China used to write ci, but didn't study ci? . Occasionally there are books like thorns, which is also irresponsible and irresponsible; Fragmented, not enough? . So, no one has ever given us a satisfactory answer to such an important question as the origin of characters? . Therefore, it must be revisited here. Let's take a look at what people have said about the origin of words before. There are about four theories.
(A) the origin of long and short sentences. The idea of this school is that words are long and short sentences, and the origin of words also comes from long and short sentences. "The Word Order" said: "I have my own poems, but the long and short sentences are full of profound meaning. Fuck of the south wind, the song of the five sons, is already. Zhou Zhi's "Fu" has 31 poems and 18 long and short sentences; There are 19 articles in Song of Sacrifice to the Suburb in Han Dynasty, among which long and short sentences rank fifth. To the eighteen articles of "Song of Piccolo", they are all long and short sentences. Is it the source of non-words? " Yang Yongxiu said: "The lyrics must be traced back to the Six Dynasties, and the meaning of the river is poor. Long and short sentences, such as Jiangnan Lane (omitted), Song of the Three Kingdoms (omitted), Song of Welcoming Guests, Fujian Song (omitted), Song of Sleeping at Night (omitted), Song of Meeting the Gods and Song of Sending Gods (omitted).
(2) On the origin of poetry. The idea of this school is "the poet is free from poetry." Shen Xiong's "Six Tang Dynasties" said: "There are three kinds of poems: He Fang answered" Autumn leaves in the south of the Yangtze River are not withered "and Gao said" Li Furen's disease has fallen in autumn ",which are all used in old poems to increase the sound." Flowers are not flowers, "Yan is the water drum of" Royal Street Tour ",which Fan Wenqian called" the pride of the fisherman "; This is a long word derived from short sentences. For Wen Feiqing, there is a poem saying,' Acacia peach pit is disgusting. Li Xu has no one else. Gu Yan is the word cloud:' It's like a lovesick peach stone, which is really disgusting! There are two people in my heart. An ancient poem said, "Midnight is more like a candle and a dream." Uncle Yan Yuan wrote a poem saying,' Leave a silver photo tonight, and I'm still afraid that meeting is a dream!' Think of this as a poem. Song Xiangfeng said: "It is said that people outside poetry, such as Qing Ping Diao written by Taibai, began to be happy. Taibai's Memories of Qin E and Bodhisattva Man are both variations of ci, which are the strength of Xiao Ling. It's a quatrain to paint a wall and gamble and sing. When I arrived in ten countries, I argued for long and short sentences. From one word, two words to seven words, in order to suppress his voice, the style of Yuefu has also changed. Then the word is a poem, so it is called a poem. "("Yue Fu Yu Lun ")
(3) On the origin of Yuefu. The author believes that this predicate originated from Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties. Because Yuefu is the main voice, it is close to the fine print. Song sentences are long and short, and the voice is soft. Xu Gui's Etymological Series said: "Ci was originally written in Yuefu, before the Bodhisattva was full, and it can be traced back to: Liang Wudi's Jiangnan Lane and Shen Yue's Liu Yishi were the ancestors of Ci, and the predecessors had detailed statements." Xu Shizeng's "Discrimination of Poetic Style" said: "What is left after poetry is the departure of the ancient Yuefu. .............. "Xu Juyuan said:" Yuefu is becoming more and more colorful, belonging to catching, metaphor, reading songs at midnight; The following is sandwiched in the text. " Wang Guowei said: "Poetry is prosperous, and Qi Liang Xiao Yuefu comes first." (Textual Research on the Origin of China Traditional Opera)
(4) The theory of music origin. As a speaker, the predicate originated from the change of music. Yu Yan said: "From the Six Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, Yuefu was full of songs, but close to the body." From the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, there were many poems, but there were many poems. Poetry in the Tang Dynasty and Ci in the Song Dynasty stood out and spread to singers. "Ji Yun said:" In the ancient Yuefu, the sound is not in words, and the Tang people can't hear the sound ... At that time, only five or seven quatrains were used in the poet's music, or four sentences were deleted from the orthodox poem, and words were made according to the sound. The words "bamboo branches" and "willow branches" at the beginning of the text are still quatrains. Then I wrote Looking at the South of the Yangtze River and Bodhisattva Man. It was his words, not his songs and poems, that were passed down in the Song Dynasty. "Yan Yu added:" Poetry works after death; Unless the poem dies, the singer dies. "
