2022 teacher qualification examination, an important figure in Chinese subject, test site 1: Su Shi and his works.
Su Shi (1037 65438+10.8-165438+August 24), whose name is Zi Zhan, whose name is He Zhong, was named Dongpo Jushi, who was called Su Dongpo and Su Xian in the world. Han nationality, a native of Meishan, Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan) and Luancheng, Hebei, was a famous writer, calligrapher and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Su Shi is the representative of the highest literary achievements in the Song Dynasty, and he has made great achievements in poetry, ci, writing, calligraphy and painting. His poems are broad in subject matter, fresh and healthy, good at exaggeration and metaphor, and unique in style. He is also called "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian. His words are bold and unconstrained, and they are both bold and unconstrained representatives with Xin Qiji, and they are called "Su Xin"; His prose creation is rich and unrestrained, and he is also called "Ou Su" with Ouyang Xiu, and he is one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".
Su Shi's prose
Su Shi, an ancient prose writer in Song Dynasty, has many essays, which can be roughly divided into argumentative essays, narrative essays and essays. The appearance of these essays marks the highest achievement and complete victory of the ancient prose movement in Song Dynasty.
The first is argumentative writing, with political and historical theory as the highlight. His argumentative essays are eloquent and magnificent, combining discussion with literary talent, paying equal attention to emotion and reason, with bright and fluent language, good at image reasoning and great literary value.
2. Narrative texts include monument biography, body biography and essays, among which landscapes and pavilions are the representatives. With the discussion, it has opened up a new realm for the article, and is good at expressing the integration of appreciation of natural scenery and understanding of life philosophy. Landscape travel notes, such as "Red Cliff Fu" before and after, show the characteristics of arguing with scenery. Stories of pavilions, such as The Story of Rain and Rain Pavilion, first describe the reasons for the pavilions, then record the rain, and then exaggerate people's joy. The article swings like a water wave, and the arts and sciences are natural. Narrative prose is mostly literary prose, which integrates narration, description and lyricism and is free to write.
Third, essays, short and chaotic letters, inscriptions, miscellaneous notes and essays are the main styles, which can best reflect the author's true temperament and true thoughts. Miscellaneous essays describe the author's experiences and feelings in daily life, such as Night Tour in Chengtian Temple. This kind of essay is informal, expressive and unique, and its writing characteristics are handy and scribbled.
Artistic features of Su Shi's prose;
First, the beauty of "speech" and "biography" includes the beauty of circulation, roundness and vividness, the beauty of variety and the beauty of nature and truth.
Second, be good at using metaphors and thinking in multiple images. Such as "Former Red Cliff Fu"
Third, there is a poetic tendency, with emotion and talent as the text, full of imagination.
Su Shi's poems
First, the classification of Su Shi's poems:
1. Social and political poetry: a poem that reflects the sufferings of people's livelihood and the gains and losses of current politics, such as Litchi Tan.
2. Landscape poetry: a sentimental work that integrates life feelings into landscape writing, and writes "Looking at the mountains on the river" with flowing scenery; Write fantasy "Dengzhou Shihai"; Scenery is written with lofty life sentiment and higher philosophical realm, or with a strong sense of life experience, such as "I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain" in "Topic Xilin Wall".
3. Tao Shi: It is more interesting to express feelings about mountains and rivers. For example, "Six Poems of Tao Returning to the Garden" is simple and rich in flavor, which artistically grasps the characteristics of Tao's poems and can truly and honestly describe the life scenes he experienced personally, reaching the level of "being like a god".
4. Poems with paintings: turning the painting scene into a poetic scene, being good at writing dynamic pictures, and making artistic association with the painting meaning, so as to reveal the charm outside the painting, such as Hui Chong Riverside Scene.
Second, the artistic features of Su Shi's poems
1. "Poetry is based on prose" is one of the remarkable features of Su Shi's poems, which mostly adopts the syntax of prose and runs through it with qi, such as Shi Gu Song. "Taking poetry as a text" is actually a success based on talent for poetry.
