You read too much, and you know classical Chinese, but if your level is not that high, you'd better read something with a little annotation. Say something practical. Answer more questions during the exam. Don't just type one word. You can answer all the synonyms related to him Literal translation is dominant, supplemented by free translation. If you can't reach the standard, don't translate it casually, otherwise you will gild the lily and lose points.
This is my experience. I get very few points in and out of classical Chinese class, mainly because I read much more than others, so you should read more. Details: First, reading the full text, the overall perception of classical Chinese reading problem solving, the most prone to two drawbacks, one is to look at the exam questions first, preconceived; The second is to catch a little, it is better to catch the rest.
Reading materials of classical Chinese, whether articles or paragraphs, have certain independence and integrity. According to the cognitive law, people's understanding of things often has a process from whole to part, from rough to fine, from simple to complex.
When taking an exam, it is best not to look at the setting of the examination questions first, but to feel the materials as a whole and grasp their main points without any external influence. If it is a discussion article, it is necessary to clarify the topic to be discussed, the author's point of view, the selected materials, the method of argumentation and so on.
If it is a narrative, it should be clear who it is, the relationship between characters, important people and their temperament characteristics; What is written, the cause, process and result of the event, and the author's views and attitudes revealed in the article. For example, in 2002, the national college entrance examination classical Chinese reading questions, read through the materials will be clear. This is a biography; It was written by Li Guang, a flying general in Han Dynasty. After a general description, I wrote four things in detail: repelling the fierce slaves with the plan of suspected soldiers, eating and drinking with scholars, and drawing a knife from myself, which made the world mourn; It highlights the temperament characteristics of General Li, such as being brave and resourceful, honest and self-disciplined, loving soldiers like children, and being brave in taking mistakes. The author greatly appreciates this.
Grasping these contents as a whole not only overcomes the disadvantages of being preconceived and inferior to the rest, but also facilitates local analysis and improves the accuracy of solving problems. Second, reading options, after reading the material skillfully in the stem, although you have a general perception of the content, it will inevitably leave many doubts and difficulties.
At this time, don't get to the bottom of it. The most wonderful way is to read the exam questions, get information from the options and solve problems. As we know, the Chinese syllabus for senior high school requires students to "have the ability to read simple classical Chinese". In order to embody the word "simple" and reduce the difficulty of solving problems, proposers generally ask candidates to choose an inaccurate item when setting the stem of the question; When setting options, difficult materials are often set as precise options.
Therefore, even if we return all these options to the reading materials to understand, the accuracy rate is above 80%. On this basis, we can eliminate many difficulties and doubts.
For example, the title 1 1 of the national language volume of the national college entrance examination in 2000 explains "province", "examination", "firewood" and "faith"; Question 12 Explain "cause", "every", "cause" and "harmony"; The title 13 explains "the innocence of adults", "the reputation of writing" and "its governor"; 14 translated the following questions: "After eating, I will come back with a journey", "I will ask for leave to go home first", "I want it for more than 100 miles" and "I want to send it away because of my orientation". With so much information, and more than 80% of it is accurate, coupled with the previous overall perception, many difficulties will be solved.
Even if it is required to choose an accurate item, such a question can give us inspiration for interpretation. For example, in the National Language Volume 1 1 of the National College Entrance Examination in 2002, the items that accurately explain the notional words "accidental death", "general", "twists and turns" and "knot" were selected.
In other words, more than 80% of the explanations of these four notional words are wrong, forcing us to find new sources of information. At this time, the most commonly used method is to list the meaning of each notional word as much as possible, and then combine the context to understand the semantics.
For example, the meaning of "accidental death" in item A is not only "accidental death" in the option, but also "die here after all" and "until death". For example, the meaning of "tying hair" in item D includes "just coming of age", "getting married" and "tying hair".
With more information, we have the basis for comparison, inference and choice, and we can answer questions more accurately.
2. Chinese classical Chinese must first have a foundation, so it is necessary to accumulate more word explanations in classical Chinese. Such as flexible use of polysemous words. Then practice more and cultivate a certain sense of language (in fact, we need a sense of language as much as English reading, but I personally think classical Chinese is much simpler than English. After all, are you from China? )
Modern Chinese: (Subjective question) I'm still good at it. Generally, they are in the top few in the class (subjective papers are embarrassed to score). My idea of doing this kind of questions is that the answers to general questions can be found in the original text. So when answering questions, first extract the author's original sentence from the original text and add your own analysis. On the premise of correct thinking, you will basically not deduct points. And by observing the score of each question, we can infer that this question needs to answer several points, so it is not easy to miss the answer. Of course, these skills are based on a correct understanding of the ideas of the article. If you can't always grasp the author's ideas and the questioner's ideas, then do more questions and ponder more when changing the answers. Let's go
3. Classical Chinese reading skills Classical Chinese reading skills:
Step 1: Browse the topic quickly.
