Good memory
Jews have a long history in Poland. In the 9th century, Jews came to live in Poland. For the early Jews in Poland, people seldom know where they came from and their early living conditions in Poland. But historians believe that these Jews came to Poland from the Black Sea coast and then passed through southeastern Russia. However, Jews moved to Poland on a large scale and established Jewish settlements, which was in the crusade era from 1 1 century to13rd century. There are also some Jews from Poland's neighboring country-Germany.
After the Crusade, the Christian forces gradually grew in Europe. At this time, Jews who believed in Judaism clashed with Christians, and Jews were discriminated against and persecuted, and some were even slaughtered. /kloc-in the 0 th century, Poland surrendered to the German emperor and believed in Catholicism, so the Germans moved to sparsely populated Poland.
Later, Poland was constantly invaded by Russia in the east, and more people in Poland were willing to immigrate to Poland, so the persecuted Jews in Central and Western Europe also came to live in Poland.
We all know that Jews are born to do business, so the economic life in Poland has changed since Jews came to Poland. Poland is very tolerant of Jews. 1264, the polish ruler issued a decree to protect Jews and protect their lives and property. And the tax burden is the same as that of Christians People are not allowed to insult Jewish cemeteries and churches.
The Jewish trade brought benefits to Poland. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, Poland further used laws to protect the trade and transportation of Jews and their rights. It is Poland's tolerant and preferential policies that make a large number of Jews flock to Poland. It can be said that Jews at this time are not only pioneers of Polish economy and society, but also the most beautiful period for Jews.
Jews are mainly engaged in commercial trade with Russia, Poland and Germany in the Polish economy. In fact, Jews are a middleman in Poland. Jews also formed caravans to transport various commodities and goods in three countries. There are also some Jews who act as intermediaries between the Polish royal family and nobles. Because Jews can manage, many Polish nobles are willing to let Jews manage their surplus real estate and make profits. Jews also collected taxes and products from farmers and handed them over to the Polish royal family and nobles. It has become an intermediate link between the upper and lower classes in Poland. Jews are also engaged in food processing, wine making, wood and clothing, making Jews an indispensable class in Poland. But at this time, Jews were restricted to economic life and could not have political privileges.
Poland's tolerance for Jews is mainly due to economic interests, but Christianity in Poland excludes Jews in life and even excludes Jews from living areas. The Polish church even issued a fatwa prohibiting Jews from living with Christians, so Jews can only live in a corner of the city or on the edge of the country. Christians even claimed that Jews sacrificed blood to God, and Jews defiled the sacred bread, so conflicts between religions occurred from time to time. At this time, Jews can only choose to live between the upper class and the church in Poland.
Although Jews in ancient Poland were rejected by Christians, on the whole, Jews in ancient Poland lived in a relaxed and free environment, and the number of Jews at that time was increasing. By the end of 15, after the merger of Poland and Lithuania, the number of Jews in Poland reached150,000, and by 1650, the number of Jews in hundreds of Jewish settlements in Poland reached 500,000, making Poland the region with the largest number of Jews in the world at that time.
From 15 to 16, the Jewish community in Poland had a great degree of autonomy. The Jewish community in each city and region has an elected management committee, which is responsible for the educational welfare and other life affairs of the Jewish community, and collects taxes on behalf of the Jews. The management Committee is also responsible for handling non-Jewish affairs and urging Jews to abide by state regulations. The management Committee is not responsible for protecting Jews who are hurt by non-compliance.
The members of the Jewish community management committee are all "rabbis", who strictly manage Jewish community affairs, educate Jews, and manage facilities such as synagogues and cemeteries. For example, in 1560, the Jews in Poland also established the "Four Provinces Conference", which is the highest legislative and executive body of Jews in Poland and regulates and restricts the Jewish community in Poland. This relaxed Jewish autonomous environment lasted until the18th century, during which Jews gradually developed the research system and school of Talmud, which can be said to lay the foundation for the continuation of Jewish "roots".
Miserable life
The beautiful and free life of Jews in Poland was disturbed and impacted by the middle of17th century. According to historical records, the rise of religious forces in Europe is the beginning of the tragic life of Jews. At that time, the power of the Roman Catholic Church rose, and Catholic violence against Jews began to increase. According to historical records, in 1648, Polish Cossacks were dissatisfied with Polish rule and began to oppose the rule of Polish aristocrats under the leadership of HerMirni Tsky. Later, Polish farmers joined the rebels. Because Jews collect taxes for Polish nobles, the insurgents hate Jews the most. The peasant uprising in Poland killed many Polish nobles and Jews. According to records, the uprising killed 200,000 people, one third of whom were Jews. According to records, in 1768, Cossacks launched another uprising in Uman area, and a large number of Jews were killed in the uprising.