2. Rich metaphors, also known as "metaphors", such as "A Hundred Steps of a Flood".
3. Keen and meticulous observation and excellent written expression, ordinary things, once written by their hands, give people a feeling of touching spring, such as "Yoshioka Fried Tea".
4. Learning is poetry, which is reflected in being argumentative and good at using allusions. Consciously put arguments into poetry, and combine the image feeling of things with philosophical thinking. For example, I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but toward which corner of the mountain.
5. Su Shi is good at seven-character poems, with diverse styles and exquisite seven-character poems. For example, "If you want to compare the West Lake to the West Lake, light makeup is always appropriate."
6. There are two basic styles of Su Shi's poems, one is vigorous and beautiful, the other is bold and simple, and the other is open and leisurely. It is the dominant tendency of his poetic style, that is, an aesthetic realm beyond the secular.
Su Shi words
First, the development of Su Shi's ci.
1. Su Shi's previous poems are all songs that should be sung. He wrote more about the lovesickness between men and women and the sadness between flowers and wine. Su Shi's ci shows an open and bold mind, gets rid of the smoothness of Huajian ci, and fully shows the author's bold personality and personality. Such as "Red Cliff Nostalgia" and "No Return of One River, Romantic Figures through the Ages".
2. Su Shi returned the theme orientation of Ci from responding to songs to expressing himself, and refined the theme of creation from real life. Therefore, Su Shi's poems are mostly sentimental, and some of them also determine the expression content in order to explain the creative motivation. For example, "Water Tune"? When will there be a bright moon? Set off a storm By recording the facts, I write my own life feelings, which makes the lyricism of Ci close to real life, and the lyrical characters and creative themes in Ci also move from separation to unified correspondence. It makes the creation of ci-poetry face reality, society and real life, and greatly broadens the scope of ci-poetry.
3. Su Shi expressed his political ambition, life sentiment, life interest, feelings and mountains and rivers in his ci, and integrated the poet's "emotion" with the poet's "expression", which made the quality and character of his ci highly unified and integrated.
Second, Su Shi's "Poetry as Ci"
1. First of all, it refers to the expansion of the life content reflected by Ci, breaking through the traditional system of "Ci is a colorful subject" and developing into a "scholar-bureaucrat".
2. The "Quzi Ci" before Su Shi was basically "light music" and "soft literature". When Su Shi developed the word order, he used the poet's syntax to write words, quoted theories into words, and used a lot of classics and allusions, which broke through the constraints of music on words, such as Linjiang Xian. Su Ci fully embodies the aesthetic taste of literati and is a typical scholar-bureaucrat Ci.
The positive significance of Su Shi's taking poetry as ci lies in changing the old tradition of ci, increasing the content of ci, enriching the style of ci, and promoting the development of ci into an independent lyric style.
Third, the style of Su Shi's ci
The style of Su Ci is bold and unconstrained, and Su Shi is the representative of the bold school in Song Ci, but there are also many works that are extremely ethereal and beautiful and have diverse styles.
1. Bold and unrestrained, such as "Red Cliff Nostalgia" and "One River does not return, a romantic figure through the ages".
2. Graceful as "Jiangchengzi" "Ten years of life and death! Forget it, you'll never forget it. " This word is a work of mourning, and the feeling of missing his dead wife is placed in a sigh of life and death.
3. Qing Kuang, such as "Water Tune Song Tou? When will there be a bright moon? "When will there be a bright moon? Ask about Sky Wine. "
Su Shi, a prodigy in the cultural history of China, is a rare all-rounder with a multi-level and all-round culture, not just a literary master. Magical writing, profound knowledge, wise thinking, noble personality, rich life experience and great achievements in many aspects, his name is a monument in the long river of China culture!