Classical Chinese extracurricular reading questions have a characteristic: some topic options show the meaning of some keywords in the text; Some topics hint at the main content of classical Chinese. Browsing topics helps students understand the general meaning of classical Chinese. Therefore, after receiving the extracurricular classical Chinese reading essay, we should first quickly browse the topics after the essay.
Step 2: Analyze the topic carefully.
Generally speaking, the reading paragraphs of classical Chinese after class will be given titles, and most of the titles themselves summarize the main contents of classical Chinese. For example, in an exam, I took an extra-curricular reading article in the classical Chinese "Chu People Learn to Boat". The title of this subject-predicate structure summarizes the main content of the paragraph, and we can know the main content of the paragraph after reading the title. In short, a careful analysis of the title of a paragraph can help us quickly understand the main content of classical Chinese.
Step 3: Read the full text quickly with comments.
When reading a passage of classical Chinese after class, some difficult words in classical Chinese are generally annotated. These notes help students understand the main content of classical Chinese accurately. So, don't ignore these notes, but take them with you to read the full text quickly. In addition, it should be noted that in the process of reading the full text, don't stop and think hard, but continue reading. In short, read the full text quickly, not completely, but understand the main idea of the article. Step 4: Answer the question with the right medicine.
There are three types of reading problems in extracurricular classical Chinese, namely, word interpretation, sentence translation and content understanding. Different problems are solved in different ways:
(1) Word explanation questions: This kind of questions mostly examine the phenomenon of polysemy of content words in classical Chinese, which is basically learned by students in classical Chinese in class. When solving problems, we should first apply the meaning of the content words in classical Chinese that we have learned, and then contact the context test. Fluency after the exam is the correct answer.
(2) Sentence translation: The translated sentence should be translated freely on the basis of literal translation. First, explain the meaning of the key words in the draft (literal translation); Then, write the general meaning of the sentence (free translation). When translating sentences, we should pay attention to the following problems: ① Proper nouns such as year number, person name, place name, official name, object name, book title and country name should be kept as they are, and no translation is needed. For example: "In the spring of four years (year number), Teng (name) was ordered to guard Baling County (place name)". In the spring of Li Qing's fourth year, Teng was demoted to Baling County Order. For example: "Chen Shengsheng, Yangcheng people are also". "Who? Also "table judgment, nonsense, should be deleted. Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng. ③ Some special sentence patterns in classical Chinese (such as verb inversion, preposition object and adverbial postposition). ) Different from the word order of modern Chinese, appropriate adjustments should be made in translation. For example, "Sorry, you don't like it!" "Your mental deficiency is too serious. (4) If the translated sentence is an ellipsis, the omitted elements should be supplemented. For example, "Uncle Naidan said' Chen' (omitting the subject). "They wrote the words' Chen' on the silk with vermilion.
(3) Content comprehension questions. There are three ways to solve this kind of problem: one is to quote the original sentence to answer; Second, extract keywords from the original text to answer; Third, organize written answers in your own words. Among the three methods, the first and second methods have higher accuracy.
