1. Objectivity: You can prepare common sense of poetry in advance by consulting materials, reference books or professional books.
The first step is to understand the classification of poetry:
Poetry can be divided into narrative poetry and lyric poetry. Narrative poems include epics, legends and ballads; Lyrics include mourning poems, inscriptions, sonnets, six verses, and farewell songs at dawn.
1. Narrative poem:
A. Epic: Epic is a long narrative poem that records the adventures of heroes. A typical epic is a record of the origin of a civilization, reflecting the most basic beliefs and values of this civilization. Epic is often higher than life, because it often describes the great achievements of heroes with grand scenes as the background. Its style is solemn and magnificent. Epic should be formal, complex and serious.
B. Folk songs: Folk songs are not as grand as epics. The early popular folk songs were handed down from generation to generation, and then they were recorded in writing. In addition to these unsigned popular folk songs, there is also a literary folk song with the author's signature. The style of literary folk songs is more gorgeous, and the use of poetic techniques is more conscious.
C. Legend: Legend is also a kind of narrative poem. Adventure is the main feature of this kind of poetry. Legendary plots are often complicated and often have surprising or magical plots.
2. Lyrics:
In lyric poetry, the story and plot are subject to melody and emotion. Although the lyrics are short, they show the mood and thoughts of a specific speaker. Compared with narrative poetry, lyric poetry is more diverse and less strict in following the traditional format. Concise, beautiful melody and strong emotion are the typical characteristics of lyric poetry.
Main lyric poems:
A. epigram Eplgram: short and full of wisdom, often with irony. Pope's dog collar theory
Elegy: It is a mourning for the dead. Mourning in the rural cemetery in thomas gray
C Fu: Fu is long and solemn, and the length, meter and form of the stanza are not limited. Ode to Keats' Nightingale
D Abad: It is a love poem lamenting the separation of lovers at dawn. Dunn sunrise
Sonnet e Sonnet: In a limited space, it is highly concentrated on the venting of emotions or the expression of opinions. There are two main forms: Italian (Peterak) and English (Shakespeare). Italian is divided into the first eight lines and the last six lines; Shakespeare's style is divided into three four-line stanzas and a two-line rhyme. Different structures are suitable for expressing different emotions and thoughts. So the Italian style may be the first eight lines of questions and the last six lines of answers, while the Shakespeare style usually leads to the topic in the first four lines, the last two or four lines, and the last two lines summarize and draw a conclusion.
The second step is to master "common wrong words":
There are many words in British and American poetry that we can't understand, which are similar to common words in classical Chinese. It will be much easier to master some ancient poems when reading them. For example, the nominative case of thinking = you, your objective Canst = you, yours = yours, yours = yours is used in front of vowels, I think = in my opinion, naive = innocent, unfortunate = unfortunate, possible = maybe, immediately = once upon a time, resign = leave, Shall = stay, forge = work, Ere = Therefore, understanding is the first step and the most basic, and it is necessary to prepare relevant knowledge in advance.
The third step is the preparation of knowledge such as rhythm, beat and step;
1. Rhythm and pace
English poetry is rhythmic and an important part of poetry appreciation. There is no difference between flat tone and flat tone in English, and its rhythm is expressed by stressed syllables and light syllables. The rhythm of English poetry is that a stressed syllable and one or two light syllables are collocated according to a certain pattern and appear regularly and repeatedly.
For example:
Alone, she cuts and binds grain,
Sing, I, Rancho, and adapt.
The fixed collocation mode of stress reading and light reading of these two lines of poems is: light-heavy. Each line appears four times, thus forming the rhythm of these two lines of poetry. A certain fixed light and heavy collocation is called "foot", and the number of times the light and heavy collocation appears in a line of poetry is called the number of steps. These two lines of poetry have four steps, so they are called four-step poems.
There are four most common steps:
(1) iambic:
If there are two syllables in a step, the former is light and the latter is heavy, then this step is called iambic step. Light reading is "inhibition" and heavy reading is "promotion", which is called iambic. In English, the pronunciation of a large number of words is light and heavy, such as love, excitement, above, around, appearance, desire and so on. Therefore, writing poems in English is very convenient and conforms to the pronunciation rules of English. Ninety percent of English poetry is written in iambic.