Test site 2: Li Bai and his works
Li Bai (70 1-762), whose name is Taibai, is a violet layman, also known as "fallen fairy". He was a great romantic poet in Tang Dynasty, and was praised as "Poet Fairy" by later generations. It is also called "Du Li" with Du Fu. In order to distinguish it from the other two poets, Li Shangyin and Du Mu, namely "Little Du Li", Du Fu and Li Bai are also called "Big Du Li". He is cheerful and generous, loves to drink and write poems, and likes to make friends.
Li Baiyou's Collection of Li Taibai has been handed down from generation to generation, and most of his poems were written when he was drunk. His representative works include Looking at Lushan Waterfall, it is hard to go, Difficult Road to Shu, Entering Wine, Yue Nv Ci, First Sending to Baidicheng, etc.
There were biographies of Li Bai's Ci and Fu in the Song Dynasty (such as Wen Ying's Xiang Ji). As far as its pioneering significance and artistic achievements are concerned, Li Bai's Ci Fu enjoys a high status.
Li Bai's poems and songs
Li Bai has the highest achievements in Yuefu, Gexing and Jueju. His songs completely broke all the inherent forms of poetry creation, no one relied on them, and his brushwork was diverse, reaching the magical realm of unpredictability and swaying. Li Bai's quatrains are natural and lively, elegant and chic, and can express endless feelings in concise and lively language. Among the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran were good at the Five Wonders, while Wang Changling and others wrote the Seven Wonders well. Li Bai is the only one who is good at both the Five Odds and the Seven Odds.
Li Bai's poems are magnificent and elegant, and his artistic achievements are extremely high. He eulogized the mountains, rivers and beautiful natural scenery of the motherland, with bold and unrestrained style, elegant and fresh, full of romantic spirit, and achieved the perfect unity of content and art, so he was called the "fallen fairy". His poems mainly described the mountains and rivers and expressed his inner feelings. Li Bai's poems have the artistic charm of "the pen is shaken by the wind and rain, and the poem makes the gods cry", which is also the most distinctive artistic feature in his poems. Li Bai's poems are full of self-expression and subjective lyricism, and the expression of feelings is overwhelming. He and Du Fu are called "Big Du Li" (Li Shangyin and Du Mu are called "Little Du Li").
In Li Bai's poems, imagination, exaggeration, metaphor and personification are often used comprehensively to produce magical brilliance and magnificent artistic conception, which is the reason why Li Bai's romantic poems give people heroic, unrestrained, elegant and immortal.
Li Bai's poems and songs had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Han Yu, Meng Jiao and Li He in the middle Tang Dynasty, Su Shi, Lu You and Xin Qiji in the Song Dynasty, Gao Qi, Yang Shen and Gong Zizhen in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all greatly influenced by Li Bai's poems.
Poetic style
Bold and unrestrained, fresh and elegant, wonderful artistic conception, wonderful language, romanticism and clear artistic conception.
Li Bai lived in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He has a heroic personality and loves the mountains and rivers of the motherland. He traveled all over the country and wrote many magnificent poems praising famous mountains and rivers. His poems are bold, fresh and elegant, with rich imagination, wonderful artistic conception and light language. People call him "Poet Fairy".
Li Bai's poems and songs not only have typical romantic spirit, but also have typical romantic artistic characteristics from the aspects of image shaping, material intake, genre selection and the application of various artistic techniques.
Li Bai successfully shaped himself in his poems, expressed himself strongly, and highlighted the unique personality of the lyric hero, so his poems have distinct romantic characteristics. He likes to express himself in a magnificent image, expressing his feelings in his poems without disguise or restraint. For power, he "holds a chrysanthemum and stirs two thousand stones" (one of the two songs "Send Cui Shiyu after Drunk"); Seeing the hard work of the working people, he was "heartbroken like rain". When the country was destroyed and the people perished, he vowed to cross the river to clear the Central Plains. Draw a sword and hit the front column, and the sad song is hard to recover "("South Ben Shu Huai "), so impassioned; When drinking heartily with friends, "two people fall in love, one cup after another." I'm drunk and want to sleep. The Ming Dynasty intends to hold the piano ("Mountain Lovers"), which is so naive and straightforward. In a word, his poems vividly show his bold character and bold image.