4. I think it's ok to appreciate ancient Chinese (I wrote it myself) 1. You can translate the whole poem first. 2. Write down the description of each sentence and the ideas expressed. 3. Refine individual words in ancient poetry (the so-called word refining means that the individual words used in ancient poetry are particularly accurate and can particularly reflect the main idea. Or vividly reveal the artistic conception. ) 4. Combining the above, dredge the success of the whole poem and the places worth learning. 5. Talk about the feelings and enlightenment of appreciating the whole poem with personal experience. This is my way of appreciating ancient poetry, I hope it will help you ~! This poem is about the feeling of missing my hometown on a silent moonlit night. The first two sentences of this poem, "There is such bright light at the foot of my bed, is there frost already?" , is the poet in a foreign country when a guest moment of illusion. A person living alone in a foreign country is busy during the day, but it can dilute his sadness. However, in the dead of night, the waves of missing his hometown will inevitably surge in his heart. What's more, on a moonlit night, what's more, it's moonlight frost on an autumn night. "Could there have been frost?" The word "doubt" in the poem vividly expresses that the poet woke up from his sleep and mistook the Leng Yue in front of his bed for the thick frost on the ground. It is better to use the word "frost", which not only describes the bright moonlight, but also expresses the cold of the season, and also sets off the loneliness and desolation of the poet wandering abroad. The last two sentences of the poem "Looking up, I found that it was moonlight, which deepened my homesickness. The word "Wang" takes care of the word "doubt" in the previous sentence, indicating that the poet turned from obscurity to sobriety. He stared at the moon eagerly, and couldn't help thinking that his hometown was under the bright moon at the moment. Naturally, he came to the conclusion that "it sank back again, and I suddenly thought of home". The action of "bowing down" depicts the poet completely lost in thought, and the word "thinking" leaves readers with rich imagination space: the mountains, waters, grass and trees in that hometown, the lost years and the past are all in my thoughts. The word "thinking" contains too much content. Amin Hu Yinglin said that Hu Yinglin said, "The quatrains are too white, and they are all made of words. The so-called people who have no intention of working are unemployed. " ("Poetry? The internal version (Volume 6) Wang Shimao thinks: "In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, only Violet (Li Bai) and Long Biao (Wang Changling) were extremely interested. Li is more natural, his former residence. " (Excerpted from Art Garden) How can it be considered "natural" and "no work and no heart"? This poem "Thinking on a Quiet Night" is an example list, so Hu specially put it forward, saying it is "the wonder of ancient and modern times". This little poem has neither strange and novel imagination nor exquisite and gorgeous rhetoric. It only uses narrative style to write the homesickness of distant guests, but it is meaningful and infectious. For thousands of years, it has attracted readers so widely. Strangers in a foreign country will probably feel this way: just one day, in the dead of night, homesickness will inevitably ripple in my heart; What's more, it's a moonlit night, what's more, it's an autumn night with a bright moon like frost! The white frost on the moon is clear, which is the night scene of clear autumn; Describing moonlight with frost color is also common in classical poetry. For example, in the poem "Cool in Xuanpu" by Emperor Liang Jianwen and Xiao Gang, there is a sentence "jathyapple is like autumn frost"; Zhang, a poet in the Tang Dynasty who was earlier than Li Bai, wrote an ethereal and clear moonlight with "frost flowing in the air" in "Moonlight on a Spring River", which gave people a three-dimensional sense, especially a wonderful conception. But all these things appear in the poem as a rhetorical device. "Is there frost already?" This poem is narrative, not figurative words, but an illusion created by the poet in a specific environment for a moment. It is not difficult to imagine that these two sentences describe the situation that the guest can't sleep in the middle of the night and had a short dream. At this time, the courtyard was lonely, and the bright moonlight hit the bed through the window, bringing a cold autumn chill. At first glance, the poet was in a blur and trance, and it really seemed that the ground was covered with frost. But a closer look, the surrounding environment told him that it was not frost marks, but moonlight. Moonlight inevitably attracted him to look up, and a Juan Juan Su Ling hung in front of the window. The space in autumn night is so clear! At this time, he was fully awake. The moon is especially bright, but it is very cold. For a lonely traveler, it is the easiest to touch his yearning for autumn, which makes people feel depressed and the years fly by. Staring at the moon is also the easiest way to daydream, thinking about everything in my hometown and my relatives at home. Thinking, thinking, head gradually lowered, completely immersed in meditation. It vividly reveals the poet's inner activities from "doubt" and vividly outlines a vivid picture of homesickness on a moonlit night. Just four poems, written fresh and simple, such as clear words. Its content is simple, but it is also rich. This is easy to understand, but it is endless. The poet didn't say much more than he had already said. Its conception is meticulous and profound, but it blurts out that there is nothing at all.
5. Guidance on Reading Methods of Classical Chinese 2009-06-04 20:5 1 Guidance on Reading Methods of Classical Chinese Speaker Xiao Classical Chinese plays an important role in cultivating students' love for the language and culture of the motherland, improving their self-cultivation, cultivating noble sentiments and inheriting traditional culture.
In recent years, the basic articles in class are mostly used as reading materials for the selected passages of classical Chinese reading questions, and the easy-to-understand articles are used as reading materials for extracurricular reading. Generally speaking, whether in class or after class, we pay attention to the examination of reading transfer ability.
The knowledge examined mainly involves the following aspects: ① Read the text thoroughly and master the sentence reading of the text. ② Understand common notional words and function words, and understand the general idea of the sentence.
