First, the establishment and unification of the Sui Dynasty.
The establishment of sui dynasty
The founding emperor of the Sui Dynasty was Emperor Wendi, a native of Huayin, Shaanxi. His father, Yang Zhong, was the founding hero of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and one of the "Twelve Commanders" of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Yang Lihua, the daughter of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, was the empress of Emperor Xuandi of Northern Zhou Dynasty. Xuan Di, the Emperor of the Zhou Dynasty, ruled for only two years, and died in 579, the following year. In 580, when Zhou Jing became emperor, he was only eight years old. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty entered the court with social prestige and talent, and mastered political and military power. After Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty entered the DPRK, he immediately carried out a series of reforms in order to stir people's hearts and consolidate his position. Sui Shu Gaozuji said: "When Xuan Di proclaimed himself emperor, the bureaucracy was harsh and cruel, and the people's hearts collapsed, so there was no solid ambition. ..... For the most, Gao Zu worships Zheng Hui, and the law is streamlined and frugal, which is pleasing to the world. " Thus formed a new political group.
After Emperor Wendi came to power, the royal family of the Northern Zhou Dynasty still had some influence, and successively stationed troops in Xiangzhou (Anyang, Henan) and Yizhou (Chengdu, Sichuan), but it was quickly razed by Emperor Wendi in less than 70 days. Then, Emperor Wendi suppressed some royal families in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, such as Zhao Wangzhao, Chen, Yue and Dai Wang Da. Decadent Yu was completely isolated, and the conditions of Dai Zhou Dynasty were ripe.
In February of 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi forced Zhou Jingdi to abdicate and gave way to him in the form of abdication. Because his father, Yang Zhong, once called him "Duke of Sui" and his country name was "Sui", he was renamed emperor. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty was the Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty in history. He still took Chang 'an as his capital, but in the following year (582), he built Daxing City in the southeast of Chang 'an, and in the third year, he moved the capital to Daxing City, namely the new Chang 'an City.
Sui unified the whole country
When the Sui Dynasty was founded, there were Turks in the north and (Dujiangling) and Chen in the south. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty first solved the north, split the interior of the Turks, eased the situation in the north, and concentrated on dealing with the south by the method of "making friends far away and attacking near, keeping strong and weak". Hou Liang is a small place with a small population and weak soldiers, so it was quickly destroyed by Sui. The main task is to eliminate the old ones.
The last monarch of Chen was Chen (Chen Houzhu), and the politics of Chen Dynasty under his rule was very corrupt. Chen Houzhu doted on Zhang Guifei, Kong and some villains, ate and drank poetry, and left politics to eunuchs. All the poems he sang were decadent, such as "Jade Tree Facing the Wind", which was called "the voice of national subjugation" by later generations.
In March 588 AD, Emperor Wendi of Sui sent his troops, wrote a letter listing 20 counts, took the State of Jin (Yang Di) as an official order, led 500,000 troops and marched along the Yangtze River in ten directions at the same time.
At that time, there were only 100,000 soldiers and horses in the Chen Dynasty, but Chen relied on Jinling's "kingly way" and made no preparations. At the beginning of 589, Han Qinhu, a general of Sui Dynasty, led 500 soldiers to cross the Rocky Mountain at night. Chen's soldiers got drunk and were soon occupied. Another general of the Sui Dynasty, He Ruobi, also crossed the river from Guangling (Yangzhou) and jointly attacked Jiankang with the Second Route Army. Chen Jun dispersed in a hubbub, and Kong fled into the dry well, threatening to throw stones before climbing out of the trap. The rest of the countries fell one after another. Only four months later, Chen perished and the Sui Dynasty unified China.
From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, China was divided for nearly 400 years and reunified in the Sui Dynasty. Reasons for the unification of Sui Dynasty:
(1) Political factors
(2) the result of national integration
(3) the requirements of economic exchanges
Since the Northern Wei Dynasty, the number of northern wars has been relatively reduced and the economy has developed. In the late Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of northern immigrants brought advanced production tools and technologies to the south. There are relatively few wars in the south and the economy is more prosperous. The development of agriculture, handicrafts and commerce in North and South also needs to be unified.
The unification was completed in the Sui Dynasty, which was also related to a series of political measures adopted by Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty.
Second, the measures taken by Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty to consolidate feudal rule.