Boldness is the main feature of Li Bai's poems. In addition to the factors of ideological character and talent, the artistic expression and genre structure used in Li Bai's poems are also important reasons for his bold and elegant style. Being good at relying on imagination and being subjective and objective are the important characteristics of romantic artistic techniques in Li Bai's poems. Almost every article has imagination, and some even use a variety of imagination throughout. Realistic things, natural landscapes, myths and legends, historical allusions and dreamland have all become the media of his imagination. With the help of imagination, we often transcend time and space, interweave reality with dreams and fairyland, and interweave nature with human society to reproduce objective reality. The images in his works are not the direct reflection of objective reality, but the externalization of his inner subjective world, which is the truth of art.
One of the artistic techniques of romanticism in Li Bai's poems is to skillfully combine personification with metaphor, empathize with things and compare things with people.
Another romantic artistic technique in Li Bai's poems is to grasp a certain feature of things and boldly imagine and exaggerate on the basis of real life. His exaggeration is not only strange in imagination, but also always combined with concrete things, so natural and unobtrusive; So bold, true and credible, it has played a role in highlighting the image and strengthening feelings. Sometimes he combines bold exaggeration with sharp contrast to enhance the artistic effect by increasing artistic contrast.
Li Bai's best genre is seven-character poems and quatrains. Li Bai's seven-character song also adopts the structure of opening, closing, jumping and swinging. The beginning of a poem is often abrupt, such as a sudden surge, while the middle image of the poem is abrupt, often omitting the transitional care, as if there is no trace to follow, and the end of the poem comes to an abrupt end at the emotional climax.
Li Bai's quatrains of five or seven words can better represent the fresh and lively style of his poems. For example, the beauty of "Come to Baidicheng early", "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou" and "Thinking of a Quiet Night" lies in "only looking at the prospect and spoken language, but there are overtones and foreign flavors that keep people away." (On)
The language of Li Bai's poetry, some fresh as spoken language, some bold, informal and close to prose, is unified in the natural beauty of "clear water produces hibiscus, natural carving" This is related to his conscious pursuit of natural beauty. He inherited Chen Ziang's literary thought and took it as his duty to restore the tradition of poetry and Sao. He once said, "Since Liang Chen, Yan Bo has been extremely thin, and Shen Xiuwen still pays attention to temperament and must go back to the ancients, not me but who?" (Bai Meng's "Gao Yi") He advocates "halal" and satirizes the ugly girl who is "naive" and learns from Handan. The natural beauty of his poetic language is the result of his careful study of folk songs and his understanding of popular characteristics, which is clear as words, popular and vivid.
representative works
Looking at Lushan Waterfall, it is difficult to enter the wine, climb Tianmu Mountain in my dream, and bid farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou by the Yellow Crane Tower.
Li Bai's Ci and Fu
There is no unanimous conclusion as to whether Li Bai created ci, but there are about 20 works that have been handed down as Li Bai's ci, such as autumn wind ci, knot socks, Bodhisattva Man and Qin Yi E, and their authenticity and whether they can be classified as ci.
As far as its pioneering significance and artistic achievements are concerned, "Li Bai's Ci" enjoys a high position in the history of Ci. This position is just like the position of ancient Greek mythology in western art. As an unattainable norm, Li Bai's ci has become an eternal idol in people's hearts. Li Bai has made great contributions to the formation of the text mode and the creation mode of ci.
In fact, Li Bai will never be forgotten in all the anthologies and collections of Tang and Song Ci, or at least one sentence should be mentioned in the preface and postscript. As the first great poet in the history of literature, although the copyright of only a few poems is often questioned, no one has ever expressed any dissatisfaction or criticism to him. If the world's first poet is selected, Li Bai will undoubtedly be elected as the "King of Ci" by unanimous vote.