Whose poem is "Song of JIU" from?

Tian Wen is a strange article in Qu Yuan's Songs of the South: to say it is strange is not only because the artistic expression is different from other works of Qu Yuan, but also because the author's thoughts are "strange" in the conception of the works-the amazing content shows the author's amazing artistic talent and the poet's extraordinary knowledge and imagination! Tian Wen is a classic poem full of strong rational exploration spirit and profound literary feelings. Mr. Guo Moruo said: "In fact, Tian Wen is an unprecedented first-class strange character." After Tian Wen was published, there were many imitations. Fu Xuan in Jin Dynasty has Zhun, Liang Jiangyan has Gu Sui Pian, Yan Zhitui in Northern Qi Dynasty has Returning to the Heart and Interpreting the First, Tang Dynasty has Hun Talented Person, Liu Zongyuan has Tian Dui, Fang Xiaoru in Ming Dynasty has Miscellaneous Questions and 95 Answers, Huang Daozhou has Continued, and there are also in Qing Dynasty. Directory [Hidden] 1 Introduction 2 Author's Introduction 3 What is Tian Wen 4 Language Appreciation 5 Work Structure 6 Work Content 7 Expression Techniques 8 Artistic Features 9 Realistic Value 10 Related Comments 12 Related Entries12 Refer to Tian Wen-Tian Wen, Chu Ci Regarding the background and reasons of Tian Wen's writing, Wang Yi's Chapters of Chu Ci said that after Qu Yuan was demoted, he was worried about mountains and rivers. He walked into the temple of the former king of Chu and the ancestral hall of officials and ministers, and saw stories of heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, gods, ancient sages, monsters and ghosts painted on the walls, so he wrote this article on the spot to vent his anger and relieve his worries. This statement is not necessarily reliable. As for the writing time of Tian Wen, it may not be after Qu Yuan was exiled during the reign of King Xiang of Chu, as Wang Yi said, but also when he was pregnant with King Chu. "Tian Wen" is the essence of Qu Yuan's thought and theory, and all the problems are strange and important events that are difficult to solve in ancient legends. "The theory of heaven and earth, the end of existence and abolition, the report of good and evil, the theory of ghosts and gods" seems to be seeking an answer and finding out a cause and effect. These problems have also been discussed by many scholars since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and almost all of them have been discussed in the articles of a hundred schools of thought contending. However, Qu Zi's Tian Wen has been made into such a huge system, with ambiguous sentences and doubtful tone, which is why Qu Zi is a poet rather than a philosopher. The meaning of the word "Tian" has been quite extensive in the Warring States period. Yi copula says: "The image of law is nothing more than heaven and earth." Tian Wen in the Book of Changes also refers to all the statues. The word "Tao" in Taoism and the word "Yi" in the Book of Changes are all nouns used by various schools to express the images of these teachings. Qu Yuan is an important official in the imperial clan of Chu State, with rich knowledge and experience. He wrote this wonderful article with extraordinary wisdom, which is quite neat and full of miscellaneous opinions. Tian Wen is extremely rich in content, asking people questions and expressing the author's views on the universe, life, history and even myths and legends. There are 374 sentences in the whole poem, and 172 questions are put forward (one is 1 16 questions according to different statistical standards). Due to mistakes and omissions, some arts and sciences are not smooth. But on the whole, the whole poem shows the author's profound knowledge, profound thoughts and rich imagination, and embodies his spirit of bold doubt and criticism. Among them, celestial bodies and historical legends are mostly ignored by books produced in the northern central plains during the Qi, Lu and San Jin Dynasties in the pre-Qin period, which may be due to the old history of Chu, that is, the three tombs, the five classics, the eight places and the nine hills of Lang Lang and Zuo Shi Zhuan. After Tian Wen was published, there were many imitations. It can be seen that it has a far-reaching influence on later literary creation thoughts. However, most imitations lack both ideological value and literary value. In a word, Tian Wen is a literary masterpiece with great characteristics and significance in the history of China literature, and it has quite high value and status in the history of China literature and the history of world literature. Tian Wen —— Author's Brief Introduction to Tian Wen Qu Yuan (about 339 BC ~ about 278 BC). During the Warring States Period, he was a poet and politician of Chu