58 1 After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty took a series of measures to strengthen centralized rule. After the reunification of the whole country, the reformed centralization spread to the whole country, consolidating feudal rule and developing social economy.
Establish a system of three provinces and six departments
The central official system in Qin and Han dynasties was the system of three officials and nine ministers. Later, Sangong became an empty title, and Shangshutai became the central decision-making organ. Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty reformed and formally established the system of three provinces and six departments. The three provinces refer to the provinces with internal history, the director is responsible for drafting imperial edicts, and the chief executive is the internal history order. (Later, the Ministry of Civil Affairs was changed to Zhongshu Province, and the chief executive was Zhongshuling). Under the door of the province, the director discussed the imperial edict, and the chief accepted it, and then changed it to serve. Shangshu Province is responsible for implementing government decrees, with Shangshuling as the chief officer and the left and right servants as the deputy chief officers. The governors of the three provinces are prime ministers, and the three provinces contain each other.
Shangshu Province consists of six departments, also known as Six Caos. A minister is called a minister, and a deputy minister is called an assistant minister. Specific division of labor:
Official department: responsible for the selection and assessment of officials.
Ceremony: etiquette, education, imperial examination.
Ministry of war: military and political affairs.
Governor: Later, it was changed to the Ministry of Punishment, which was in charge of criminal law.
Expenditure: later changed to Ministry of Civil Affairs, Ministry of Housing, household registration management, money and grain.
The central government appoints and dismisses state and county officials.
Before the Sui Dynasty, the source of subordinate officials in prefectures and counties was the recruitment and recommendation of officials, so that local officials could do whatever they wanted and it was easy to cultivate private forces. Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty stipulated that all officials (the smallest officials) with nine or more grades should be appointed or removed by the Central Committee. At the same time, strengthen the assessment of local officials (sometimes deliberately bribing), and also stipulate that local officials should change places once every three years, and they should not shoulder heavy responsibilities and should not use locals. Merge counties and reduce the number of officials. This not only dealt a blow to the privileges of local clans, but also saved the state expenditure.
Establish the imperial examination system
Before the Sui Dynasty, the Nine-grade Zhengzhi system was based on the recommendation of the younger brother, which was beneficial to clan landlords. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished the Nine Grades Zhengzhi system, and sent students from all counties and juren to the central government to take the "Scholar, Bright and Quiet, Jinshi" exam. Those who achieved excellent results were appointed as officials. The establishment of the imperial examination system adapted to the historical trend of the decline of aristocratic landlords and the rise of civilian landlords, and helped the children of civilian landlords without political privileges to become officials through reading, thus expanding the foundation of the landlord class regime.
Reform the law
Before the Sui Dynasty, the laws of different countries were different, but they were all very harsh. After Emperor Wendi acceded to the throne, more than ten people, including Minister Su Yang, were invited to participate in the revision, and the Law on Opening the Emperor was formulated. Kai Huang's laws have made many cuts to the old laws, such as abolishing beheading, castration, car smashing and other torture. Besides treason and genocide, there are only two kinds of death penalty: strangulation and beheading. When interrogating a prisoner, the staff shall not exceed 200 times, and no one shall be changed halfway. And simplify the provisions of the criminal law, from more than 2000 to 500, divided into 12 volumes. History says that "the outline of punishment is simple without losing." (Sui Shu criminal law system), which laid the foundation for the future revision of the Tang Law.
Establish a rental and loan system
In 582 AD (the second year of Huang Kai), Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty promulgated a new law to adjust land and rent. Basically, it followed the post-Qi system, but there were some reforms. The husband received 100 mu of farmland, of which 20 mu was permanent farmland (not turned over after death) and 80 mu was open farmland, which was returned to the state after death. Women get 40 acres of land, slaves get the same land as ordinary people, and each person in Niu Ding gets 60 acres of land.
Regarding the adjustment of rent, a husband and a woman are called "one bed" and pay three stones and four feet every year. Ding Nan served for one month every year, and then he was raised from eighteen to twenty, and then to twenty-two. The service is reduced to 20 days a year, and it will not be served after 50 days. If you can't serve food, you can use three feet of silk to top the food for a day. This is called agency. The three systems are rent, rent and transfer.
This land system is called equal land system, but farmers can't actually get this number. At the same time, it is stipulated that Guan Yongtian can have 40 mu-100 mu and 1-5 hectares of land, so it is still beneficial to the landlord class. However, compared with the previous dynasties, it lightened the burden and was also beneficial to farmers.
