Du Fu's Life Experience
1. Bad career
In the sixth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong called the "all-rounder" of the world to Chang 'an to take the exam, and Du Fu also took the exam. Because the Minister of Electric Power Li directed a farce of "leaving no legacy", all the students who took the exam lost the election. Because the imperial examination was not feasible, Du Fu had to turn to the powerful door to realize his political ideal, but it ended in vain. He lived in Chang 'an for ten years, rushing around offering gifts, unhappy, frustrated in his official career and living in poverty. "He failed to win the first place and was trapped in Chang 'an. "
In the first month of the tenth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong held three ceremonies to worship Taiqing Palace, ancestral temple and heaven and earth. Du Fu then presented three "big gifts" in the winter of the ninth year of Tianbao, which was appreciated by Xuanzong and ordered to be placed in Jixian Hospital. However, he is only eligible to participate in the election and wait for distribution. As the examiner is still Li, he didn't get the official position.
In the fourteenth year of Tianbao, Du Fu was awarded the rank of Hexi Commandant, but Du Fu didn't want to be appointed as the official position of "If you don't be Hexi Commandant, you will bend over", so the court changed him to the right guard and led the government soldier Cao (a junior official who was responsible for guarding the staff of armor and managing the access key). Du Fu stayed in Chang 'an for more than ten years because he was 44 years old. In order to make a living, he accepted this useless job. In November, Du Fu went to Fengxian Province. Just as Du Fu entered the room, he heard crying. It turned out that his youngest son starved to death. Based on ten years' experience in Chang 'an and his experiences along the way, he wrote the famous "From Beijing to Fengxian, reciting 500 words".
2. War and displacement
In November of the 14th year of Tianbao, An Shi Rebellion broke out. In June of the following year, Tongguan fell and Xuanzong fled hastily. In July, Prince Hengli was established in Lingwu as Su Zong. At this time, Du Fu had moved his family to Qiang Village in Yinzhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) to take refuge. He heard that Su Zong ascended the throne and went north alone in August to join Lingwu. Unfortunately, he was captured by the rebels on the way and brought to Chang 'an. Wang Wei, who was also captured, was closely supervised, and Du Fu was not imprisoned because of his small official position. Despite personal misfortunes, Du Fu always cared about the country and the people. During the An Shi Rebellion, he always paid attention to the development of the current situation. During this period, he wrote two articles, Guo's Situation in Huazhou and Five Questions about the Examiners in Hehuazhou, offering suggestions for exterminating the Anshi Rebellion and considering how to reduce the burden on the people. When fighting the rebels. When Li's soldiers and horses passed through Huazhou, they wrote the poem "Looking at the West Soldiers to Stand by in Guanzhong", expressing patriotic enthusiasm.
3. In the formal period
In April of the second year of Zhide (757), Guo Ziyi's army came to the north of Chang 'an. Du Fu ventured out of Chang 'an from Jinguangmen in the west of the city, crossed the opposing two armies, and joined forces with Su Zong in Fengxiang (now Baoji, Shaanxi). On May 16, Su Zong awarded Zuo Shiyi, so it was called "Du Shiyi". Unexpectedly, Du Fu was soon demoted to Huazhou (now Huaxian County) for saving houses, which angered Su Zong and took charge of sacrifices, music, schools, elections, medical care and examinations. After arriving in Iowa, Du Fu was very depressed and upset. He often goes to Zhengxian Pavilion on the Xixi River (near the old viewing platform in Xinglin Town today) to relieve his worries. In his poems, such as Tizhengting, Bitter Story of Early Autumn, Independence, and Skinny Horse Travel, he expressed his sigh and resentment at those who were frustrated in their official career, indifferent in the world and treacherous. Du Fu was rescued by Prime Minister Zhang Gao and released. But "the emperor didn't pay much attention to the records", and Su Zong no longer reused Du Fu. In September this year, Chang 'an was recovered. 1 1 month, Du Fu returned to Chang 'an and remained there to collect the remains. Although he was loyal to his duties, he was eventually implicated in the Fang Yi case and was demoted to join the army in June of the first year of Gan Yuan (758).
At the end of the first year of Gan Yuan (758), Du Fu temporarily left Huazhou to visit relatives in Luoyang and Yanshi (both in present-day Henan). In March of the following year, the battle between Tang Jun and Yecheng (now Anyang, Henan Province) broke out and Tang Jun was defeated. On his way back to Huazhou from Luoyang, Du Fu was deeply moved by the endless disasters brought to the people by the war and the patriotic behavior of the people participating in the war, so he worked hard to create an immortal epic? "Three Officials" (Xin 'an official, Shi Haoguan official and Tongguan official) and "Three Farewells" (newly married, resigned and homeless) were revised and released after returning to Huazhou. "I am full of sadness and trouble because people travel far."