State, the founder and representative author of Songs of Chu. In this century, he was selected as a world cultural celebrity and widely commemorated. According to Liu Xiang and Liu Xin's collation and Wang Yi's annotation, there are 25 works of Qu Yuan, namely Li Sao 1, Tian Wen 1, Jiu Ge1,Nine Chapters 9 and Travel Far. According to Sima Qian in Biography of Qu Yuan in Historical Records, there are 1 evocation. Some scholars believe that Zhao Da is also the work of Qu Yuan. However, some people suspect that the chapters behind Journey and some chapters in Nine Chapters were not written by Qu Yuan. In terms of language form, Qu Yuan's works have broken through the four-sentence pattern in The Book of Songs, with each sentence ranging from five, six, seven, eight and nine characters, as well as three sentences and cross sentences. Grammar is uneven and flexible. The word "Xi" and function words such as "Zhi", "Yu", "Hu" and "Er" are often used at the end of sentences to coordinate syllables and produce cadence, singing and sighing effects. In a word, his works are very creative from content to form. What does JIU ge-JIU ge mean? Wang Yi's "Chu Ci Zhang Sentence" said, "Why not ask heaven?" Heaven can't ask, so it's called' Heaven Ask'. "This is an explanation. Another explanation is that since Xia Yin, heaven has been regarded as the master of all things and the master of all kinds of people. All lofty and unpredictable things can be collectively referred to as "heavenly questions", so questions about everything can also be collectively referred to as "heavenly questions". Wang Yi's Chapters and Sentences of Chu Ci said: Why not say "Ask the Heaven"? Heaven can't ask, so it's called' Heaven asks'. " He also said that Qu Yuan was demoted, worried and sad, traveled all over the mountains and rivers, passed by the Chuwang Temple and the Baiguan Temple, and saw stories of heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, gods, ancient sages and monsters on the wall, so he "prayed for heaven on the wall." Although this statement has certain historical documents and cultural relics reference, it is not necessarily the real reason why Qu Yuan wrote Nine Questions. In Tian Wen, except asking about heaven and earth, sun and moon, mountains and rivers, ghosts and gods, most of the personnel involved were of practical significance at that time. Therefore, Qu Yuan's questions will not only be based on temple murals. But his subjective choice, which he carefully wrote. From the order of the full text, the historical facts of the last three generations naturally come naturally, ending with the sage and fool of Chu, which clearly shows the author's own ideological motivation and creative intention. Therefore, this piece of Tian Wen, which contains the author's thoughtful crystallization, can't be his impromptu work of "seeking heaven". Tian Wen-Appreciation of Language Tian Wen and Tian Wen are different from other chapters in the Songs of the South in language use. There is no word "xi" throughout, and there are no suffix auxiliary words such as "some" and "only". The sentence pattern is dominated by four words, including three, five, six and seven words, which are roughly four sentences and one verse. Each verse has rhyme, and the rhythm and rhyme are naturally coordinated. There are many forms such as one question, two questions, three questions and four questions, and interrogative words such as "he", "Hu", "Yan", "self", "who" and "An" are used alternately, so the questions are vivid but not rigid, with a strong style. Therefore, predecessors commented: "long words, short words, intricacies, duality, repetition of one thing, or integration of several things." His writing style is either steep, clumsy, stubborn or fluent, and his methods are well prepared, which can be described as the abnormal condition of the article. " (Yu Yue's Comments on Chu Ci quoted Sun Yu) This constitutes Tian Wen's unique artistic style. As a series of questions, Tian Wen tends to ask questions to the end, and his style is quite special. But there are many examples in pre-Qin books. Sporadic sentences such as "Zhuangzi's Happy Journey": "The sky is gray, and its positive color is evil? It is far away and omnipotent. " The whole chapter is divided into sections, such as Zhuangzi's "Lucky in Heaven" to "Dare to Ask Why" and Liezi's "Tang asked Yuxia Pavilion". Nearly the whole article, such as Yizhoushu Zhou, from "everything is born" to "the combination of the two, which is better or worse". In addition, the article "Zhuangzi Tianxia" also said: "There are people who lean on others in the south, saying that they are dazzled and asking why heaven and earth don't fall or fall into the wind and rain. Hui Shi left without saying goodbye, but he was not worried about it. He