Which of the above four statements is correct? In my opinion, it's not quite right. Yu's poetic theory has long been refuted. For example, Wang's "Summary of Ci" said: "The ancient style is to Yuefu, and the style is to Ci, and each has its own way, in no particular order. It is almost impossible to say that poetry is reduced to words and words are poems. " Predicate originated from long and short sentences, which is also unreasonable. Words are long and short sentences, but long and short sentences are not necessarily words. If we must say this, as Yu Yan said: "Tracing back to the source, salt came from the ancient HarmonyOS system, and as a trillion years ago, it was sacred." Is this not a joke? Is the origin of Yuefu more reasonable? . However, in the Tang Dynasty, poetry flourished, but words were unknown. It is not a universal theory that ci originated from Yuefu. Only the theory of music origin is the most reasonable. The ancient people's advocacy of this statement was only a simple statement, without sufficient explanation, which failed to satisfy us. Now let's test the origin of this word!
Lin said: "Three hundred articles have to be dropped, and the songs of Chu, the songs of Chu have to be dropped, the Han and Wei Dynasties have to be dropped, and the Six Dynasties have to be dropped. The situation is also good. Poetry changes from generation to generation, and some have to change ... "Why must it change? As I said before, a style, after a long period of use, has worn out and become exhausted. If you don't use new styles, you can never create good literature and art. That's why it must change. As Lu Fangweng said, "Poetry goes from the late Tang Dynasty to the five seasons" and "people are all the same" must be changed. Because the poetic style has changed from four words and five words to seven words, from ancient poetry to modern poetry, and it has become exhausted; Naturally, it will be changed to long and short sentences. This is the theory of the occurrence of words, and then discuss the historical facts of the origin of words. But here we should first affirm two premises. What are these two premises?
1. The origin of characters is completely related to the change of music. Because words are based on harmony, there is rhythm and then there are words and lyrics.
2. Ci can only occur in the Tang Dynasty, too early, and there is no clue to the development of Song Ci; After the Tang Dynasty, it was too late to explain the origin of the development of Song Ci.
These two premises are affirmative, so we can start the discussion. Some people say that ci originated from Li Taibai's Bodhisattva Man and Qin Yi E, because Li Bai was born in the Tang Dynasty, so there was the possibility of ci at that time; While "Bodhisattva Man" and "Qin Yi E" only speak by voice. In this way, everyone thinks that Li Bai is the ancestor of ci, and the predicate originated from Li Bai. Is the problem of the origin of characters so easy to solve? Never. We have a lot of evidence, which makes us not believe that the words "Bodhisattva Xia" were created by Li Bai.
First, there is no word "Bodhisattva crossing the river" in Li Taibai Ji, which is irrefutable. According to the Li Hanlin Collection, The Records of Literature and Art in the New Tang Dynasty are completely recorded, not lost. Although the Tang version does not exist so far, Chen Zhizhai's Record of Solving Problems and Chao's Record of Reading have also been named Li Hanlin Collection, which still spread to the Song Dynasty. The Collection of Flowers compiled by Zhao Chongzuo in the later Shu Dynasty contains all the poems of the late Tang Dynasty, but it is not as good as that of Li Bai, which is undoubtedly the unpublished statement of Li Liji. It was not until the Southern Song Dynasty that Huang Sheng compiled Selected Poems of Hua 'an that Bai Ci came out. This is obviously unreliable. Pornographic books only seek extensive search and are full of mistakes. For example, "Shanhuazi" was written by Li Jing (as evidenced by Feng Yansi's Dialogues in Southern Tang Dynasty), which is the title of Li Houzhu. This shows the unfaithfulness of Selected Poems of Hua 'an.