Read and throw books in capital letters.
In 585, in order to strengthen the control of the people, accurately grasp the number of national accounts and increase taxes, Sui * * * launched a nationwide "extensive reading". That is, according to the age in the household registration book, check with my appearance to see if the age deliberately exaggerates the story for tax avoidance. At the same time, people who do not have registered accounts are also checked, and those who are untrue are punished and encouraged to report to each other. In 585, 443,000 people were identified at one time. Later, it was carried out several times, and the "reading appearance" included 654.38+0.64 million missing accounts in the household registration.
The lost registration law is a supplement to the extensive reading law, that is, according to the amount of people's property, different tax standards are formulated and incorporated into the household registration book. Combining household registration with tax payment, local officials can't cheat, and people can't evade taxes, which greatly increases the central fiscal revenue.
Third, the demise of the Sui Dynasty.
The intensification of class contradictions at the end of Sui Dynasty
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty established the Sui Dynasty and took a series of measures to ease class contradictions. He was touted as a "thrifty" emperor in history. He wore washed clothes and sat in a patched sedan chair with only one meat dish for a meal. But it is also hypocritical, such as building Renshou Palace, which is a huge project. Minister Yang supervised migrant workers, and it was hot, and 30,000 migrant workers died. Emperor Wendi paid no attention. After the completion of the palace, he rewarded Su Yang with one million yuan and three thousand silks. If Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty is still saving money, then Yang Di, the successor of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, has intensified his efforts to indulge in prostitution.
Yang Di is the second son of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, whose name is Yang Guang. Prince Yong Yang lived in the palace, led troops south to destroy Chen, and gained a certain prestige. In order to usurp the throne, Yang Guang participated in his calculation. Every time I go out to say goodbye to my father, I cry and say that I am a dutiful son. On weekdays, although there are many beautiful women around, when my parents arrive, I will let the old maids receive them. He also tore off the string of the instrument and put it there, indicating that it would never be used. Yang Guang colluded with the powerful minister Su Yang. As a result, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished Prince Yong Yang and made Yang Guang the prince. In 604, Emperor Wendi was seriously ill, and Yang Guang told Zhang Heng, a confidant, to kill Emperor Wendi. "Blood splashes on the royal screen, and there is an uneven sound outside." (History as a Mirror (Volume 180). And killed Yong Yang, acceded to the throne, namely the emperor Yang Di.
During the reign of Yang Di, carpentry was vigorously promoted and taxes were heavy, which brought great disasters to the working people and quickly intensified class contradictions.
The luxury of life
(2) Abuse of public resources
(3) Political atrocities
(4) Economic losses caused by the conquest of North Korea.
The Outbreak of Peasant Uprising in Sui and Tang Dynasties
In 6 1 1 year, when Emperor Yang Di issued the imperial edict to conquer North Korea, an uprising broke out in Changbai Mountain first. Changbai Mountain in Zhangqiu, Shandong, Shandong and Hebei were the first victims of the Sui rulers' conquest of Korea and became the focus of various contradictions, so the uprising broke out first.
In the seventh year of the Great Cause (6 1 1), Wang Bo called himself "the wise Shi Lang" and raised the banner of righteousness for the first time in Changbai Mountain. He wrote a song "Dead Song of Undirected Liaodong Waves", calling on the peasants to revolt: "In front of Changbai Mountain, the rebel Zhi Shilang (rebel army) carried red brocade (all wearing red vests), and the spear Xiao (spear) invaded the sky and a half, and the knife shone in the sun. Go up to eat roe deer, go down to eat cattle and sheep (the landlord's). Suddenly, when the government troops arrived, he swung his knife forward. For example, Liaodong died and was beheaded. "
Driven by the Wang Bo Uprising, people gathered in many places to respond. Sun Anzu was in Gaojibo (Enxian County, Shandong Province), and Gao Shida and Zhang Jin said that they were also fighting in Qinghe (Qinghe, Hebei Province). Dou Jiande's contact with Sun Anzu also caused trouble, but Dou Jiande's family was killed. Dou Jiande led 200 people to Gao Shida. After Sun Anzu's death, the rest of them also came to Dou Jiande, and gradually developed to 1 10,000 people.
