Seven History and Society
Unit 5: Entering Society
1. What is the relationship between people and society?
People live in society, which is the advantage of humans over animals.
Personal growth is inseparable from society. We can use the mirror of society to constantly make up for our shortcomings, see our own progress, and choose our own future.
2. What groups are around us? (Peer groups, students, ethnic groups, social organizations, community groups)
3. What mirrors are around us? What should we do when the evaluations from around us are inconsistent with our own views?
(1) The mirrors around us include: teachers, parents, classmates, friends, etc. Some mirrors are good teachers, some are helpful friends, and some have no positive effect.
(2) We should understand ourselves correctly. You must recognize your strengths as well as your weaknesses.
(3) Human growth is inseparable from society and growth, so use mirrors well. When other people's evaluations are inconsistent with our own views, we must treat them correctly. Use other people's evaluations as a reference for understanding yourself. Be good at understanding yourself and understand yourself correctly. Only in this way can we become a qualified and outstanding member of the social group organization.
4. Family is the first school in life; school is the first small society we come into contact with; and our third home is the community. Beyond that, there are “virtual communities.”
5. Among the social roles we play, which ones are innate, which ones are prescribed by society, and which ones are expected by ourselves?
Innate roles: gender, race, ethnicity, children;
Society-defined roles: spectators, students, tourists, passengers, customers, visitors, residents , squad leader;
The roles you expect: police, teacher, scientist, singer, chairman.
6. Are respecting equality and respecting the elderly and caring for the young contradictory?
No contradiction. People are equal. Respect and equality are one of the basic principles for getting along with each other. People should be equal to each other and treat each other equally. But this is not inconsistent with respecting the old and loving the young. Respecting the old, loving the young and caring for the weak, such as caring for the elderly, children, disabled people, etc., is also the content of respecting and treating others equally. Only in this way can we create a better and harmonious world. society.
7. The duty of students is to study, but if we study well, we can ignore other social roles?
Junior high school students should not only assume the role of students, but also learn to play other social roles. Studying well is only an important aspect of playing the role of a good student, but at the same time, you should also take on the responsibilities of other social roles and fulfill your obligations
8. Different social roles are related. "At home is not "A good son or daughter will not be a good student in school." Do you agree with this statement?
Yes. Different social roles are related. In a general sense, it is true that if you are not a good son or daughter at home, you will not be a good student at school, because some basic role norms and role responsibilities are applicable to each role. A person without basic roles It is difficult for people who are disciplined and irresponsible to play other roles well. However, sometimes, there may be situations similar to how they behave at school and at home, because people play different roles on different stages and are also affected by their roles. Due to the influence of environment, stage and other factors, a person who performs well on one stage may not necessarily perform well on another stage.
9. What are rules? Rules refer to the systems and regulations that a social group stipulates to be followed by all or participants in order to achieve a certain goal.
10. What are the forms of rules? (1) Written rules that exist in written form, such as school rules, community conventions, laws, etc.;
(2) Customs and habits passed down by convention.
11. The meaning of rules: "Without rules, nothing can be achieved" - You must have rules, understand the rules, and abide by the rules in everything you do.
12. Examples of rules closely related to our student life: (Reference)
Travel: obey the traffic rules, do not ride with people on bicycles, use crosswalks when crossing the road; take a car To purchase a monthly bus pass, queue up in order to get on the bus.
Studying at school: abide by the school's rules and regulations, listen carefully in class, and abide by classroom disciplines; respect teachers; care about the collective and unite classmates; protect public property and compensate for damage to public property; are not allowed in the building during class breaks Do not make loud noises when fighting; keep the classroom clean and do not throw paper scraps and debris.
Shopping: Consciously abide by the order in public places such as supermarkets and shopping malls, and queue up when shopping.
Visiting and sightseeing: When visiting cultural venues or visiting parks, historical sites and other places, consciously maintain public order and queue up when visiting and playing; pay attention to consciously protect public venue facilities and maintain cultural venues, In order to maintain the hygiene of scenic spots and historic sites, no graffiti, littering, trampling on lawns, damage to flowers, trees, etc. are allowed.
Watching movies and TV dramas: When watching movies and TV dramas, you must pay attention to the order of the theater. You are not allowed to make loud noises, whistle or applaud.
13. Why should we abide by these rules?
(Reference) Without these rules, our lives would not be orderly, our rights would not be fully enjoyed, and our personal safety would not be fully protected; our learning The environment will not be quiet, orderly, and efficient, our personal growth will not be smooth, and our living environment will not be fresh, clean and beautiful.