Secondly, Li Bai is a poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and he has a good literary reputation. If a new tune is made and a new style of words is created, there will be a chorus at that time. Why not only did the poets at that time have no choral works, but they did not continue after Li Bai. Lyrics didn't become popular until the late Tang Dynasty? There is no explanation for the loneliness in the middle of a hundred years.
Third, "Du Yang Miscellaneous Compilation" cloud: "In the early stage, the female barbarian country was a dragon rhinoceros, and Mingxia brocade. His person is in danger of wearing a golden crown and garland, so he is called a Bodhisattva. At that time, he advocated Excellence and sang the song "Bodhisattva Man", and the scribes often followed his words. The southern new book also has this matter. Then, in the white world, how can Tang fill in his evil before there is a problem? "
Fourth, "... my son said that Taibai was straight and elegant at that time, but the seven-character method prevailed in recent years and refused to do it. Why not do it? Moreover, although the word "beauty" is beautiful, it is powerless, a pale and powerless transcendence. If you were a real violet, you wouldn't make such a statement. In detail, it is absolutely a study of the city. Gai's name at the end of Tang Dynasty was Taibai Er. "(Hu)
According to the above four statements, are the words "Bodhisattva-level person" and "Qin Yi e" really too white? This is very doubtful. Although some people say that the meaning of these two words is elevated, this is by no means the ability of Wenzhou Chengdai. But we don't have to say that this is what Wen Fangcheng did. On this point, poets in the late Tang and Five Dynasties always thought that Li Bai was a great poet and married Taibai to raise the value of his poems. Huang Sheng ignored it and compiled it into Selected Poems of Hua 'an. Later generations thought it was the ancestor of ci. Or Huang Sheng wants to compete with Huajian's collection, knowing that it is fake, deliberately not distinguishing, and showing off the grandeur of the collection at random, which is also unexpected! In a word, the words "Bodhisattva-level person" and "Qin Yi E" were never written by Li Bai, which can be asserted.
According to our opinion, the origin of words is all produced by the change of music. Let's start with a few paragraphs.
(1) "Tang Shuyi Wen Zhi" said: "Between Jiangzuo and Song Liang, the cultural relics of the Southern Dynasties are the most prosperous; People say national customs, and there are new voices in the world. After Wei Xiaowen spread martial arts, he took Huai Han as his teacher and collected the southern sounds he obtained, which was called Shang Qingle. Sui dynasty, due to the Ministry of commerce, collectively? . By Chen Liang's death, can be said to be fresh in my memory. Since the Sui Dynasty, it has become increasingly scarce. At the time of Wu Zetian, there were sixty-three songs. Today, there are only 44 songs.
(2) Wang Zhuo's "Lan Feng Man Zhi": "Sui took Chinese musical instruments and ancient tunes, and entered, and the remnants stopped. Although there were ancient Yuefu in the mid-Tang Dynasty, it was rarely broadcast by melody. "
(3) "Blue Chicken Manzhi": "The ancient meaning of the Tang Dynasty is not exhausted, and Zhi Zhu, Langtaosha, Paomaru Le and Yang Liuzhi are the quatrains in the poem, which are designated as songs. Therefore, three articles in Li Taibai's Qingpingdiao are quatrains. In Bai Yuan's poems, people who know each other also compose music according to the rules. Bai Letian was guarding Hangzhou, and Wei Yuan presented a cloud:' Don't send Linglong to sing my poem. Most of my words are from other kings. Bai Letian also played the prostitute's words:' There is wine for the monarch on the table, and there are many poems in the song'. According to legend, Wang Changling, Gao Shi and Wang Zhihuan, poets of Kaiyuan, used to drink in Yiting. Liyuan officials also called prostitutes' parties. The three of them privately agreed that my generation is good at poetry titles, but we haven't decided on A and B yet, so we should try to see if all the poems are good or bad. A singer sang Changling's two quatrains:' Cold rain enters the river, night enters Wu …' A singer sang an appropriate quatrain:' Tears are stained with speculation …' A prostitute sang:' The Yellow River is far above the white clouds …' (Wandering Poetry) ... In this way, we know that Li Tangling's ci was composed of poems of famous people at that time to cover the secular world. "
