Appreciation of ancient poetry can be divided into three stages: feeling and feeling; Appreciation and evaluation; Summarize the expression.
I. Views and feelings
Feeling, that is, reading and understanding poetry, can start from the following aspects.
1. Understand the development and changes of classical poetry.
2. Master the categories and characteristics of poetry.
Distinguishing the categories of poetry is often a breakthrough to understand and appreciate the content of poetry. According to the way of expression, it can be divided into narrative poems, lyric poems and philosophical poems; According to the meter, it can be divided into ancient style (ancient poetry) and metrical poetry (modern poetry); According to the number of words, it can be divided into four words, five words, seven words, miscellaneous words and so on; According to the content, it can be divided into pastoral poems (landscape poems), event poems, frontier poems, event poems and epics. Ci can be divided into bold school, graceful school and so on according to style.
3. Grasp the main features of poetry.
That is, poetry has a high degree of generality, vividness, lyricism and distinctive musicality.
4. Familiar with the common terms of classical poetry appreciation.
(1) Evaluation topic class
Deepen the artistic conception, deepen the theme, profound artistic conception, beautiful artistic conception, meaningful, thought-provoking, short and far-reaching, rich in meaning, implicit, implicit and so on.
(2) Analysis technology
Zhang Xianzhi, who makes the finishing point, expresses his mind directly, expresses his will by supporting things, symbolizes, sees the big from the small, comes straight to the point, entrusts, sets off, sets off, renders, describes the outline, compares, rises, blends scenes, interacts with scenes, expresses emotions and contrasts scenes, and all the situational words are emotional.
(3) Language feature classes
Sketch, strong color, detailed description, delicate, vivid, subtle, poor in form (phase), philosophical, incisive, flowing, both in form and spirit, concise, simple, lively, clear, smooth, plain, strange, fresh, elegant and gorgeous.
(4) Style category
Depressed, bold, vigorous, broad-minded, depressed, desolate, diluted, deep, sad, vigorous, soothing, sad, handsome, cool and so on.
(5) the structure of the article
Foreshadowing, foreshadowing, echoing and nature.
(6) Writing skills
Virtual reality, harmony, etc.
5. Grasp the characteristics of poetic rhetoric methods.
The rhetorical devices commonly used in poetry are metaphor, personification, contrast, exaggeration, metonymy, pun and intertextuality.
Secondly, we should pay attention to the application method when reading poetry.
(1). With the help of title, author and comments.
(2) Learn to classify and appreciate poetry from the content.
The classification of ancient poetry can be roughly summarized as: epic, pastoral, object-chanting, frontier poems, sentimental poems and so on.
(3) With the help of background
(4) Pay attention to the use of "allusions" in the works.
Quoting is a common expression in ancient poetry. Generally speaking, we should pay attention to the following situations when using allusions in ancient poetry.
A. touch the previous sentence. Pointing is different from direct quotation, but written in your own words after digesting the previous sentences.
B. Use historical stories wisely. When quoting historical stories, it is clear to point out who and what.
C. secretly using historical stories. Bi Ming used concealment, because he didn't clearly point out what it was, so it was difficult to see it at a glance. If you know the historical stories used, you can read poems; On the contrary, it will be a big headache.
D. reverse use of historical stories. Using historical stories by stealth means using their meanings, and conversely using historical stories means using their meanings.
Second, appreciation and evaluation.
1. Grasp the imagery and artistic conception of poetry
Images in poetry:
There are various images in poetry, which can be summarized into the following categories:
(A) Symbolic images
(B) figurative image
(c) descriptive images
(D) Synaesthesia image
2. Appreciate the images in poetry
Generally, it can be divided into figures and natural scenery.
(1) character image. The poet image "I" in poetry generally refers to the lyric hero, that is, the poet himself. It is different from the "I" in the novel (not the author himself).
(2) the image of the scene. The landscape image in the poem is the scenery in love. Lyrics are often subjective emotional images with the help of objective images (mountains, rivers, vegetation, etc.). ).
Generally, when writing a short essay, we should pay attention to "blocking" first, that is, to tell the overall characteristics of the poet's image, and then take this as the "central argument" to analyze and demonstrate this argument from the specific words of the poem. The other three aspects of appreciation and evaluation generally use this idea. It is worth noting that we must write around this argument. Beginners often lose focus and write all aspects in short words.
The way to appreciate the poet's image, like other literary works, generally starts with his social status, ideology and personality characteristics.
3. Appreciate the language of the work
The main features of poetic language are conciseness, vividness, emotion and jumping.