says everything like this. " It can be seen that there have been many articles about Tian Wen's style before and after Qu Yuan. Not only that, but also poems similar to Tian Wen can be found in ancient world masterpieces. For example, the sixth paragraph of the first chapter of India's "Song of Creation in Rigveda" wrote: "Who knows the truth? Who is poor? What do you like? Why are you doing this? Who knows that the wise God followed it and combined it with this nature? How is the implementation? " The Islamic Fire Sutra (Iranian Persian Sutra) says, "Who divided the earth to make it beautiful in the sky so that it would not fall?" Who is born evil, water or plants? Who is in charge of the situation and Zhou Dao obeys it? Alas, Homo sapiens, who inspires my kindness more? The Old Testament Book of Job also said: "Who set the scale of heaven and earth? Who pulled the wire? Where is his foundation? Who planted his signpost? ..... Where does the light come from? Where did the darkness first lie? "Several philosophers of ancient civilizations have raised such questions and recited them in unison, which is quite intriguing. However, as a long philosophical poem, Tian Wen is unique. Tian Wen-the structure of the work The first part of Tian Wen is a question about the natural structure, from the first sentence "Talking about the early ancient times" to "Yanwu Xie Yu", * * * 1 12, with 69 questions. First, I asked the origin of the universe, the structure of celestial bodies and the movement of the sun, the moon and the stars, and then I asked the structure of the earth, the flood control and the ten-day shooting. The second part asks questions about social history, from "making contributions" to "dying without reward", with a total of 244 sentences and 96 questions. First I asked about Yu's marriage, and then I asked a series of questions about the history of Xia Dynasty. Then I asked a series of questions about the history of Shang Dynasty (involving the historical stories of Nuwa, Yao, Shun and Wu), and then I asked a series of historical questions about the Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (104 sentence, 45 questions). The third part is the conclusion, from Twilight Thunder to Loyalty and Fame, 17 sentences and 8 questions. The content is mainly to contact his own experience and explain Qu Yuan's personal feelings. " Tian Wen "-the content of the work Tian Wen is a long poem with 372 sentences and 1553 words. This is a long poem, with four sentences as the basic format, which puts forward more than 70 questions/kloc-0, involving astronomy, geography, history, philosophy and many other aspects. Generally speaking, the whole poem can be divided into two parts. Each part can be divided into several parts. From the beginning of the article to Yao's Hidden Spirit, this part of Qu Zi asked about the sky, and the creation of the universe is the premise of everything, which became the beginning of Qu Yuan's question. Among them, from the beginning of ancient times to How to Know asked about celestial bodies, and the four sentences in Mingming Mingchong talked about the phenomenon of the change of Yin and Yang in the universe. The second section, from "nine days" to "hidden and safe", asks the sun, the moon and the stars: Why don't they fall? How many roads does the sun walk every day? Why does the moon have sunny days? And questions about some legends about the sun and the moon. Starting with I don't want to be a flood, and transitioning from Yu's Water Control to Kyushu's Fault ... Why is it so angry? "What is said about the earth in ancient legends, but the following six sentences" I can't get a good day "are questioning the phenomenon of seeing the sun on the earth. In the third section, from "How can there be a stone forest" to "How can there be a Kuroha", most of them are two sentences, all of which are strange things in folklore at that time. The first part of the above Tian Wen is about asking questions about natural things and thinking about some myths and historical legends related to nature in parallel. The article is full of variety, association and emotion. Except for a few sentences that may be wrong (such as He Hai Ying Long, which is either wrong or wrong), we can't treat it with people's accustomed article structure, but think that it is "out of context" and chaotic. Since Yu Zhili's Contribution, he has questioned a large number of fairy tales, historical legends and historical facts, and these various personnel problems constitute the second part of Tian Wen. Female Qi, Gun, Jade, * * Gong, Hou Yi, Qi, Dragon, Butterfly, Hou Yi, Yi Yin ... Qu Zi raised many questions about these legendary things and people one by one. In his doubts about the legends of these people and gods, he often shows the poet's