When the peasant uprising happened, big noble and Yang Xuangan also took the opportunity to arise. Su Yang's son, Yang Xuangan, is an official of does. In 6 13, Yang Di recruited North Korea. He stayed in Henan to supervise the transportation of grain and grass, and took the opportunity to start his army, which soon grew to more than 100,000 people. When Yang Xuangan marched into Luoyang, Yang Di retreated from the front line of Korea and suppressed Korea. Yang Xuangan committed suicide after the defeat. His rise was a power struggle within the ruling class, but to a certain extent, it contained the military power of the Sui Dynasty, expanded the division of the ruling group, weakened the rule of the Sui Dynasty, and objectively created favorable conditions for the rapid development of the peasant uprising.
After Yang Xuangan's defeat and suicide, Emperor Yang Di actually thought: "There are hundreds of people who follow the mysterious feelings at once, which is beneficial to know that there are not many people in the world, so they get together to steal their ears, and there is no punishment after endless punishment." (History as a Mirror (Volume 182). So the insurgents were suppressed and killed on a large scale.
The massacre policy aroused greater resistance from the people. The uprising developed from the lower reaches of the Yellow River to the whole country, and 100 rebels moved from decentralization to unification, gradually forming three main rebels. Namely, the Hebei Uprising Army led by Dou Jiande, the Wagang Army led by Zhai Rang and the Jianghuai Uprising Army led by Du and Fu Gongyi.
(1) Hebei Uprising Army
(2) Wagang Rebel Army
(3) jianghuai insurgents
The demise of the sui dynasty
The three rebel forces echoed each other, and the uprising swept the country. At the end of June17, most areas in Sui were out of control, and Sui Jun was only over 200,000, respectively controlling several isolated cities such as Luoyang and Jiangdu. In this case, a group of big landlords and bureaucrats saw that the demise of the Sui Dynasty was a foregone conclusion and began to establish their own political power, mainly including:
Li Yuan, Tang Guogong of the Sui Dynasty, guarded Taiyuan. In 6 15, Chang 'an was captured in 6 1 107, and Yang Di's grandson You Yang became emperor. In the second year, it was abolished as the emperor, and the country name was Tang.
According to Zhuo Jun, Se claimed to be the manager of Youzhou.
Liang, according to Shuofang (Inner Mongolia), is called Liang.
Liu Wuzhou, according to Mayi (Shuoxian County, Shandong Province), proclaimed himself emperor.
Xue Ju, according to Jincheng (Lanzhou, Gansu), is called the overlord of the Western Qin Dynasty.
Gui Li, according to Wuwei, is called Emperor Liang.
Xiao (Yin) was called Emperor Liang according to Baling (Yueyang, Hunan).
Shen Faxing, according to (Huzhou, Zhejiang), is called.
Yang Di also knew that this day was coming and said to Hou Yaozong in the mirror, "My neck is really good. I don't know who will stab me in the future." Sure enough, in March of 6 18, his imperial general Yu Wenhuaji led the imperial army to launch a coup in Jiangdu (Yangzhou), killing the emperor Yang Di, and the Sui Dynasty basically perished (the remnants were eradicated by Tang Jianguo).
What is the relationship between the gains and losses of the legal system in the Sui Dynasty and the rise and fall of the Sui Dynasty? Imitating the structure of the laws of the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Imperial Law established and improved twelve feudal criminal law systems, deleted many severe penalties in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, marked the maturity of the feudal criminal law system, well maintained the feudal patriarchal clan system, effectively consolidated the feudal imperial power and the rule of the feudal state, played a key role in the social prosperity and national unity in the early Sui Dynasty, and directly affected the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty and Yang Di, there were laws that were not obeyed, and they were tortured and committed all kinds of crimes.
Write at least two concise revelations about the rise and fall of the Sui Dynasty. Apart from Yang Di's extravagance and belligerence, the most important reason is to despise the people and deprive them of their wealth indefinitely. The prosperity of the Sui Dynasty was based on the poverty of the people. Outside the luxurious capital, poor people can be seen everywhere. When Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty met with famine, the court sometimes took out some food relief.
Another important reason for the demise of the Sui Dynasty was that it blocked the way of speech. Emperor Yang Di didn't listen to a word of opposition. Peasant uprisings are almost all over the country, but no one dares to tell the truth. Emperor Yang Di didn't want to hear it. To tell the truth, he was either dismissed or imprisoned, and some of them lost their lives.