Step 4 wander in the southwest
In the summer of 759, in the second year of Gan Yuan, there was a drought in Huazhou and Guanzhong. Du Fu wrote "Summer Sigh" and "Summer Night Sigh", worrying about the time and hurting the chaos, and lamenting the suffering of China refugees. After beginning of autumn this year, Du Fu felt sad about the dirty politics, gave up his secretarial position in Huazhou to join the army, and went to Qin Zhou in the west (now Tianshui, Gansu). Du Fu wrote more than 30 poems during his tenure in Huazhou. Du Fu finally arrived in Chengdu after several twists and turns. With the help of Yanwu and others, he built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhuaxi in the west of the city, which was called "Du Fu Cottage" or "Huanhuacao Hall" in history. Later, it was recommended by Yanwu as the festival capital, and the whole family lived in fengjie county, Sichuan.
In the spring of the second year of Guangde (760), he moved to Shu again, and Du Fu returned to the thatched cottage where he had been wandering for nearly two years. Yanwu recommended Du Fu to be Yuan Wailang, the Ministry of Industry for proofreading, and served as Yanwu's staff officer. Later generations also called Du the Ministry of Industry. Soon Du Fu resigned again. During these five or six years, Du Fu was still living a hard life. He said, "The book of a thick and generous old friend is broken, and the son who is hungry is desolate" ("Madman") "Fools don't know the ceremony of father and son, so they are angry and beg for food and cry to the East Gate." He used some details of his life to show the hardships of his life. He said that his children are not sensible, don't know how to respect their fathers, and don't know the courtesy of their masters. When they are hungry, whether they are fathers or not, they should follow the ceremony of father and son. When you are hungry, you clamor for food and cry at the east gate. In the autumn wind and rainstorm, Du Fu's hut was dilapidated, and his wife was hungry and couldn't sleep all night. He wrote "The Hut was Blown by Autumn Wind".
Guangde in April, Yanwu died, Du Fu left Chengdu. After passing through Jiazhou, Rongzhou (Yibin), Yuzhou (Chongqing), Zhongzhou (Zhongxian) and Yun 'an (Yunyang), it arrived in Kuizhou (Fengjie) in the first year of Dali. Thanks to the care of Bai Maolin, the magistrate of Kuizhou, Du Fu was able to stay here for the time being, take care of the 100 hectare public land in Dongtun, rent some public land by himself, buy a 40-acre orchard, hire several employees and take part in some labor with his family. During this period, the poet's creation reached a climax. In less than two years, he wrote more than 430 poems, accounting for 30% of the existing works. During this period, his works include Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn Wind Broke the Straw Shed, Shuxiang, Yellow River Banks Recovered by the Imperial Army, Gordon, Moon Landing Building and many other famous works. One of the most famous poems is: "An De Wan Lou, all the poor people in the world are happy." And the "leaves fall like waterfalls, and I think the long river always rolls forward" in "To the Top" is a swan song.
Jiangzhou passed away.
In the third year of Dali, Du Fu was homesick, took a boat out of the gorge, first went to Jiangling, then to the police, and drifted to Yueyang, Hunan at the end of the year. During this period, Du Fu lived in a boat. Because of the difficulties of life, not only can we not return to the north, but we are forced to travel further south. In the first month of the fourth year of Dali, from Yueyang to Tanzhou (Changsha), from Tanzhou to Hengzhou (Hengyang), and then back to Tanzhou. In the fifth year of Tang Daizong Dali (770), Zang Jun made an insurrection in Tanzhou, and Du Fu fled to Hengzhou again. He had planned to go to Chenzhou to take refuge in his uncle Cui Kun, but when he went to Leiyang, he had to stop at Tianyi Fang when the river rose. He didn't eat anything for five days. Fortunately, the county magistrate Nie sent someone to deliver wine and meat, and was saved. Later, Du Fu had to travel more than 200 miles upstream from Leiyang to Chenzhou. At this time, the flood did not retreat, and Du Fu returned to the north with one heart. At this time, he changed his plan, went downstream and returned to Tanzhou. In the winter of the fifth year of Dali, Du Fu died on a boat from Tanzhou to Yueyang. At the age of 59.