feelings, love and hate. Especially the legend about Kun Yu shows the author's great injustice. He deeply sympathized with Gun's great contribution to water control and was executed. In his view, Gun's death was not a failure of water control as Confucianism thought, but was suspected by the emperor because of his integrity. This kind of "problem" actually shows the poet's resentment against the unfair treatment he encountered in the political struggle. Starting from "Destiny Leads Over", it further involves historical stories and figures after the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, such as Shun, Jie, Tang, Zhou, Bi Gan, Mei Bo, King Wen,,, Mu Wang, You Wang, and praised them until,,, and Ling Yin Wen Zi ... Qu Yuan raised many questions. Compared with Li Sao, he further expounded his political views straightforwardly, and the attack on the political reality of Chu is also an expression of a change in the hope that the monarch can promote his talents, accept historical lessons and re-govern the country. " Tian Wen "-The artistic expressions of Tian Wen and Tian Wen are mainly four words, which are associated from one question to another in the form of questions. Careful reading can still sort out the context and understand the main brain. Tian Wen is different from other chapters of Qu Fu in language application. There is no word "xi" throughout, and there are no suffix auxiliary words such as "some" and "only". The sentence is mainly composed of four words, including three, five, six and seven words. Roughly four sentences are divided into one section, each section has rhyme, and the rhythm and rhyme are naturally coordinated. There are many forms such as one question, two questions, three questions and four questions. Interrogative words "He", "Hu", "Yan", "Ji", "Who", "Who" and "An" are used alternately and vary a lot. Therefore, although the questions are asked throughout and read roundly, they are not boring. There is a wind at the uneven level, so the predecessors commented: "Or long words, or phrases, or intricate, or. (Yu Yue's Comments on Songs of the South quoted Sun Yong) This constitutes Tian Wen's unique artistic style. Of course, it is to show Qu Yuan's academic thoughts and put forward real questions. Therefore, in rhetoric, it is naturally not as beautiful and romantic as Li Sao, Tian Wen and Nine Chapters, but as Shang He commented in Sao Raft in Qing Dynasty, "Although its meaning is not as tortuous as other articles, it is naturally a strange article in the universe." Tian Wen-Tian Wen and Tian Wen with artistic characteristics are unique in the history of China poetry. The whole poem Tian Wen is composed of questions, which shows the poet's thoughtful views and questions about nature, history and society. It is full of philosophy, but it is also a passionate literary work, an exciting and touching long poem. Secondly, through the use of a large number of interrogative words and function words and the changes of different sentence patterns, the whole poem is patchy, with illness and deficiency alternating and unique. The intricate changes of sentence patterns and questions, coupled with strong emotional color, constitute the style of the whole poem, which is vivid and distant and has achieved remarkable results. Tian Wen is a classic poem full of strong rational exploration spirit and profound literary feelings. Mr. Guo Moruo said: "In fact, Tian Wen is an unprecedented first-class strange character." Some scholars say that it reflects Qu Yuan's academic thought and can be said to hit the pulse of Qu Yuan's vigorous rational thought. It can be said that Tian Wen is an artistic representation of Qu Yuan's overall understanding of the universe, nature and human society. At that time, a giant peak of spirit and thought was established. Some scholars have suggested that Tian Wen is a literary work created by Qu Yuan on the basis of mastering the literature of the History of Chu Witches, which can be completely confirmed by its extensive coverage of more than 70 issues of/kloc-0. Tian Wen-Realistic Value Compared with other scholars in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the natural science problems raised by Tian Wen Qu Yuan have many new contents and characteristics. Some of these ideas still have practical value even today. 1, ask the question of information transmission: "Who passed it on at the beginning of ancient times?" When there is no human, how is the information formed by heaven and earth transmitted? This problem is still not well solved today. 2. Put forward the epistemological question: "Up and down are shapeless, why should we test them?" ? Human thinking is a kind of thinking based on symbol system. Symbols can only describe concrete tangible things, but it is difficult to describe intangible things, which is a big obstacle for human beings to understand the origin of the universe. 