(4) Biji Manzhi: "Liangzhou Music" Tang Shi "and its legendary Tianbao Music are named after the border. Songs such as Liangzhou and Ganzhou are famous all over the world. I have also worked with Huble. "
(5) On Zhuzi's poems: "The Ancient Yuefu is just a poem, but there are many overtones in it. Later, I was afraid of losing the implication, so I added content words one by one, and it became a short sentence. This song is. " The appendix of "Complete Tang Poems" says: "Yuefu in the Tang Dynasty originally used rhymes and other poems. Its harmony is a real word, and its sentences are long and short, which is a lyric for the singer. "
From the above example, we can see the clues of the origin of words. It turned out that the ancient Yuefu was completely destroyed by the Tang Dynasty, and only a part of Shang Qing music was still preserved. Therefore, the ancient Yuefu in the Tang Dynasty has lost its musical function. That is, the ancient Yuefu proposed by the Tang people was expressed through the topic; New Yuefu is just an ancient poem with five or seven words; It's all about literature What is literature with music at this time? It was a five-seven-word quatrain. At that time, the quatrain was full of music and songs. On the one hand, it was at this time that foreign music was gradually imported into China. Ten pieces of music in the Tang Dynasty are all foreign music except a part of them. When this kind of foreign music was first combined with China music, although quatrains were still used as lyrics, it encountered great difficulties. Music is originally based on "sound" and is also the most active. If a rhyme with regular rhythm is used as lyrics and matched with music, the coordination of lyrics in music is naturally very difficult and will hinder the development of music. However, how can we be bound by literature? From the development of music itself, on the one hand, in order to alleviate the difficulty of quatrains, we should add scattered sounds in the middle of words, or insert harmony in sentences to assist music, and overlap quatrains with leaves to avoid the monotony of quatrains. Later, I even copied the music, scattered sounds and harmonies, filled in all the words, changed them into five or seven words, and grew short sentences. On the one hand, with the independent development of music, many new tunes are often produced, and words are made by sound, so these lyrics are naturally not neat quatrains, but sentences with uncertain length. The prevalence of long and short sentences in the late Tang Dynasty is the result of the development of music. So the origin of this word is not created by that person out of thin air, nor can it be said that it comes from that word. The origin of Ci can only be said as follows: During the Xuanzong period of Tang Dynasty, foreign music (Hu music) was introduced into China, and it was combined with the remnant music in ancient China to become a new kind of music. At first, only music was used to match the lyrics, because the lyrics were difficult to coordinate, and later the lyrics were written by sound. This kind of ballad is long and short, harmonious and rhythmic-this is the origin of this word.
By the way, we are here to prove the fallacy of the statement that "poets are free from poetry". Generally speaking, people oppose the theory of "poetry" and always say that it is deceptive not to understand the evolution of literature. But how can "evolution" convince people? Unless someone proves that words are not poems with facts. Then we're here to prove it. Yu Yan said: "Poetry will die ... not poetry, so the singer dies", which is true. However, he went on to say that "poetry died before poetry" and denied that "poetry flourished and Yuefu died", which was totally unreasonable. The disappearance of a form must have its own way. There are two kinds of external causes and internal causes: the internal cause is its lost value; External cause is a more appropriate form. We know the method of popular lyrics, not the method of songs and poems. It turns out that in literature, quatrains are more free than poems; If you go to music, quatrains are far less active than words. Because quatrains are a genre of their own, they are fixed; Words change with the change of music, and they are the most active, so they can develop with the development of music? . Quatrains still return to complete literature. (Later, lyrics also developed independently in literature. Isn't it clear that the lyrics knocked down the poem? Don't you know that words evolve? Therefore, we boldly say, "Poetry dies in the prosperity of words".