14. What is the role of competition rules? P22
15. Why is respecting the law an important symbol of a civilized society? Textbook p23
16. How are rules established? (1) Rules are an important part of social systems. The history of human society is also a process of constant and updating of various rules and systems. (2) Rules appear to resolve conflicts in life and establish order in life. (3) Rules do not appear for no reason, nor are they static. Rules come from life and constantly change with the needs of life. (4) We are not only rule-followers, but also rule-makers. The law-making organ of our country is the National People's Congress.
17. Why should we personally participate and formulate rules? Textbook P26
18. Traffic rules, sports competition rules, and laws. What are the common features of these rules?
It is mandatory and everyone must comply. Rules require someone to perform oversight responsibilities.
19. What rights do minors have? (1) The most fundamental right enjoyed by minors is the right to life and health.
(2) In addition, there are also the right to name, personal freedom, guardianship, education, portrait, honor, copyright, freedom of speech, freedom of publication, and criticism The right to make suggestions and report.
20. The ability to assume social responsibilities is a sign of our healthy growth. Everyone taking on this responsibility is a sign of social civilization and progress. We need to be social little masters.
21. In the face of some social problems, such as arbitrary fees, environmental pollution, etc., how do we exercise our right to make suggestions and criticisms?
(1) Write a letter or make a phone call to the relevant competent authorities; (2) Find representatives of the National People’s Congress to report; (3) Publicly express your opinions through the news media
Sixth Unit Towards a Prosperous Civilized Life
1. We are both producers and consumers; the main role throughout human life is the consumer.
2. Consumption is a process of enjoying goods and services to meet our daily needs; production determines consumption, and without production there would be no consumption.
3. The most common consumption behavior is shopping in the market; commodities are labor products used for exchange. Commerce is the activity of exchanging goods.
4. The market has existed thousands of years ago; now the latest market is called e-commerce, which sells and sells goods through computer networks.
5. When purchasing items, try to buy high-quality and low-priced products, that is, spend less money to buy better products.
6. Factors that affect commodity prices include: season, brand, location, hot spots in life, time of being put on the market, etc.
7. The factors that affect our shopping include: price, quality, origin, brand, after-sales service, needs and hobbies, advertising, shopping environment, etc.
8. Reasonable shopping methods should be: ① Live within your means and arrange expenditures according to your own income level ② Don’t forget to be frugal at any time. When shopping, it is best to analyze and compare before purchasing ③ From Start from actual needs and don’t follow them blindly.
9. Fashion is something or something that is currently popular and loved by people. Fashion can also be divided into low-level and high-level. Not all fashions are worthy of our promotion.
10. People’s most basic needs are life needs (food, clothing, housing), then development needs and enjoyment needs, and finally self-actualization needs.
11. Consumption that pays attention to environmental protection has increasingly become people’s pursuit of high-quality life and a symbol of modern civilized life.
12. Investment is a way of using money to make money; investment can increase income, but it also has great risks.
13. Factors that need to be considered when starting a business: market demand, technological transformation, product price, and development of new products.
14. The way to succeed in entrepreneurship is to seize opportunities. The key to seizing opportunities is to adapt to the circumstances, things, events, and local conditions.
16. Integrity is the soul of modern economic life. Successful entrepreneurs regard credit as the foundation of their business. If they fail to keep their word, they will lose all future opportunities.
17. Family budget is to arrange income and expenditure in a planned way, mainly in increasing income and reducing expenditure. To increase revenue is to increase income, and to reduce expenditure is to plan expenditures.
18. Taxation is a tax levied by the state from taxpayers in accordance with the standards stipulated by law. It is the most important and stable revenue for the national finance. Paying taxes in accordance with the law is a basic obligation of citizens.
19. Personal income tax is a tax that everyone with a certain personal income must pay. Its distinctive feature is that high-income earners pay more and low-income earners pay less.
20. We must reasonably arrange our income and expenses, shop rationally, consume green, live an environmentally friendly life, and be stewards of a civilized life.
21. Green lifestyle includes: using fluorine-free refrigerators and air conditioners, using laundry detergent that does not pollute water sources, calling for "saving trees", caring for every piece of green space, actively participating in tree planting activities, saving energy, and using work and work made of renewable materials. Daily necessities, changing eating habits that are not conducive to environmental protection, living in harmony with animal and plant friends, garbage classification and recycling...