4. Appreciate the expressive skills of the works
(1) lyric method.
There are direct lyricism (expressing one's mind directly) and indirect lyricism. The main means of indirect lyric is to express one's ambition through scenery or things, and also to melt feelings into scenery, remember the past and regret the present.
(2) expression techniques.
Expression can be grasped from three aspects:
1, creative method: Fu, Bi and Xing;
2. Performance: narration, description, lyricism and discussion;
3. Conception skills: write static with motion, write sadness with joy, combine reality with reality, see big with small, combine point with surface, imagine association, symbolize sustenance, etc.
Of these three aspects, the third aspect is its focus.
(3) allusions.
There are two main points in using allusions to appreciate poetry:
1, the source and meaning of allusions.
2. The role of allusions. The function of allusion in poetry before Tang Dynasty is mainly to increase the capacity of poetry and make it elegant, lasting and rich in literary talent. In the poems and songs after the Tang Dynasty, it is mainly to remember the past, hurt the present, praise history and express ambitions.
(4) Style
Style is the general feature of ideological and artistic works determined by creative personality. As far as style is concerned, there are romantic and realistic points. As far as the overall style of poetry and music is concerned, there are three theories: elegant poetry, charming words and harmonious words (vulgar), and bold and graceful are different.
1, different styles have different characteristics:
Romanticism: Good at expressing passionate pursuit of the ideal world, often using exaggerated and passionate language and magnificent imagination. Representative poets are Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Li He, Su Shi and Gong Zizhen.
Realism: pay attention to accurately and delicately describing reality according to the original life, and truly reflect people's lives and pursuits. Representative poets are Du Fu, Xin Qiji and Lu You.
2. Many poets have formed their own unique styles:
Su Shi and Xin Qiji: bold Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao: graceful Li Yu, Liu Yuxi: meaningful.
Xie Tiao and Xie Lingyun; Natural Li Bai; Fresh and elegant Du Fu; Depressed and frustrated
Qu Yuan: vigorous and tragic Wang Anshi: vigorous and lofty Tao Yuanming: distant and quiet.
Wang Wei: Quiet and Beautiful Wang Changling: Magnificent and Heroic Li He: Magnificent and Strange.
Cao Cao: Heroic and majestic
3. Different types of poetry have different styles:
Palace poetry: lingering pastoral poetry: quiet landscape poetry: fresh and beautiful
Frontier poems: sad and generous allegorical poems: gloomy and angry poems: magnificent and magnificent
(5) Rhetoric:
Mainly master eight rhetorical devices required by the college entrance examination. The examination form is generally an artistic method to distinguish rhetoric and analyze the artistic effect of rhetoric.
5. Evaluate the ideological content of the work
There are three points to check:
1. Emotional categories: sadness, anger, hatred, sadness, joy, cheerfulness, yearning, parting sadness, and aversion to the present.
2, emotional carrier: willow-parting chrysanthemum-proud full moon-reunion leaves-frustrated and so on.
3. Lyric method: See the previous "Appreciation and Expression Skills".
III. Summary and Statement
1. Flexible use of common terms to appreciate ancient poetry, accurately and appropriately express their own "on poetry" experience.
"What to write": lyrical description of scenery; Recite things and express aspirations (feelings); Nostalgia for history; That is, feelings; Battle of frontier fortress; Landscape pastoral; Image; Artistic conception; Background; Main idea.
"How to write": romanticism; Realism; Poetic eyes; Lyric with scenery; Integrate feelings into the landscape; Say it out loud; Combination of reality and excess; Picturesque and vivid; Dynamic and static combination; Turn static into dynamic; Refine words; Take over and turn over; Fu Bixing; Exaggeration; Use allusions; Implicit; Confrontation; rhyme
"Why write": express the thoughts and feelings of; Reflect social reality; Show interest in; show interest in; Entrust feelings (such as admiration, melancholy, melancholy, depression, etc.). ). Express the pursuit of; Show a tendency to; Give off the feeling of ...; Show one's heart; Create the feeling of.
2. Distinguish several concepts and make clear the content angle of the answer.
When you ask "expression", you should describe, describe (reality, movement), discuss, express your feelings, elaborate, etc.
When you ask "figures of speech", you should answer the figures of speech used;
When you ask about "artistic (expressive) skills", you should imagine, associate, contrast (positive or negative contrast), contrast, symbol, allusion, application and implication.
3. When answering questions, pay special attention to the following points: First, stick to the requirements and don't generalize; Second, the main points should be complete and should be considered from multiple angles; The third is to scrutinize terminology and strive to be accurate, concise and standardized.