Du Fu's Personal Achievements
1. Poetry
Du Fu's poem "There are Sixty Volumes" has long been lost. In the second year of Baoyuan in the Northern Song Dynasty (1039), Wang Zhu collected 1405 volumes and compiled them into 18 volumes, which was named "Du Gongbu Collection". Qian edited The Collection of Du Gongbu. Yang Lun said: "Since the Six Dynasties, Yuefu imitated plagiarism, and Chen Xiangyin was the most disgusting. When Zi Mei came out, she felt what she felt at that time. When she went to Benjamin, she was in trouble. The people there were very poor. She asked questions at random, trying to get rid of the stereotypes of her predecessors.
Du Fu's middle-aged poems are called "the history of poetry" because of his gloomy poetic style and feelings of worrying about the country and the people. His poems are good at antique and rhythmic poems, and have various styles. He accurately summed up his work style with the words "depressed and frustrated", mainly focusing on depression. Du Fu lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Most of his poems involve social unrest, political darkness and people's sufferings. His poems reflected the social contradictions and people's sufferings at that time. His poems recorded the historical changes of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and expressed the lofty Confucian spirit of benevolence and strong sense of hardship, so they were called "the history of poetry". Du Fu is concerned about the country and the people, with noble personality and exquisite poetic skills. Du Fu wrote more than 1500 poems in his life, many of which are famous works that have been celebrated through the ages, such as Three Officials and Three Farewells. Among them, the "three officials" are Shi Haoguan, Xin 'an official and Tongguan official, and the "three farewell" are newly married, homeless and resigned. Du Fu's poems handed down from generation to generation are the most extensive in the Tang Dynasty, and he is one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Du Fu's works are known as the scars of the world and the sages in poetry. The people are in poverty, and the bottom of the pen is turbulent. It is a masterpiece of realistic poetry.
Rhyme plays an extremely important role in Du Fu's poems. The achievement of Du Fu's metrical poems lies in expanding the scope of expression of metrical poems. He not only writes about entertainment, nostalgia, travel, feasts and landscapes with Chang Song poems, but also writes about current events with Chang Song poems. It is difficult to write current affairs with metrical poems, but Du Fu can use them freely. Du Fu writes metrical poems freely, changes as much as he can, conforms to the law without seeing the shackles of metrical poems, and is in neat opposition without seeing the traces of antithesis. For example, there is such a poem in Yang Lun's Ascending the Mountain, which is called "The Seven-character Law of Du Ji": "There is a flurry in the sky, apes crow and birds crow, blue lakes and white sands, and birds crow at home. The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness. Bad luck has a bitter frost on my temples, and heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine. " The whole poem is also very precise and elegant in tonal sentence patterns. Eight sentences are all right, so is the first sentence. Strict antithesis is concealed by the fluency of the image, and strictness becomes sparse.
The highest achievement of Du Fu's metrical poems can be said to be that this style is fluent and makes people forget that it is a metrical poem as soon as they are written. Such as "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night": "Good rain knows the season, when spring comes. Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently. Wild trails and clouds are all black, and rivers and boats are bright. Look at the red and wet place, Jinguancheng flowers are heavy. " The last four sentences use flowing water to write down the charm of spring rain in one breath, unexpectedly and silently, and at the end, write down a surprise that suddenly looks back, which is rigorous and seamless.
Du Fu is good at using many systems of classical poetry and creatively developing them. Du Fu's thought of paying attention to people's livelihood and his achievements in rhythmic poetry directly influenced the creation of new Yuefu by Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi and others in the middle Tang Dynasty. He is the pioneer of the new Yuefu poetry style. His Yuefu poems contributed to the development of the new Yuefu movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. His "May 7th" archaic novel, which is also a history of poetry, began to narrate and focus on the whole story, marking the high achievement of China's poetic art. The Song Dynasty, full of social contradictions, was the most prosperous time to learn from Du Fu, and the Jiangxi Poetry School with Du Fu as the Sect appeared. Gu and others in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties also had an obvious tendency to learn from Du Fu. They also used metrical poems to reflect the anti-Qing struggle at that time and were impassioned.
Du Fu's poems received extensive attention after the Song Dynasty. Yu Wang, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian and Lu You spoke highly of Du Fu. Textual research data for nearly a thousand years, the wind of governing Du Fu has been endless. There are many works about the chronology, classification and annotation of Du Fu's poems in Song Dynasty, such as Du Gongbu Collection, Du Fu's Nine Poems, Poems in Du Gongbu Caotang by Lu and Cai Mengbi, and Poems in Du Gongbu by Xu.