22. Engel coefficient: The proportion of food expenditure in total living consumption expenditure is called Engel coefficient. The larger the Engel coefficient is, the poorer the family or country is, and conversely, the richer the family or country is.
23． Family financial management methods: save, buy treasury bonds, and buy insurance (from small to large risks: savings-treasury bonds-insurance) (from small to large returns: savings-treasury bonds-insurance)
Venture investment can increase income. But there are also big risks. The greater the risk, the greater the reward.
Risk-avoiding strategy: "Don't put all your eggs in one basket." The conditions for the implementation of this strategy: allocate limited money reasonably and invest in two or more industries. The factors produced by one industry are exactly the factors that gain effectiveness in the other industry.
Units 7 and 8
Knowledge changes life: printing (Tang Dynasty) --- printing press (Gutenberg) --- Chinese character laser typesetting system (from 'Lead and Fire' to 'Light and Electricity'); Bell invented the telephone (Industrial Age); in 1946, the advent of the first computer ushered in the Information Age;
"Knowledge is power" --- ---Francis Bacon (British philosopher)
Mass media is the mass media that transmits information, including books, newspapers, magazines, television, radio and the Internet.
The influence of mass media on people’s learning and life (second paragraph of P66)
The advantages and disadvantages of mass media (see album)
Middle school students should How to correctly understand mass media? (A paragraph of text on the P71 reading card)
Scientists are diligent in thinking and selfless exploration, and often make significant discoveries in subtle ways (Wegener discovered the hypothesis of continental drift); the road to scientific exploration is arduous , long, need to overcome various difficulties, make arduous efforts, even at the cost of life (Madame Curie); sacrifice personal happiness for the happiness of the world (Lin Juemin)
Literary and artistic works: Music, novels, poetry, prose, painting, sculpture, drama, dance, film, architecture, etc.
Milon - "The Discus Thrower" - sculpture; Picasso - "Guernica" - painting; Rodin - "The Thinker" - sculpture;
< p>About six thousand years ago, writing began to appear. The earliest mature writing discovered in China so far is the oracle bone inscriptions (Shang Dynasty) dating back more than 3,000 years.The evolution of Chinese characters: oracle bone inscriptions --- bronze inscriptions --- small seal script --- official script --- regular script --- simplified characters
12. Bamboo and wood compendiums The book is the oldest "book" in China. Later, silk books appeared, but silk was expensive and common people could not afford it. Plant fiber paper was invented in the Han Dynasty.
Early books in other parts of the world: papyrus scrolls from ancient Egypt; clay tablets from the Sumerians; parchments and oxhide books from Central Asia and Europe.
13. The significance of learning history: expanding life experience, making us smarter and thinking more deeply; increasing our knowledge, exercising our thinking, and improving our ability to analyze problems; gaining inspiration from history, allowing us to face Have a clearer understanding of the future.
14. The dividing line between BC and AD is the first year of AD, that is, 1 AD.
The larger the BC number, the earlier the time. The larger the AD number, the later the time.
Every 10 years is called an "age", and every 100 years is called a "century"
1594 BC represents the beginning of the 16th century BC. AD 1594 represents the end of the 16th century AD, or the 1690s.
Calculation: On the chronological scale, if the two times are on the same side of the first year of AD, then the two numbers are directly subtracted; if they are distributed on both sides, then the two numbers are added and subtracted by one.
15. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty pioneered the use of year names to mark the year. Emperors before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty calculated their years based on their own reign.
16. Historical materials are divided into documentary materials, physical materials and oral materials according to the form of expression.
Documentary materials include oracle bone inscriptions, history books, bamboo slips, archives, diaries, newspapers, pictures, and other text and audio-visual materials. Among them, history books are the most important documents for us to understand history. Oral sources include legends and oral histories.
17. Historical data are divided into primary data (original data) and secondary data according to their value.
First-hand information includes original documents, archives, letters, diaries, memoirs, photos, cultural relics and other physical objects. Secondary information includes legends, historical works, and descendants' accounts.
18. Around 500 BC, my country had a postal system. Traveling on foot is called mail, and traveling on horseback is called post.
19. In 1840, the United Kingdom issued the world's earliest postage stamp, called the "Penny Black" stamp. In the fourth year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty, China's first set of stamps was issued, which were "Dalong stamps". They respectively mark the origin of the world's and China's modern postal industry.