3. Regarding nine days, Wang Yi explained in the chapter of Songs of the South: "Nine days, the sky in the east is vast, the sky in the southeast is sunny, the sky in the south is red, the sky in the southwest is Zhu days, the sky in the west is full, the sky in the northwest is quiet, the sky in the north is mysterious, the sky in the northeast is changeable, and the sky in the center is majestic." However, this explanation does not conform to what Qu Yuan said. As a matter of fact, ancient Chinese people had the concept of nine heavens a long time ago, but the first sentence in Tian Wen is "The circle is nine times, which is the best way to spend it" and "When you are nine days old, you should settle down." This involves the space depth of the universe and the distance between objects in the sky. From the visual and intuitive point of view, the ninth-level cloud thunder is closest to the earth (meteorology was often classified as astronomical phenomenon in ancient China), then the moon, and then the inner planet (Mercury and Venus can appear before the sun to form a transit phenomenon, indicating that they are closer to the sun), the sun and the outer planet (Mars). Tian Wen's related comments, Tian Wen and Tian Wen, involve historical content and have extremely high historical value. On this issue, many scholars agree with Guo Moruo's point of view, that is, whatever appears in Tian Wen can be regarded as the real information in the pre-Qin period. Jiang Liangfu thinks that there are more than 20 articles on Xia history, 2 articles on Shang history 12 and 89 articles on Zhou history, especially in the early Qixia period. Because Chu is a descendant of Xia, Xia began in the northwest and later divided into two branches, one along the east of the Yellow River, which is today's An and Zhengzhou, that is, Zhou; The other one goes south along the Hanshui River, which is Chu. Qu yuan's hometown, that is, his hometown is in Kunlun; After the Chu ancient book Three Graves, Five Classics, Eight Suo and Nine Hills was lost, the history recorded by Northern Confucianism became orthodox. Of course, we can also think from another angle. What do you mean by the historical questions that Qu Yuan didn't ask? For example, there is no problem with the stories of Yan Di, Huangdi, Tai Hao, Shao Hao and Zhuan Xu in Nine Questions. Obviously, this shows that Qu Yuan has a choice and choice about historical issues. Among them, Tai Hao is the God of Nine Songs, and Zhuan Xu is the ancestor of Chu people. Out of respect, Qu Yuan should not question them. Because Shao Hao is the ancestor of Ba people and Qu Yuan comes from Ba family, it is understandable not to ask Shao Hao questions. The question is, why didn't Qu Yuan say anything about the deeds of Emperor Yan and Huangdi? This is somewhat puzzling. This is because Qu Yuan once inquired about the origin of mankind: "Nu Wa has a body, who made it?" He also told the stories of Yao, Shun, Qi, Giant Butterfly, Hou Ji and Peng Zu in the pre-Xia period, and also mentioned Kunlun Mountain, but did not mention the Yellow Emperor, nor did he mention the Yellow Emperor in Qu Yuan's other works (Xuanyuan and Tai Hao were mentioned, but they were not Qu Yuan's works, but were written by Han people). Perhaps the history recognized by Qu Yuan was taken from Shangshu and started from Yao and Shun. So at the end of Tian Wen, Qu Yuan said in despair, "If it is strict, what does the emperor want?" ! "This means that the rivers in Chu are going from bad to worse. What more can I ask of heaven? In other words, Qu Yuan has completely lost confidence in the role of sacrificial witchcraft in protecting Chu. In view of this, it is not difficult for us to understand why Qing Xiang, the brother of the King of Chu, was so angry after reading Tian Wen that he had to exile Qu Yuan to the south of the Yangtze River. This is because, as the chief priest of Chu (equivalent to the archbishop of the West), if his religious beliefs are shaken, it will obviously seriously threaten the sovereignty of King Xiang of Chu, so he can no longer serve as a doctor. From this point of view, in Chu, where witchcraft is very powerful, it was not others who first realized that witchcraft could not save Chu, but Qu Yuan, who was a wizard and served as the chief priest of Chu for a long time. In this case, the purpose of Qu Yuan's writing Tian Wen is not only to vent his personal doubts, but to educate the monarch and minister of Chu to "repent and turn over a new leaf", give up the psychology of relying solely on witchcraft, change the phenomenon of cronyism, and embark on the road of political innovation and political reform as a powerful country.