(2) promotion and suppression:
Similarly, iambic and iambic are just the opposite. There are also some words in English, such as happiness, many, sacred, upper class, failure and so on. However, the number of such words is not as much as before, which is not in line with the language rules of English, so there are not many poems with different opinions, such as:
Be present \ Laugh \ Be present \ Laugh.
Throw your chains to the ground like dew
(3) iambic inhibition:
The iambic pentameter contains three syllables, namely light-light-heavy. For example: knights, intersection, unbelief, disapproval, on the mountain.
You can feel this poem by Byron:
Ian the donkey came down, just like a wolf.
His companions are Ming, dressed in music and gold;
Their spears shine like stars on the sea,
When blue waves roll in the depths of Galilee.
(4) Propose and suppress cases:
Emphasis-light-light is to promote and suppress cases. For example: happiness, compassion, eloquence, messenger, quantity, etc.
Example:
Drag her corn and blonde hair.
The above steps are only theoretical analysis. In fact, it is extremely rare for a poem to write only one type of steps. Most of them are based on one type, interspersed with other types. For example, written with iambic as the main rhythm is called iambic poem. Some modern free poems, free poems, are not restricted by these metrical rules.
2. Poetry:
A line of poetry is not necessarily a complete sentence. Sometimes a poem is just a sentence, and sometimes two or even many lines make up a sentence, and the meaning is complete. The former is called end-stop sentence line, and the latter is called continuation sentence line. For example:
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to the ground, I don't know where it is;
Because it flies so fast.
Unable to follow its flight.
The first two lines are termination lines and the last two lines are continuation lines. Read a cross-line poem with a short pause at the end.
The length of a line is calculated by the number of steps. The length of an English line is generally 1-5 steps, but there are also lines with 6, 7 and 8 steps, but not many. Most of them are poems with four steps and five steps. When analyzing the meter of a poem, we should not only consider the basic step type of the poem, but also consider the number of steps in the poem. For example, a poem by Pope:
You win, your head, your fan and your wit will come;
Please knock at the door, there is no one at home.
The basic prosodic type of this poem is iambic, with five steps per line. Therefore, the metrical form of this poem is iambic pentameter, and the metrical form of this poem is composed of the types and numbers of metrical steps contained in the lines of a poem.
rhyme
(1) Full Rhyme and Half Rhyme
The whole rhyme is strict rhyme, and its requirements are:
Rhymes should be placed on stressed syllables, and their vowels should be the same.
B. The consonants before vowels should be different.
C. if there is a consonant after a vowel, it should be the same.
D. if there is a light syllable after the stressed syllable, it should be the same.
For example, the following pairs of words all meet the standard of rhyme: why-sight, hate -late, fight-delight, powers-flowers, today-sway and so on.
If only the vowels have the same pronunciation, they do not conform to the whole rhyme, such as: blood-hood, there-here, gone-alone, etc. This rhyme is called eye rhyme. Although some poets can use it, it is not a real rhyme.
Only those with the same consonant or vowel are semi-rhymes:
(2) Tail rhyme and internal rhyme.
The last stressed syllable of the betting line is called the ending rhyme. This is the most common rhyming part in English poetry. If the stressed syllable paused in the middle of a line rhymes with the last stressed syllable of the line, it is called intraline rhyme. For example:
Spring, sweet spring, is a pleasant king in a year;
Then everything blooms, and then the girls dance in a circle.
(3) Yang rhyme and Yin rhyme.
Rhyme is limited to the last syllable stressed in the line, which is called male rhyme, also called single rhyme, and it sounds very powerful. Such as: late, fate; Hill, fill; Enjoy, destroy, etc.
Rhyme is placed on two syllables, and the last syllable is not stressed. It is called female rhyme, also called double rhyme, which sounds light or graceful. Such as: lighting lights and fighting; Sports, the ocean; Victory, start. Look at this poem. The first two lines rhyme with women, and the last two lines rhyme with men:
I'm coming, little girl,
Full of pleasant sunshine;
Feed honey to bees,
Flowers bloom for the tree.
