand.
5. Understand the accuracy of descriptive language
Expressing time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc., all require accuracy.
Pay attention to three aspects for accuracy:
First, pay attention to analyze the expressive function of restrictive words
Second, pay attention to the analysis of words expressing estimates and guesses. Expression function
The third is to pay attention to the analysis of word combinations