1, Pre-Qin-Book of Songs, Chuci 2, Han Dynasty-Hanfu
3. Tang Dynasty-Tang Poetry 4. Song Dynasty-Song Ci
5. Yuan Dynasty-Yuanqu 6. Ming and Qing novels
First, the pre-Qin period:
(A) Poetry Classic-The Book of Songs: the symbol of the formation of China's mature poetry.
1, time: from the early to the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, about 500 years, 305 statistical poems were written.
2. Content: (1) Wind is the essence of The Book of Songs, and folk songs reflect the life of the lower classes and expose class oppression and exploitation.
Famous articles: "Cutting Sandalwood" and so on.
⑵ "Ya": it is a poem of the seat of the king city of Zhou Dynasty; Divided into "and" two parts.
Famous articles: Gong Liu,, etc.
(3) Ode: It is a music song used by emperors to make peace, mainly praising the merits of ancestors and those in power.
It is divided into three parts: truffles and truffles.
3. Features: (1) Sentence pattern: four-character poem or compound word.
⑵ Language: rich and colorful, with harmonious syllables and strong artistic appeal.
⑶ Creative style: realism
4. Status: (1) is the oldest collection of poems in China, which has a far-reaching influence on the development of literature and laid the foundation of China's realistic tradition.
(2) It was listed as a Confucian classic by later generations.
(B) the charm of Chu Ci
1, Chu Ci:
(1) generation: a new poetry genre, founded by Qu Yuan, appeared in southern countries in the 4th century BC, following the book.
⑵ Features: ① Romantic creative techniques and unrestrained feelings.
The use of Chu language in the sentence has a unique rhythm, which is more suitable for expressing rich and complicated thoughts and feelings.
⑶ Meaning: coquettish and coquettish, which has a great influence on later literature.
2. The great poet Qu Yuan:
⑴ Qu Yuan's identity: a great politician, diplomat and thinker of Chu State during the Warring States Period, and an outstanding representative of the author of The Songs of Chu.
(2) Representative works: ① Political lyrics: "".
② Poetry: This poem is rich in imagination, elegant in language, with the spirit of exploration, bold in doubt and exile.
⑶ Political ambition: pursuing "prosperity": that is, revising the law, prospering talents and empowering the people, strengthening the coup law and enriching Qiang Bing;
(4) Li Sao's position
People call the style of Chuci "Chuci", and it is often called "The Book of Songs" in the history of literature, which has a great influence on later literature.
Second, the Han Dynasty: the elegant demeanor of Han Fu
1. Features: Fu is a versatile style evolved from poetry. Inherited the characteristics of pre-Qin philosophers' prose.
2. Western Han Fu
(1) Early Western Han Dynasty: Jia Yi's "Publishing Books" and "Publishing Books" all express feelings through things, with profound artistic conception.
Meicheng's is the first of its kind.
⑵ The period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the heyday of Ci and Fu creation.
Artistic features: The main features are majestic and colorful characters.
② Main representatives: Sima Xiangru's "and".
③ Late Western Han Dynasty: The most famous fu writer is.
3. Eastern Han Fu
(1) main author:,.
⑵ Style change: In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, there were fewer and fewer ci-fu, and various ci-fu rose, which got rid of the disadvantages of extravagance and waste of poetry and made the artistic conception fresh and lively.
Three: Tang poetry: Du Li's poems are widely read.
1, the reason for prosperity
⑴ Political and economic foundation: national unity and strong national strength.
⑵ Cultural policy: an enlightened and open cultural policy, the implementation of the imperial examination system, and the promotion of "writing to carry the Tao".
(3) Strengthen exchanges: Cultural exchanges between ethnic groups and between China and foreign countries have been strengthened.
2. Overall situation: large quantity, wide content, various genres and complete genres. Many poets, more than ten thousand poems.
3. On behalf of:
Li Bai, a romantic poet, was in the prime of Tang Dynasty.
(1) "Difficult to Walk" and "The Wrong Road" expressed his resentment against his talent.
(2) "Look at how the Yellow River water moves out of the sky" reflects the romantic feelings of classical poetry.
From Prosperity to Decline-Du Fu, whose poems are called realistic poets.
Have a strong sense of hardship and distinct humanitarianism.
(2) "Seven Laws" and "Ascension"; The Five Laws and Moonlit Night are dignified and neat, which can be regarded as models of rhythmic poetry.
Four. Etymology of song dynasty
1, Generation: A new genre of poetry developed from popular folk lyrics, which has been produced in the folk and is brilliant for a while.
2. Development:
⑴ Five Dynasties in Tang Dynasty: Bai Juyi in Tang Dynasty, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, a poet in Xishu, and a poet in Southern Tang Dynasty.
⑵ Northern Song Dynasty: The development of Ci is brilliant, which is the symbol of Song Dynasty literature.
