Throughout the ages, people have either eulogized or cursed "autumn"; some have attached meaning to it, or used it to express feelings. There are ancient and modern times, north and south land, thick and thin meanings, so "autumn" also shows different appearance, color, sound and taste. In "Autumn in the Old Capital", Yu Dafu used unique expression techniques to express the unique style, unique colors, unique sounds, unique charm and unique artistic conception of "autumn". The "autumn" in "Autumn in the Old Capital" is this kind of autumn: "especially clear, quiet, and desolate." This "clear", "quiet" and "sad" are the author's thoughts on autumn in the old capital of Peiping. The total projection on the page, which constitutes the tone and background of the article. Looking at the full text, the author intends to praise autumn. Why does it paint a layer of sadness on the readers' emotions from the beginning? Does it violate the logic of life? No, this kind of "qing, quiet, and desolate" is exactly the characteristic of autumn in the old capital, and it is what the author focuses on expressing, because the color itself is a kind of beauty. A falling locust leaf can move one's emotions, and the whine of autumn insects can touch one's soul even more. This profound sorrow and the feeling of neglect of a lonely person were exactly Yu Dafu's state of mind at that time.
"The Story" "Autumn in the Capital", the author uses affectionate feelings and delicate descriptions to outline a picture of the autumn scenery of the North for readers, making the readers unable to help but fall in love with the autumn in the hometown.
This is a beautiful article describing the love and charm of autumn. "Autumn in the Old Capital" is the author's affectionate ode to the autumn in the North.
At the beginning of the article, I closely focus on the "qing, quiet, and sad" characteristics of autumn in my hometown to describe the "flavor of autumn" and "meaning of autumn" in my hometown to express my "autumn feelings" ". For example, he wrote, "The reason why I traveled thousands of miles from Hangzhou to catch up with Qingdao, and even more so from Qingdao to catch up with Peiping, is just to have a taste of autumn, the flavor of autumn in my old capital." The deep affection for Northern Autumn here is beyond words. Of course, Northern Autumn has not been here for more than ten years. It is also the author’s eagerness to look forward to the autumn in the North.
In order to arouse the reader's excitement and fascination with the autumn of the old capital, the author chose representative and distinctive autumn flowers, autumn grass, autumn cicadas, autumn rain, autumn fruits, etc. The scenery, the splendid and colorful scenery that highlights the autumn of the old capital, the quiet and sad mood, the implicit and tenacious character, naturally capture the readers' heartstrings. Then he changed his writing and wrote that the autumn in the South is like "the bright moon at the Twenty-four Bridges, the autumn tide of the Qiantang River, the cool mist of Putuo Mountain, the residual lotus in Litchi Bay" and so on, "but the colors are not strong and the aftertaste is not lasting." This clever comparison is all to exaggerate the author's innocent love for his hometown. Isn't this the author's love and praise for the great rivers and mountains?
In the description of the "color", "taste", "artistic conception" and "posture" of Beiping autumn, the author embodies his nostalgia for the natural scenery of his hometown and his persistent pursuit of beauty, revealing a kind of tranquility. , indifferent mood. The language is fresh and distant, containing a sense of color and rhythm, which embodies the unique personality and aesthetic value of Yu Dafu's prose.
The harmonious color sense and picture beauty formed by the unity of subjective feelings and objective description are the first features of "Autumn in the Old Capital".
Color, as an aesthetic concept, has two aspects: everything in nature has its own color, we might as well call it objective color; objective existence is reflected in people’s When you think about it, its color has a certain degree of subjectivity, and we call it subjective color. These two colors complement each other and complement each other in Yu Dafu's paintings.
Autumn, no matter where it is, is always good; however, autumn in the North is particularly clear, quiet, and desolate.
This "clearness", "quietness" and "sadness" are the general projection of autumn in the old capital of Peking on the writer's thoughts, which constitute the tone and background of the article. Readers may ask this question: Looking at the full text, the author intends to praise autumn, so why does it paint a layer of sadness on the readers' emotions from the beginning? Does it violate the logic of life? No, this kind of purity, tranquility, and sadness are exactly the characteristics of autumn in the old capital, and they are what the author focuses on expressing, because the color itself is an expression of beauty. Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long · Objects": "In the preface of the Spring and Autumn Dynasties, the yin and yang are miserably relaxed, and the movement of objects makes the heart shake." It means that people's emotions change with the changes of external objects. The spring scenery makes people feel happy, and the late autumn makes people feel happy. People are sentimental. There are many such emotional sentences in "Autumn in the Old Capital":
After the street sweeper swept under the shadow of the trees for a while, the lines of the broomstick left on the dust, It seems that it feels both delicate and leisurely, but subconsciously it also feels a little lonely. The ancients said that one leaf of the phoenix tree and the world knows the autumn is probably in these deep places.