The good life of Jews in Poland began to be hit hard, and by the end of 17, the Polish ruling class served by Jews was also very weak. The Russian forces in the East are rising, and the Prussian Empire in the West is eyeing up. Jews cannot rely on the protection of the Polish ruling class. Many Jews are poor because they can't engage in trade.
/kloc-in the middle of the 0/8th century, one third of Jews were marginalized. They lived in towns and villages, and they were scattered. In some villages, there are only one or two families of Jews, who live in scattered places and have a small number, so that Jews have no ability to defend themselves at all. At this time, the Jewish autonomy system was also abolished. 1764, the polish parliament dissolved the parliaments of four provinces and directly taxed Jews.
With the political turmoil in Poland, Jews were unable to engage in international trade, which directly led to the economic depression in Poland. Faced with poverty, some Jews began to believe in mysticism, and Jews hoped for a savior. At this time, a Jew named Shabete Zevi took advantage of the hope that the Jews would become Frank, claiming that he could save the Jews, so a large number of Jewish believers gathered around him, but the Polish rulers quickly drove Frank away. The hope of the Jews was dashed, and soon the Hasidic school appeared again.
As for Hasidism, traditional Judaism regards it as a heresy and denies its existence. However, in the turbulent life in Poland, the Hasidic movement was recognized by Jews and developed in eastern Poland. This Sect is mainly supported by the Jewish lower class. Hasidic school also has positive activities, asking people to cheer up, opposing pessimistic thoughts and asking Jews to find comfort in their faith. Now this Sect still has great influence among Jews.
/kloc-At the end of 0/8th century, Poland was divided up three times by Opus and Austria, and Poland was erased from the earth by the three countries. A large number of Jews living in eastern Poland were ruled by Russia. The tragic life of Jews is more serious because Roman Catholicism is more secular and Orthodox Christianity is more hostile to Jews.
When the czar ruled eastern Poland, Jews were required to live in residential areas and pay double taxes. Young Jews will serve in the Russian army for 25 years. Russia also demanded young and strong Jews to convert to the Orthodox Church through repression. But at this time, the Jewish life in western Europe has changed, because after the French Revolution, the repression of Jews was not so strict. So Eastern European Jews and Polish Jews began to participate in their own independent liberation movement.
188 1 year, after the assassination of czar Alexander ii, there was an anti-semitic wave in eastern Europe, and then Russia issued the "may decree" to expel Jews from the settlement, and a large number of Jews were slaughtered. Jews living in eastern Europe had to migrate westward. Some Jews took this opportunity to go to the United States, while others with Zionist ideas went to Palestine in the Middle East. Some of these Polish Jews became the first leaders of the founding of Israel, such as Shah Park Jung Su, Bei Jing, Perez and Chamir.
outrageous fortune
Jews living in Poland have been persecuted since17th century, and their status went from bad to worse until Poland was destroyed. After the restoration of Poland in World War I, there were 3 million Jews in Poland, and it is still the largest Jewish country in the world. Warsaw, in particular, has one third of the Jews and is the largest Jewish city in the world.
The real cruel life of Jews in Poland was during World War II. 1939 In September, German fascists occupied Poland like lightning. After occupying Poland, German fascists, who hated Jews, brutally slaughtered Jews. Jews live in isolation and wear Jewish symbols. Jews lived a miserable life in the quarantine area, where 500 thousand people died of disease.
Germany also forced Jews to do the hardest work. By 194 1, Germany had carried out mass extermination of Jews. They massacred Jews on a large scale, drove them to concentration camps, shot them in batches, even poisoned them with poison gas and burned criminal evidence.
During this period, Jews also resisted, and some Jews formed guerrillas against the Germans. However, due to the disparity in strength, more than 60,000 Jewish protesters were killed or captured and sent to concentration camps, and only a few hundred escaped.
After World War II, there were only 74,000 Jews left in Poland. More than 2,000 Jewish communities have been destroyed, and only 200 communities still have a small number of Jews. It can be seen that Jews in Poland were almost extinct during World War II. Shortly after World War II, there was even an anti-Semitic movement in Botswana. According to the data, in 1946, a brutal murder occurred in Kelce province, Poland, and the surviving Jews fled to the United States and Palestine. At present, there are only more than 5,000 Jews left in Poland. Such a small number has to be thought-provoking
Now there is a strange phenomenon. If you want to travel to Poland, don't say "Polish concentration camp". You may be illegally detained. Because now in Poland, the law stipulates that Nazi Germany slaughtered Jews that year, which has nothing to do with Poles. But Israelis don't think so. They know how the number of Jews in Poland has dropped from more than 3 million to more than 50 million.
Readers are welcome to criticize and correct me. The picture comes from the internet and the copyright belongs to the original author.