There are also many English poems that don't rhyme. Poems that don't rhyme are called blank poems or blank poems. It is often used in drama and narrative poetry. Shakespeare's plays and Milton's Paradise Lost are both written in blank verse. Rhyme poems are called rhymes.
The fourth step, background knowledge:
Poetry is a product under certain historical conditions, and the appreciation of poetry cannot be separated from the analysis of its background and author. For example, Pound's song in Subway Station:
The appearance of these faces in the crowd;
Petals on wet black branches.
After understanding the author's background and his writing style, we put this poem in the whole social background. This poem was written during the First World War, and people lived in the threat and panic of war. The subway station is a microcosm of society, and the people who appear at the station also appear like ghosts, reflecting people's psychological state in the war-sadness, helplessness and lifelessness. However, although the branches are wet and black, there are petals hanging on them. It implies that although our social situation is not so satisfactory, hope still exists in people's hearts.
The fifth step is rhetorical devices, themes, images, symbols, etc. ;
1. Rhetoric:
There are many rhetorical devices such as exaggeration; Low key; Metonymy; Metonymy; Personification and so on, which we have mastered in linguistics. Here, I mainly talk about simile and metaphor, two rhetorical devices that play a particularly important role in poetry. The essence of these two rhetorical devices lies in comparison: linking unrelated things and looking at the other from one perspective. Metaphor is the central feature of poetry. Poetry is essentially "saying A means saying B, explaining one thing to another".
"My daughter dances like an angel" is a simile and "My daughter is an angel" is a metaphor. The difference between the two lies not only in the use of words like/as: similes are often more direct and clear, but not as meaningful as metaphors. In other words, the angel characteristics of the daughter are more plump in the latter sentence. In the last sentence, she just danced like an angel (this sentence does not imply that she has other characteristics of an angel).
2. Image image:
It is to turn emotions and thoughts into concrete details, which are closely related to our natural perception of the world, so that we can relive the sensory experience in our imagination. We see the dawn breaking and the night coming; We heard dogs barking and children laughing; We feel the sting of the cold wind; We smell the strong smell of perfume; We tasted ice cream and pizza. Such details can be seen everywhere in poetry, which makes us fall into memories, arouses our emotions and asks us to respond.
3. Symbolic significance:
A symbol can be anything or an act, but its meaning has gone beyond its original meaning. For example, roses can refer to beauty, love or a flash in the pan; Trees can refer to the ancestors and collateral lines of the family; Birds represent freedom; Light may mean hope, knowledge or life. These and other familiar symbols can express different meanings, even negative meanings, depending on their specific application in specific poems. For example, water is a typical symbol of life (rain, reproduction, food) and death (storm, flood). The specific meaning of any symbol, whether it is an object, an action or a gesture, is determined by the context at that time. But how do we know whether the details in the poem are symbolic? Just like other explanatory associations we make when reading, deciding what is symbolic depends on our reading skills and whether the context in the poem prompts us. The following questions can guide us to analyze symbols.
A. Is this object, action, gesture or event important in the whole poem? Are the descriptions similar? Has it relapsed? Does it appear in the climax of the poem?
B. Are the details we get in a poem more meaningful than the literal meaning?
C. is this symbolic reading we have done meaningful? Does it also contain all the details of literal understanding, rather than ignoring or even distorting it?
Second, subjective: that is, the subjective analysis of the specific appreciation of specific poems.
There are three questions to be clarified: first, what does this poem mean? Second, how to explain it? Third, what inspiration does this poem bring us?
Step 6, content:
In other words, the first question is what this poem is about. Content analysis should consider the content of the whole poem, the background of the author's time, the reasons for creating this poem, the structure and the techniques used. These are the foreshadowing of the first five steps. It is very helpful for us to prepare these famous articles before the exam.
The seventh step, experience: two dimensions of artistry and significance.
When doing personal experience, we mainly consider the latter two issues. The second question is to measure from an artistic point of view, and the third question is to measure from a meaningful point of view.
-plagiarizing my brother, daily, invading and deleting.