The feeble chirping of the autumn cicada is even more a specialty of the North...
If we use "delicate" to describe "the silk patterns of the broom left on the dust" If there is still some objectivity, then "leisure" and "loneliness" are completely subjective and conceptual. A falling locust leaf can move people's emotions, and a few wails of autumn insects are enough to touch the heart. This profound sorrow and the feeling of neglect of a lonely person were exactly Yu Dafu's state of mind at that time. Because the author's emotions are integrated into the description of objective things, he naturally feels lonely and desolate. Just like his hometown of Peking, the author's emotions are also cast with a light autumn feeling.
When commenting on the ancients' sadness for autumn, the article wrote:
This shows that animals with feelings and humans with emotions always have the same feeling for autumn, which can evoke deep, remote, and distant feelings. The feeling of severity and desolation comes from it.
Collecting the above-mentioned subjective words: Qing, leisurely - quiet and quiet, this is the "qing" of autumn in the old capital; delicate, remote - quiet and profound, this is the "deep" of autumn ; Loneliness, weakness, depression - depression and desolation, this is the "sadness" of autumn. Yu Dafu used his emotions to paint a delicate and profound subjective artistic conception, which forms the skeleton of the article. Readers can feel the power of the beauty of the work while appreciating the colors, flavors, artistic conception and gestures of autumn. Excellent prose writers often pay attention to creating poetic artistic conception, but most of them are completed in the description of objective life. However, Yu Dafu focuses on showing the characteristics of Beiping autumn from subjective feelings, which is probably difficult for ordinary people to achieve.
If the above subjective color is called "rational thinking", which can only be completed with the help of readers' literary literacy and certain appreciation ability, then "Autumn in the Old Capital" can also be regarded as objective The depiction of color is called "natural reproduction" and it appeals directly to the reader's senses. This prose does not paint the natural scenery with heavy makeup or deliberately carve out the color levels. It only touches the negatives of life a little bit, and fully reveals to its readers the various charms that nature has given to the autumn in Beiping. It not only reflects the background of autumn, but also harmonizes with the tone of the text. You see:
Even among the crowds in the Imperial City... when you wake up in the morning, make a bowl of strong tea and sit in the courtyard, you can see the high, green sky and hear the sky. The sound of tame pigeons flying under the blue sky... When it comes to morning glories, I think blue or white are the best, followed by purple and black, and light red is the worst.
This is a huge picture with a three-dimensional beauty. The vast green sky serves as the background of the painting; on the ground, colorful morning glories gather into a colorful wild flower bed; between the sky and the earth, one or two white or gray tame pigeons occasionally appear, dotted in a large area In the middle of the blank space, it appears dense and appropriate, with appropriate shades, comparable to Tiangong. People sitting in the yard, holding tea bowls, looking up at the blue sky, bending down to pick petunias, hear the sound of tame pigeons flying from time to time. The picture is static and moving, lifelike, and the beauty and taste of autumn are completely integrated. Among the blue sky and white flowers. This light and slightly "gamey" mood reflects the simple and original beauty of autumn in the old capital. On the surface, the author just embellishes it casually. In fact, the author's choice of colors is quite original. Most of the "cold" colors used in this picture, such as cyan, blue, gray, white, etc., are used to show the characteristics of deepness and indifference. If "hot colors" such as red, yellow, and orange are used instead, the coordination and unity of subjective colors will be destroyed, and the unique flavor and spirit of autumn in the old capital will be diluted. It is the reflection of the writer's aesthetic point of view in literary works.
Look again at the description of the jujube tree:
When the light green and yellowish color appears in the middle of the small oval leaves, it is the heyday of autumn, etc. The leaves of the jujube trees have fallen, and the jujube trees have turned red... The turn of July and August is a beautiful day in autumn in the North.
This section uses the changes in the color of dates to describe seasonal characteristics, and depicts colors from a dynamic perspective. Readers can rely on the subtle changes in color in the text to expand their imagination and understand things. Obviously, the previous picture is composed of several color points in space. The colors of dates from light green to light yellow to red are undoubtedly on a line, just like a spectrum in physics, and even slight differences can be distinguished. If we didn't observe things carefully and feel the subtleties, it would be difficult to express them so accurately.
"Autumn in the Old Capital" is like a piece of crystal clear glass, and it also transmits some uncolored colors. Please see:
Get up in the morning and make a bowl of strong tea...< /p>
Looking eastward from the bottom of the locust tree leaves, count the rays of sunlight leaking through...