① Main epigrams: ","and ".
The main poet: the representative of graceful and restrained school-:His ci was the most popular in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
Representative of the bold school: He made great contributions to the development of Ci, broke the boundaries of poetry and made Ci move towards a broad social life.
③ During the Southern Song Dynasty:
Li Qingzhao, a representative of graceful and restrained school: Her ci contains deep affection for the rise and fall of the country.
(2) The representative of the uninhibited school-Zhang's "He Xinlang" and "Six National Anthems"
Xin Qiji, bold and unconstrained ci school.
3. Reasons for the prosperity of Song Ci.
⑴ Economy: The prosperity of urban handicraft industry and commercial economy laid a material foundation for the prosperity of Ci and Qu.
⑵ Class: The expansion of the citizen class requires rich entertainment life, which is more suitable for the needs of market life.
⑶ Politics: During the Song Dynasty, class contradictions and ethnic contradictions were acute, and Ci could better express the writer's thoughts and feelings.
★★★★ Explore: the relationship between poetry, words and music.
Poetry: mainly refers to quatrains and metrical poems, paying attention to strict metrical rules, neat sentence patterns, neat antithesis and standardized rhymes;
Words: the length of sentences is uneven, which makes it easier to sing lyrically;
Qu: It can appeal to both refined and popular tastes, and it can be lyrical and lively.
Ci and Qu are both new poetry genres evolved from poetry.
Five, Yuanqu and civil society
1, Sanqu
(1) Rise: A poetic genre that was popular among the people in the north at that time and flourished at that time. Including and two main forms.
⑵ Features: ① Compared with words, Sanqu has freer syllables and rhymes, more uneven sentence length, can be filled with words and is used more frequently.
The subject matter is extensive, the language is humorous and popular, vivid and spicy, the form is lively, the description is vivid and the techniques are diverse.
⑶ Influence: It has a profound influence on later poetry and drama creation.
2. Yuan Zaju
⑴ Main features: A complete drama form formed by the combination of various performing arts forms since the Song and Jin Dynasties.
It is sung with Sanqu tunes popular in the north, so it is also called Beiqu or Beizaju.
(2) Representative: Guan Hanqing, ""
(3) Place of performance:.
(4) Reasons for prosperity: the growth of the early citizen class; The ruling class's demand for banquets.
Sixth, the human world of Ming and Qing novels.
1, late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty-classical novels came into being.
⑴ Reason: On the basis of Song and Yuan Dynasties, vernacular novels came into being. Novel is the main form of classical novel.
(2) Representatives: Luo Guanzhong and Shi Naian.
⑶ Significance: Set an example for later novels and novel creation.
2. Ming Dynasty-the golden age of classical novels,
(1) The creation of long vernacular novels is unprecedented (after the middle of Ming Dynasty)
① Reasons: Handicraft industry and commerce prospered, commodity circulation expanded, citizen class further expanded, and cultural and psychological needs were met.
(2) Representative: Feng Menglong's novels, ghost novels, especially The Journey to the West of Wu Cheng'en.
③ Significance: The Journey to the West showed the spirit of seeking, breaking through the shackles of traditional ideas and being proactive.
(2) Short vernacular novels
① Content: Describe social customs and human world.
② Representative: Sanyan by Feng Menglong (Sanyan, Sanyan)
Ling Mengchu's Er Pai (Da, Da)
③ Meaning: It truly and vividly reflects the social life of the Ming Dynasty.
3. Qing dynasty-more successfully described the world of life.
(1) Pre-Qin novels
① Content: Describe the world situation of life. (More successful than before)
(2) Representative figures: Wu's novels, which describe the life and psychology of intellectuals, are excellent satirical novels in ancient times.
Cao Xueqin's novels reveal the history of autocratic empire and feudal society from prosperity to decline. This is the best novel in ancient times.
Pu Songling's ""artistically reflects a wide range of real social life. It is a collection of excellent classical Chinese short stories in ancient times.
(2) Late Qing novels
① Cause: the influence of.
② Content: Reflect modern social life.
(3) Representative figures: four condemnation novels, Harmony.
★★★★ Exploration: Reasons for the Prosperity of Novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties
Section III Characteristics of China Classical Literature (for teachers' reference)
★☆ The development stage of China's classical literature.
1, Pre-Qin-Book of Songs, Chuci 2, Han Dynasty-Hanfu
3. Tang Dynasty-Tang Poetry 4. Song Dynasty-Song Ci
5. Yuan Dynasty-Yuanqu 6. Ming and Qing novels
First, the pre-Qin period:
(A) Poetry Classic-The Book of Songs: the symbol of the formation of China's mature poetry.
1. Time: from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, about 500 years, with 305 poems.
2. Content: (1) Wind is the essence of The Book of Songs, and folk songs reflect the life of the lower classes and expose class oppression and exploitation.