Emperor Yang Di didn't understand the reason of his failure until his death. When the rebel guards tried to kill him, he asked, What crime did I commit? Did you do this to me? One of the crimes listed by the soldiers is the abuse of people. Emperor Yang Di admitted that he abused the people and said to the guards: I really owe the people, but I gave you wealth. Why are you treating me like this? The general trend of the Sui Dynasty has gone, and Yang Di is bound to be abandoned.
In a sense, Li Shimin's "Zhenguan rule" is a rule to absorb and correct the lessons of the collapse of the Sui Dynasty.
The rise and fall of the Sui Dynasty left many thoughts and feelings for future generations. Although the feudal society has long been extinct, the only purpose of the current ruling party is to "serve the people", and the regime of the Republic of China itself is the people's regime, but we can still learn something from the mirror of history. The history of the rise and fall of Sui and Tang Dynasties makes us more aware of the importance of "representing the fundamental interests of the people". I have a deeper understanding of the long-term significance of "people-oriented" and "governing for the people" proposed by the new national leaders.
In fact, without the foundation laid by Qin and Sui Dynasties, there would be no prosperity of Han and Tang Dynasties. Unlike everyone's impression, Qin Ershi, Hu Hai and Yang Guang are not incompetent, but they are also peerless wizards. However, whether Qin Shihuang, Sui Wendi, Qin Ershi and Yang Di, they all have a problem, that is, the decrees are really impatient. Their contributions should have been made by several generations, but they are all in the same place.
How do you feel about the rise and fall of the Sui Dynasty? Emperor Taizong's famous words can be summarized.
The monarch depends on the country and the country depends on the people. Carve the people to serve the king, but still cut meat to fill their stomachs, and the stomach will die, and the king will be rich and the country will die.
The people are the foundation of the country; If the roots are solid, the country will be safe, and the people will be the country; A solid foundation leads to national stability.
Water can carry a boat, but it can also overturn it ―― people can consolidate the government or overthrow it; The same knife cuts bread and fingers; The support of the people is crucial to a government.
In (), the Sui Dynasty perished.
Did the Sui Dynasty royal family end well? Depends on how you understand the ending. From the Northern Zhou Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty and then to the Tang Dynasty, the ruling group was the Guanlong Group. After the demise of the Sui Dynasty, the emperor and a few emperors' best friends will of course die! However, as a major force within Guanlong Group, the "Yang family" has not been eliminated. On the contrary, because the Yang family is inextricably linked with another big force-the Li family (that is, the royal family of the Tang Dynasty), the Yang family is still alive and well. Within the whole Guanlong Group, although it is also a life-and-death struggle when competing for the position of emperor, there are still * * * far greater differences in other interests. Therefore, whether in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty or early Tang Dynasty, the interests within Guanlong Group generally far outweigh the contradictions. Therefore, the royal family "Yuwenjia" in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the "Yangjia" in the Sui Dynasty lived well in the early Tang Dynasty.
Is the Tang Dynasty more prosperous than the Sui Dynasty? How was the Sui Dynasty more prosperous than the Tang Dynasty? The Tang Dynasty was really not as short as the Sui Dynasty. When will you say this? How did the heyday of the Sui Dynasty compare with that of the Tang Dynasty? Obviously, all aspects were won by the Tang Dynasty, which enjoyed the convenience of the Sui Grand Canal.
But basically, it was not until the prosperity of Kaiyuan that the Tang Dynasty surpassed the Sui Dynasty in territory. For example, the Sui Dynasty did not prosper in the early period of Zhenguan's rule.
When did the Sui Dynasty perish? The tyranny of Emperor Yang Di led to a large-scale peasant uprising. 6 1 1 year, Shandong farmers first launched an uprising, and farmers all over the country responded in succession, which developed into a large-scale peasant war. The Wagang Army led by Zhai Rang and Shi Mi is the most powerful. After the Wagang army captured Xingluocang, it opened warehouses to help the hungry, and the people joined in one after another, which quickly developed to hundreds of thousands. ...
The Sui Dynasty perished.
The Rise and Fall of the Tang Dynasty When Tang Gaozu proclaimed himself emperor in Tang and Yuan Dynasties, it was not unified. When China came to Li Shimin of Emperor Taizong, his chastity rule lasted until the early years of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. In his later years, traitors in power, such as Li and Li, turned from prosperity to decline.
God bless four years (907), Liang Wang Zhu Wen usurped the throne and died in the Tang Dynasty.