It is best to have a few sparse roots growing under the morning glory. The spiky and long autumn grass...
The northwest wind is about to rise. The North is just a world of dust and dust...
The above sentences do not directly express color, but because the author shows some characteristic things with a certain color to the readers, the readers can follow the The artistic realm of the work, coupled with one's own observation and experience of life, "adds" its color (objective or subjective) to things. No? Through the above narrative, people will have the image of golden sunshine and withered grass in their minds; seeing the flying sand and dust, readers will also have the same idea as the author, "The new wind is stirring the grass, and the horses are returning home." "The sadness of desolation and desolation. The content of the article is also constantly expanding internally, gradually showing its depth. Another example is "The bright moon of the Twenty-four Bridge", "The cool mist of Mount Putuo", "The residual lotus of Lychee Bay", etc., which also have this characteristic.
The sense of rhythm and musical beauty are more strongly expressed in "Autumn in the Old Capital". Rhyme is a technical term for poetry, and it is used here to reveal the poetic beauty of this prose.
As for the natural rhythm of prose, Yu Dafu made a clear explanation in "The New Chinese Literature Series·Prose Volume 2·Introduction". He said: "In prose, the kind of charm that Wang Yuyang talks about, if we don't talk about the dead rhythm of music, refers specifically to the natural rhythm in a broad sense... But it can also be there; because of the coming and going of the four seasons, the cooperation of yin and yang... Nothing is inconsistent with the rhythm of nature.
"This means that the movements of all things in nature follow certain laws and rhythms consciously or unconsciously. This is a natural rhythm. As a prose describing natural scenery, it can naturally have this aesthetic feature. When Yu Dafu wrote "Autumn in the Old Capital", it was on the eve of the compilation of two collections of essays for "Liangyou" Book Company, so this work better reflects this artistic proposition.
Look first. The work describes the autumn rain:
Under the gray sky, a cool breeze suddenly came, and then it began to rain slowly, and the clouds gradually rolled to the west. Go, the sky is clear again, and the sun shows its face again...
Look at the description of the locust tree again:
The kind of fallen pistils that look like flowers but not flowers, When you wake up in the morning, it will be all over the floor. When you step on it, there is no sound and no smell. You can only feel a tiny and soft touch.
Who wouldn’t feel that after reading these two paragraphs. Is the author writing a poem? In his eloquent narrative, he creates infinite poetry. First of all, the things the author chooses are poetic, including movement (cool wind, falling rain, passing clouds) and stillness (gray sky, silence). The breathless falling pistils are both sentimental and scenic. The writing is like gently floating white clouds and the tinkling mountain spring. The rhythm of nature and music are integrated into the calm and delicate description. "It is also cleverly embedded in the autumn rain of "Xi Lie Suo Luo", in the "fine and soft" falling pistils, either sound or silent, or objects or feelings. The meaning of autumn and the mood of autumn are secretly permeated between the lines. . This is the most beautiful rhythm in nature.
The rhyme and rhythm of the poem enhance the musical beauty of "Autumn in the Old Capital" "Of course there is autumn in Jiangnan; but the grass and trees are withered. /Slow, the air/comes/moisturizes, the color of the sky/appears/light..." The above three sentences have the same structure, and are supplemented by the structural particle "de" after the verbs. The form is neat and uniform, and there is an overall sense of beauty. As a predicate The adjectives "slow", "run" and "dan" all express plain and delicate meanings. They are also loud syllables with the same tone. The two words before and after have a rhyme, so the sound is sonorous, the language is coherent, and it has a strong sense of music. Tolstoy once said: "A modifier is used powerfully, and the result is not only the modified word, but also the connected word." Verbs and even parenthesis appear very powerful. "("On Creation") Since many words in "Autumn in the Old Capital" have this characteristic (such as "moist", "light", etc. above), they read very rhythmically. Look at the following: "Every year in the south, autumn comes. , I always think of the reed flowers in Taoranting, the willow shadows in Diaoyutai, the singing insects in Xishan, the night moon in Yuquan, and the bells in Tanzhe Temple. "The author neatly arranges these scenic spots with correct phrases, going back and forth, like a string of pearls, with a bright and brisk rhyme and rhythm.
All scenery language is love language. This prose The perfect blend and unity between "things" and "I" shows the writer's outstanding artistic talent. It is not only an objective description of Beiping autumn, but also a reflection of the author's mood at that time. Among Yu Dafu's large number of lyrical prose about scenes, it is very special. A distinctive article.