Famous articles: photo books, tan cutting, storytelling, etc.
⑵ "Ya": it is a poem of the seat of the king city of Zhou Dynasty; It is divided into two parts: Xiaoya and Daya.
Famous articles: Gong Liu, Mian, etc.
(3) Ode: It is a musical song that emperors will use for sacrifices and major ceremonies, mainly to praise the achievements of ancestors and those in power.
It is divided into three parts: Zhou Fu, Lu Fu and Shang Fu.
3. Features: (1) Sentence pattern: four-character poem or compound word.
⑵ Language: rich and colorful, with harmonious syllables and strong artistic talent.
⑶ Creative style: realism
4. Status: (1) is the oldest collection of poems in China, which has a far-reaching influence on the development of literature and laid the foundation of China's realistic tradition.
(2) It was listed as a Confucian classic by later generations.
(B) the charm of Chu Ci
1, Chu Ci:
(1) generation: Following the Book of Songs, Qu Yuan founded a new poetic genre in southern Chu in the 4th century BC.
⑵ Features: ① Romantic creative techniques and unrestrained feelings.
The use of Chu language in the sentence has a unique rhythm, which is more suitable for expressing rich and complicated thoughts and feelings.
⑶ Meaning: coquettish and coquettish, which has a great influence on later literature.
2. The great poet Qu Yuan:
⑴ Qu Yuan's identity: a great politician, diplomat and thinker of Chu State during the Warring States Period, and an outstanding representative of the author of The Songs of Chu.
(2) Representative works: ① Political lyric poem: Li Sao.
② Poetry: Nine Songs is rich in imagination, elegant in writing, and has the spirit of exploration; Nine Chapters has the spirit of bold doubt, and Tian Wen's exile experience.
⑶ Political ambition: to carry out "American politics": that is, to improve laws, empower talents and reform laws to make Qiang Bing rich;
(4) Li Sao's position
People call Chu ci style "Sao style", which is often called "The Book of Songs" and "Sao" in the history of literature. It had a great influence on later literature.
Second, the Han Dynasty: the elegant demeanor of Han Fu
1. Features: Fu is a prose poem evolved from Sao poem. Inherited the characteristics of pre-Qin philosophers' prose.
2. Western Han Fu
(1) Early Western Han Dynasty: Jia Yi's Ode to Diaoqu Yuan and Ode to Pengniao are all lyrical through objects, with deep artistic conception;
Mei Cheng's Seven Hair is the first one in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
⑵ The period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the heyday of Ci and Fu creation.
Artistic features: The main features are majestic and colorful characters.
② Main representatives: Sima Xiangru's Zi Xufu, Shang Fulin, etc.
(3) Late Western Han Dynasty: The most famous fu writer is.
3. Eastern Han Fu
(1) Main authors: Ban Gu, Zhang Heng.
⑵ Style change: In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, there were fewer long poems, and all kinds of short poems rose, which got rid of the disadvantages of extravagance of long poems and made the artistic conception fresh and lively.
Three: Tang poetry: Du Li's poems are widely read.
1, the reason for prosperity
⑴ Political and economic foundation: national unity and strong national strength.
⑵ Cultural policy: an enlightened and open cultural policy, implementing the imperial examination system and advocating "taking officials by poetry".
(3) Strengthen exchanges: Cultural exchanges between ethnic groups and between China and foreign countries have been strengthened.
2. Overall situation: large quantity, wide content, various genres and complete genres. More than 2,300 poets and more than 50,000 poems.
3. On behalf of:
(1) During the prosperous Tang Dynasty-"Poet Fairy" Li Bai: a romantic poet.
(1) "Difficult to Walk" and "The Wrong Road" expressed his resentment against his talent.
(2) "Look at how the Yellow River water moves out of the sky" reflects the romantic feelings of classical poetry.
He is called "Poet Fairy".
⑵ From Prosperity to Decline-Du Fu, a Poet Sage, is a realistic poet.
(1) "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are shrouded in a strong sense of hardship and distinctive humanitarianism.
(2) Seven methods "Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity" and "Ascending the Mountain"; The five laws "Spring Hope" and "Moonlight Night" are dignified and neat, and they are a model of rhythmic poetry.
(3) He is called "Poet Saint" and his poems are called "History of Poetry".
Four. Etymology of song dynasty
1, Generation: A new poetic genre developed from the lyrics of popular long and short sentences, which originated in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty.
2. Development:
(1) Tang and Five Dynasties: Bai Juyi in Tang Dynasty, a poet of Huajian School in the late Tang and Five Dynasties, a poet of Xishu, and Li Yu in Southern Tang Dynasty.
⑵ Northern Song Dynasty: The development of Ci is brilliant, which is the symbol of Song Dynasty literature.
① Main aphorisms: Bodhisattva Man, Butterfly Lovers and Niannujiao.