③ Understand the thoughts and feelings contained in the text. ④ Understand the main artistic features and expressive techniques of the text.
How to read classical Chinese? The methods are as follows: First, clear the obstacles and understand the meaning. Reading the full text of classical Chinese after class is particularly important, because it is the premise of doing well in the examination questions. So how can we do this step well? The first is the overall reading. Read through, browse or skip the full text first, and get a general understanding of the style of classical Chinese excerpts.
If it is a narrative, it is necessary to find out "when, where, who and what, and what is the result." At this time, don't expect to read the whole text at once and get entangled in some difficult words, but put it down temporarily and circle the marks in the corresponding places in the text.
Then we should be good at using it and try to figure out the meaning. The proposer of classical Chinese will give some notes, which can often bring great help to solving problems.
For example, in the senior high school entrance examination in Yangzhou in 2006, there was a saying, "You can get the shape by touching the candle, and you will think it is tomorrow." With the help of the notes in brackets, it is much easier for candidates to understand the meaning of the text.
To understand the meaning of the text, you can also quickly browse the requirements of the test questions, especially the multiple-choice questions in the content summary category. After careful reading, you can understand the general content of the full text, because one of these questions is often inconsistent with the original text, and the other three are all correct. Even if there are mistakes, it is often a detail problem. Then, by reading such questions, you will immediately understand the content of the full text, and then read the original text, which will be more effective and easier.
The third is to reread the text. After the first two steps, candidates have been able to understand 70% to 80% of the articles and have a direction of thinking. Therefore, when reading again, they can recognize the full text from a higher level and correct the deviations in the first two steps.
When you encounter a difficult paragraph, you should read it through repeatedly, so that "words can't be separated from sentences, sentences can't be separated from texts, and you can grasp it as a whole", and use various means to deduce before and after to complete the interpretation process. Second, lay a solid foundation and apply what you have learned to word interpretation and sentence translation, which are all required questions in classical Chinese. To answer these questions well, we must rely on daily accumulation.
In recent years, the classical Chinese test questions have examined the interpretation of typical notional words. When encountering these notional words, candidates should first recall whether there is this word in the classical Chinese they have studied before. If so, does its meaning make sense here? For example, in the examination questions of Weifang Middle School in 2006, there was a request to explain the word "Jue" in "Moonlight You Ching". Although this sentence comes from extracurricular, it has been learned in class, and candidates should think of "oral scene". In 2006, the interpretation of the word "yes" appeared in the senior high school entrance examination in Jiangxi Province. Looking back on what we have learned, there are two explanations about "Shi", one is the judgment verb, and the other is the pronoun "this", such as "Shi Nian" and "Shi Ri". Obviously, the definition of "yes" here is "this".
If it doesn't make sense in class and it is difficult to judge, we should infer its exact meaning from the perspective of judging the part of speech by using glyph analysis or syntactic analysis of the sentence where the word is located according to the specific context. The meaning of some notional words cannot be correctly explained according to their own usage, so we should consider their usage or flexibility.
For example, we have learned two meanings of the word "pawn" in the sentence "because of pawn", which is translated as "finally" in "pawn depends on the man" (Zhao Pu) and "all pianists are dead" as "died a month later", but it is meaningless to use it in this sentence, and it is obviously not a noun "soldier". Sometimes, the mid-term exam topics will also involve the usage of commonly used function words. Although there are many function words, they are nothing more than "zhi", "qi" and "er", which requires us to remember the basic meaning and main usage of commonly used function words, such as "zhi". There are "structural auxiliary words, de", "pronouns, referring to people or things" and "used in the subject" in junior high schools.
The translation of classical Chinese sentences should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation, grasping the key words in sentences, translating word by word, and doing well in leaving, supplementing, deleting, modifying and adjusting. The translation methods of classical Chinese generally include: ① Stay.
That is to say, people's names, place names, official names or words with the same meaning as modern Chinese are retained. 2 make up.
That is, to supplement monosyllabic words with disyllabic words, or to supplement ellipsis. 3 delete.
That is, delete function words that do not need to be translated. 4 change.
That is, replace ancient Chinese words with modern Chinese words with the same meaning. ⑤ Tuning.
That is, adjust the word order or word order to make it conform to the habits of modern Chinese. Third, the overall perception, trying to figure out the highlight of the classical Chinese test questions is the general analysis of the paragraph content and the inquiry test questions. This kind of test questions are mainly investigated from the following aspects: 1. Fill in the blanks with the original sentences. For example, in the examination questions of Fuzhou Middle School in 2006, "Zou Ji first used personal experience as a metaphor, then compared family affairs with state affairs, and finally came to a conclusion, which made Wang Qi accept his suggestion with conviction.