His Chinese works include The Imperial Army Recovers Both Sides of the Yellow River, Wang Chun, Jueju and Wang Yue. There are more than 100 kinds of comments on Du Ji by later generations, among which Du Gongbu's Notes on Du Ji, Qiu's Detailed Notes on Du Shi, Yang Lun's Jing Quan of Du Shi and Pu Qilong's Interpretation are widely circulated. There are biographies of Du Fu in both old and new Tang books. After the Song Dynasty, there were a lot of words to comment and explain Du Fu's poems. Zhonghua Book Company compiled a collection of classical literature research materials at 1964. Du Fu's volumes were incorporated into the Tang and Song Dynasties. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Siyou had Du Yi, who kept Du Shi Shuo. In addition, Zhonghua Book Company also compiled the more important papers since the May 4th Movement into "Essays on Du Fu Studies". Biographies and new research monographs include Feng Zhi's Biography of Du Fu, Xiao Difei's Study of Du Fu, Fu Gengsheng's On Du Fu's Poetry and Zhu Dongrun's On Du Fu's Narrative. More detailed chronicles include Wen Yiduo's Notes on Mr. Shaoling's Chronology and Du Fu's Chronology of Sichuan Institute of Literature and History Research.
2. Calligraphy
Du Fu's view of calligraphy creation is very mature and profound. According to the records, his calligraphy style is cursive and cursive, with overall intention, respect for the ancient and magnificent, and emphasis on speed, rhythm, brushwork, ink method and so on. He was also a very profound calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, his praise of the official calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty and his evaluation of Cao Ba and Zhang Xu were enough to make him famous in the history of calligraphy. His theory of "calligraphy is expensive but thin and hard" laid an important position for Du Fu in the history of calligraphy theory.
Du Fu's Character Evaluation
Selected poems of Du Gongbu
It is well known to the world that poets use words as their works, but Lao Du's changes are endless and almost impossible to trace back. For example, "the mountains and rivers have Bashu, and the towers and terraces are all harmonious", which is thousands of miles apart and only between the word "you" and the word "zi", while swallowing mountains and rivers and pitching ancient and modern times is beyond words. The rattan king pavilion is "pink wall and bamboo color, and the empty pavilion sounds." If you don't use the words "Jude" and "Zi", you can use them in any pavilion without rattan king. This is a wonderful work, beyond the reach of human resources, but this old man is a leisurely man, divorced from nature and unable to see his own strength. Nowadays, people are more likely to imitate the words they have used, to suppress their own narrowness and to stutter. They don't know the meaning and situation, so they can use any word.
Poetic language is too skillful. However, it has its own natural craft because of its sentimental object. Although ingenious, it is difficult to see the traces of carving. Seven words are hard to be magnificent, and every sentence is powerful without losing its meaning. I have tasted and hated those who have no successors since Lao Du's sentences of "The Silk River with splendid spring scenery floats between heaven and earth, like a cloud on the Jade Peak, between the ancient and the present" and "The drums and drums are powerful, and the rivers of stars and heaven are more than three mountains".
Ye Song Shao Yun's Stone Forest Poems and Paintings
There are three kinds of words in Zen's cloud theory: one is to go with the flow, which means to respond to things and not be the master; The second is to cut off the multi-flow sentence, which means beyond the text, not what you know; The third is to cover Gankun's sentence with letters, which means that everything is harmonious and can wait; Its depth is in the order of magnitude. When I was a student, I tasted the drama, saying that Lao Du had these three languages, but they were different successively. Taking "the waves sink and the lotus floor powder" as the letter to cover the sentence of Gan Kun, taking "the falling flowers are quiet in the daytime, the pigeons are deep" as the drift sentence, and taking "a hundred years of seclusion in Chai Men, and the grass pavilion in Jiang Shen is cold in May" as the cut-off sentence. If there is a solution, it should be with the canal.
On Song Sima Wengong's Continued Poems
The ancients thought that poetry was more important than meaning, which made people think and get it. Therefore, those who say this are innocent, and those who hear it are warned. Du Zimei is the best poet in modern times, for example, "Although the country is divided, mountains and rivers remain forever, and the vegetation is spring". Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. "There are mountains and rivers, and there is nothing left; The vegetation is deep and no one is clear; What kind of flowers and birds can entertain at ordinary times? You will know when you see crying, but you will feel sad when you smell it. He's like this, but he can't lift it all again.
Chen Shidao's Poems on the Back Hill in Song Dynasty
Meng Jia lost his hat, which he thought was the best one in his last life. On the 9th, Du Zimei said in a poem: "Being ashamed of short hair, blowing your hat backwards, smiling and being close to others is the crown", which is elegant and broad-minded, and does not diminish the predecessors. It is said that poetry can be caused by non-mechanics, and it should be moderate in the chest.