② Main poet: Liu Yong, a representative figure of graceful and restrained school, whose poems flourished in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
The bold school represented by Su Shi has made great contributions to the development of Ci, breaking the boundaries of poetry and making Ci move towards a broad social life.
③ During the Southern Song Dynasty:
Li Qingzhao, a representative figure of graceful and restrained school, whose ci contains deep affection for the rise and fall of the country.
(2) The representative of the uninhibited school-Zhang's "Why Heart Lang Meng Around Shenzhou Road" and "Six States Song Tou Long Section"
Xin Qiji, an uninhibited poet.
3. Reasons for the prosperity of Song Ci.
⑴ Economy: The prosperity of urban handicraft industry and commercial economy laid a material foundation for the prosperity of lyrics and songs.
⑵ Class: The expansion of the citizen class requires rich entertainment life, which is more suitable for the needs of market life.
⑶ Politics: During the Song Dynasty, class contradictions and ethnic contradictions were acute, and Ci could better express the writer's thoughts and feelings.
(the relationship between poetry, words and music)
Poetry: mainly refers to quatrains and metrical poems, paying attention to strict metrical rules, neat sentence patterns, neat antithesis and standardized rhymes;
Words: the length of sentences is uneven, which makes it easier to sing lyrically;
Qu: It can appeal to both refined and popular tastes, and it can be lyrical and lively.
Ci and Qu are both new poetry genres evolved from poetry.
Five, Yuanqu and civil society
1, Sanqu
(1) Rise: A poetic genre that was popular among the northern people in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties and flourished in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Including small orders and sets of two main forms.
⑵ Features: ① Compared with words, Sanqu has freer syllables and rhymes and more uneven sentence length. Can be added, dialect idioms and new words at that time are used more.
The subject matter is extensive, the language is humorous and popular, vivid and spicy, the form is lively, the description is vivid and the techniques are diverse.
⑶ Influence: It has a profound influence on later poetry and drama creation.
2. Yuan Zaju
⑴ Main features: A complete drama form formed by the combination of various performing arts forms since the Song and Jin Dynasties.
It is sung with Sanqu tunes popular in the north, so it is also called Beiqu or Beizaju.
(2) Representative: Guan Hanqing's Feeling Dou E's Injustice.
⑶ Performance venues: "Wasi" and "Goulan"
(4) Reasons for prosperity: the growth of the early citizen class; The ruling class's demand for banquets.
Sixth, the human world of Ming and Qing novels.
1, late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty-classical novels came into being.
⑴ Reason: On the basis of the Song and Yuan scripts, vernacular novels were produced in the form of chapters and chapters. Zhang Hui's novels are the main form of classical novels.
(2) Representatives: Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong and Water Margin by Shi Naian.
⑶ Significance: It set an example for the creation of later historical romance novels and heroic legendary novels.
2. Ming Dynasty-the golden age of classical novels,
(1) The creation of long vernacular novels is unprecedented (after the middle of Ming Dynasty)
① Reasons: Handicraft industry and commerce prospered, commodity circulation expanded, citizen class further expanded, and cultural and psychological needs were met.
(2) Representative figures: Feng Menglong's "Countries of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty", the novel "Romance of Gods", especially The Journey to the West of Wu Cheng'en,
③ Significance: The Journey to the West showed the spirit of emancipating personality, breaking through the shackles of traditional ideas and being proactive.
(2) Short vernacular novels
① Content: Describe social customs and human world.
② Representative figure: Feng Menglong's Sanyan (Yu Shiming, Tong Yan, Xing Yan)
Ling Mengchu's Second Beat (the first moment of surprise, the second moment of surprise)
③ Meaning: It truly and vividly reflects the social life of the Ming Dynasty.
3. Qing dynasty-more successfully described the world of life.
(1) Pre-Qin novels
① Content: Describe the world situation of life. (More successful than before)
Representative: Wu's The Scholars, which describes the life and psychology of intellectuals, is an excellent satirical novel in ancient times.
Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions reveals the history of autocratic empire and feudal society from prosperity to decline. This is the best novel in ancient times.
Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio artistically reflects a wide range of real social life. It is a collection of excellent classical Chinese short stories in ancient times.
(2) Late Qing novels
① Reason: the influence of reformism.
② Content: Reflect modern social life.
(3) Representative figures: Four condemnation novels, Officialdom in the Sky, Strange Land in the Past Twenty Years, Evil Sea Flowers and Travel Notes of Lao Can.
★★★★ Exploration: Reasons for the Prosperity of Novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties
⑴ Economy: With the rise of a large number of industrial and commercial cities, the ranks of citizens have grown, and popular literature has flourished in this environment.
⑵ Politics: Politics is dark, officialdom is corrupt, social contradictions are gradually deepening, and some literati are increasingly dissatisfied with the real society.
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