Ivan sergeyevich Turgenev (1818-1883) was born in a noble family. After graduating from Petersburg University, he went to Germany to study Hegel's philosophy. I was addicted to romantic poetry in my early years. With the deepening of the Russian serfdom crisis, under the influence of belinsky's thought, he published Notes of Hunters Against Slavery, and embarked on the creative road of critical realism. He used to be a modern writer, but he has always been a moderate aristocratic liberal, supporting the serfdom reform of the czar government. As Lenin pointed out in 19 18, "Sixty years ago, Turgenev envied the moderate monarchy and aristocratic constitution, but hated the peasant democracy advocated by Dobro Lyubov and Chernyshevski." At the turn of 1950s and 1960s, he had a disagreement with Chernyshevski and others, and finally left Modern People magazine in 1860. Turgenev lived in western Europe for a long time and began to settle in Paris in the 1970s. He keeps in touch with populists living in western Europe and often subsidizes them, believing that they are a force that can force the government to realize gradual political reform. Turgenev died in Paris on 1883. Chekhov spoke highly of Turgenev and his works.
Turgenev's first realistic work The Hunter's Notes (1847-1852) includes twenty-five short stories. In the form of notes written by a hunter when he went hunting in the countryside, the author described the life of all classes in towns and villages in other provinces under serfdom, including different types of landlords, serfs, housewives in mills, doctors in county towns, children of farmers guarding horses on grasslands, aristocratic intellectuals divorced from reality and people, etc. There are also lyric sketches that purely describe natural scenery such as forests and grasslands. The theme of this work is varied, but most of them are permeated with some anti-serfdom thoughts.