Zhou Zizhi's Zhupo Poems in Song Dynasty
I have been to Shan Jiang in the past few years, and I went to Baogong Tower in the evening. It's dark, but the moon is still outside. I looked down at the Buddhist temple in front of the river and heard the sound of wind chimes. Suddenly I remembered Shaoling's poem "The night of the temple is abrupt and the wind is moving." I suddenly felt that I was talking. I have also tasted the lonely valley and the ancient wood lining the street, but as soon as I heard that the sub-rules correspond to the wooden room, I knew that "the two sides of the mountain meet and the sub-rules crow all day" was a good word. In midsummer, enjoying the cool with guests by the stream, the sun sets in the mountains and cicadas are full of trees, watching them wash horses in the stream. It is said that Shaoling's so-called "washing horses in the evening is cool, and cicadas are singing in the forest". This poem is recited on weekdays, and the work is not seen; Only when you see this place do you know its wonders. Poetry is about writing what you see, there is no need to take too many risks.
Whenever a poet makes a speech, he will do something unknown in his speech. I read official Taishi's book, "Fired guns every day (note: changed to Woodenhead), which is contradictory." Du Shaoling said: "Stark blew the drums and horns of the challenge, and the stars and Tianhe pulsated over the three mountains." Gai secretly uses moving language, but there is a meaning of fighting in the language. As for this, poetry can be used for work.
Song Qiang You 'an's Records of Tangzi's Western Literature
The author of "Ancient Times" didn't intend to create words at first, so-called telling things by things. For example, Du Zimei's Northern Expedition went into battle directly and suddenly said, "Or red as cinnabar, or black as paint, rain and dew are wet, sweet and sour." So is this one. Articles are like writers' books.
Song Xulu's Poems on zhouyan
Old Du Can won't talk about it, and he doesn't have to praise it. If he gains something, he won't forget it. For example, Emperor Taizong said: "The posture of dragons and phoenixes is the table of the sun and the moon." And old Du Shiyun: "I am really shocked", which can be described simply. After Zhaoling's poem, he said, "Many cultural relics are ancient, and the imperial court is semi-Confucian. It is better to be honest than to be humiliated, and the road to virtue is not rugged. " Emperor Taizong was brave and good at fighting, and he ruled the world, but he was the most prosperous. Old Du Heng said in his poem, "You are too lazy to be vulgar, you are too depressed to return to your heart." This language is very sad. Yesterday, Kuai Tong cried when he read Le Yi, and later generations also cried when they tasted it. There is a saying in Qi Liang Yuefu: "Protect the past and add poor pants to prevent leisure and keep the palace." Today, cattle and sheep go to the autumn dragon, and they are near the red. " Lao Du said, "Princess Guo and Qin." His minions said, "Be careful not to make the Prime Minister angry." Why did Guo and Qin get angry as soon as they approached when they were ready to serve the country loyally? Dongpo said that Lao Du was like Sima Qian, and Gai knew it well.
Tang poetry in Qing dynasty
Yuan Zhen wrote: "Li Baiqiang's waves are unrestrained, and his sincerity is not as beautiful as his shoulders." At the end of the story, if the arrangement is more than rhyme, it will be thousands of words and hundreds of times. The writing is heroic, but the wind is clear and the gas is deep, which belongs to the law. Abandon everything, Li Shang will not realize its enthusiasm, and the situation will be magnificent. Bai Juyi also said: "Du Fu's poems run through ancient and modern times, perfect, almost too Li." This is Yuan Hebai's theory. It is difficult to hide its source, and it is easy to see the poem at first sight. But the purpose is to be loyal to the monarch and worry about the country, and to be hurt is to think about chaos. Reading his poems can tell his world, so it was called "history of poetry" at that time. Sixty volumes of old poems * * *, and nineteen volumes of poems are compiled today.
Sister Liu's Lu Xun on Classical Literature
Lu Xun's evaluation of Du Fu: "Du Fu seems to be not an ancient man, but still lives in our pile." Lu Xun, who once joined New Youth and launched the May 4th Cultural Revolution with famous works such as Diary of a Madman, suddenly became a revolutionary literature tutor in the 1930s. In his later years, he discussed the history of China literature with friends, and thought that Tao Qian, Li Bai and Du Fu were first-rate poets in the Middle Ages. Then he said, "I always feel that Tao Qian stands farther away and Li Bai stands higher. This is also a fact. Du Fu doesn't seem to be an ancient man, as if he still lives in our pile today. " Lu Xun parted ways with Hu Shi in politics in his later years, but his evaluation of Du Fu is still homophonic with Hu Shi's Sheng Pan. He once said: "Du Fu is the backbone of the Chinese nation!"
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