Since then, the King of Qi has made great achievements in opening up roads and improving politics. "This kind of question is relatively simple, as long as you grasp the overall situation, grasp the key points, grasp the central sentence, find the key sentences according to the stylistic characteristics, and clarify the level of the article.
On the basis of grasping the main points and centers, it is enough to analyze and judge the details and find the main information. The second is to understand the feelings expressed by the author.
6. Junior high school classical Chinese answering skills Original Publishing House: images of ancient poetry
The study of classical Chinese should be "easy" in terms of difficulty. Generally, the following aspects are investigated: 1. Can correctly understand the meaning of classical Chinese words. 2. Be able to correctly translate classical Chinese sentences into modern Chinese. 3. Be able to understand and summarize the main contents of the article. 4. Be able to grasp the thoughts and feelings expressed by the author in the article and improve the taste of appreciation. Just recite the in-class part in a targeted way. Extracurricular problem-solving methods are as follows: four steps to solve problems in extracurricular reading of classical Chinese: reading classical Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination will inevitably get extracurricular language materials. What should I do if I have never read a paragraph or an article and have no reference books to look up? Many students feel helpless when answering such questions. According to my own teaching practice, I summarized four steps to solve problems for students' reference only. The first step is to browse the topic quickly. There is a characteristic in the extracurricular reading questions of classical Chinese: some topic options show the meaning of some keywords in the text, while others suggest the main content of classical Chinese. Browsing the topics helps students to understand the general meaning of classical Chinese. Therefore, after receiving the extracurricular classical Chinese reading essay, we should first quickly browse the topics after the essay. The second step is to analyze the topic carefully. Generally speaking, reading classical Chinese paragraphs after class will give you questions. Teachers should guide students to pay attention to and carefully analyze paragraph titles. Because most of the topics themselves summarize the main content of classical Chinese. For example, in an exam, I took an extracurricular reading essay in classical Chinese. The title of this subject-predicate structure summarizes the main content of the paragraph, and we can know the main content of the paragraph after reading the title. In short, a careful analysis of the title of a paragraph can help us quickly understand the main content of classical Chinese. The third step is to read the full-text extracurricular classical Chinese with notes, and generally annotate some difficult classical Chinese words. These notes help students to accurately understand the main idea of classical Chinese.
7. The minimum reading method of classical Chinese is 0.27 yuan. Open a librarian to view the complete content > Original Publisher: Zhao (2) The method of comparing reading and problem-solving skills in classical Chinese. The study of classical Chinese should enable students to "read ancient poems, read simple classical Chinese, and understand the basic content with notes and reference books.
Pay attention to accumulation, perception and application, improve your taste, and recite 80 excellent poems (paragraphs). Classical Chinese test questions should pay attention to students' memorization accumulation, and whether they can understand the theme of poetry with the help of notes and reference books.
? 1. In-class and out-of-class extension, comparative reading has become an important examination form. ? From 2004 to 2006, it is not difficult for us to find its development track-at the beginning of the entrance examination of the new curriculum standard, we often use the way of in-class paragraphs to test the implementation of knowledge and ability in classical Chinese teaching from the aspects of words, sentences and word meaning understanding, with the aim of guiding us to lay a solid foundation; Then use extracurricular classical Chinese reading to guide the study and application of classical Chinese, and make inferences from others, and gradually transition to the direction of using the knowledge and skills mastered in class to solve the problem of extracurricular classical Chinese reading.
This shows that the new curriculum examination attaches importance to examining the development direction of our ability to transform knowledge into problem solving. In this transformation, comparative reading is an important form to connect knowledge in and out of class and promote transfer. It can be a comparative reading of two (paragraphs) of classical Chinese materials in class, or a comparative reading of one (paragraph) of classical Chinese materials inside and outside class.
2. The content of the exam is still based on words, and it also tests the understanding of the content. ? The contents of the examination are: (1) the original word, pronunciation and meaning of the interchangeable word; The meaning of notional words commonly used in classical Chinese; The usage of common function words in classical Chinese: the translation of important sentences and the understanding of the main content of paragraphs.
There are three main types of questions:? Classical Chinese exams are generally subjective questions, and there are many open questions. There are several forms of open proposition: ① Appreciation of famous sentences.
For example, "think everything.