Means of expression can also be called means of expression (or skills of expression), and any means or method that can make the whole or part of the article have a distinct and strong impression and achieve the artistic effect of infecting readers can be regarded as means of expression. Mainly focus on making the article effective in whole or in part.
Common expression techniques include: Fu, comparison, xing, contrast, symbol, allusion, sketch, montage, expressing ambition with objects, expressing emotion with scenery, psychological depiction, combining Zhuang with harmony, associative imagination and so on.
Expression and rhetoric:
Both expression and rhetoric can enhance the expressive effect of the article, but expression is used to enhance the expressive effect of the whole or part of the article, while rhetoric is used to enhance the expressive effect of sentences in the article, mainly focusing on the modification of sentences; Expression is to express an article from a macro perspective, while rhetoric is to express an article from a micro perspective.
The boundary between expression and rhetoric is not absolute. In short, in a specific language environment, when a rhetorical device produces an overall effect in an article and enhances the expressive force of the article, or a rhetorical device produces an overall expressive force after repeated use in the article, then this rhetorical device can also be regarded as an expressive device.
2. What are the expressions of classical Chinese? Expression technique can also be called expression method (or expression technique). Any means or method that can make the whole or part of the article have a distinct and strong impression and achieve the artistic effect of infecting readers can be regarded as a means of expression.
Mainly focus on making the article effective in whole or in part. Common expression techniques include: Fu, comparison, xing, contrast, symbol, allusion, sketch, montage, expressing ambition with objects, expressing emotion with scenery, psychological depiction, combining Zhuang with harmony, associative imagination and so on.
Expression and rhetoric: both expression and rhetoric can enhance the expressive effect of the article, but expression is used to enhance the expressive effect of the whole or part of the article, while rhetoric is used to enhance the expressive effect of sentences in the article, mainly focusing on the modification of sentences; Expression is to express an article from a macro perspective, while rhetoric is to express an article from a micro perspective. The boundary between expression and rhetoric is not absolute.
In short, in a specific language environment, when a rhetorical device produces an overall effect in an article and enhances the expressive force of the article, or a rhetorical device produces an overall expressive force after repeated use in the article, then this rhetorical device can also be regarded as an expressive device.
3. What are the expressions in ancient Chinese? There are five types: narrative, descriptive, lyrical, argumentative and explanatory.
First, narrative:
Narration is the most basic and common expression in writing. It is the author's narration and explanation of characters experience and events, and the transformation of scene and space. It is widely used and has many functions in writing articles.
Second, the description:
Description is the expression of the appearance and modality of the object (including psychological description, language description, action description, expression description, appearance description, environment description, etc.). ) and reproduce it to the reader. It is one of the main forms of narration, especially literary creation. It is sometimes used as an auxiliary means in general lyricism, discussion and elaboration. If the description is used well, it can be vivid and vivid, so that readers can see this person, hear his voice, feel at home, and get a strong artistic infection from it. ?
Third, lyricism:
Lyric is to express and express the author's feelings. Specifically, it refers to a literary activity that is organized in formal words and symbolically expresses one's inner feelings. It is subjective, personalized and poetic, as opposed to narrative. As a special way of literary reflection, lyric mainly reflects the spiritual level of social life, and realizes spiritual freedom through the aesthetic transformation of reality in consciousness.
Lyricism is the dialectical unity of individuality and sociality, as well as emotional release, emotional construction and aesthetic creation. It is the main expression in lyric style, and it is often used as an important auxiliary expression in general literary works and narratives. ?
Fourth, discuss:
Discussion refers to the author's comments on a discussion object to show his views and attitudes. Its function is to make the article clear and profound, with strong philosophical and theoretical depth. In argumentative writing, it is the main expression; It is often used as an auxiliary means of expression in general narrative, expository or literary works. ?
Verb (abbreviation for verb) description:
Description is an expression that clearly explains the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relationships and functions of things in concise words. Some explained objects are physical things, such as mountains, rivers, plants, stationery, buildings, utensils and so on. Some are abstract truths, such as thoughts, consciousness, self-cultivation, viewpoints, concepts, principles, technologies, etc.
Extended data:
As the formal elements of an article, five expressions must serve the content expression. Writing something in different ways can produce different effects. This is the so-called expression function. ?
1. Expressions are divided into narrative, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion.
2. An article can be based on one expression and use other expressions; ?
3. There are also related expressions in the requirements of hot topic composition-you can choose one expression and use other expressions comprehensively. ?
4? Means of expression refers to various concrete methods used when the results of thinking in images are expressed through certain means, also known as artistic means. ?
There are only five ways of expression, but there are many ways of expression, such as narration, description, lyricism, discussion, explanation and so on.
Baidu encyclopedia-emoticon
4. What are the common rhetorical devices in ancient Chinese? 1. Metaphors in classical Chinese, like metaphors in modern Chinese, have noumenon, metaphor and metaphor. Of course, some are only metaphors, and some are not.
Example 1 Now, I am a fish, why should I quit? Now people are like knives and chopping boards in the kitchen, and we are like fish and meat on the chopping board. Why should we say goodbye to others in such an urgent situation? Example 2: Cicadas slough in the mud. (Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng) Translation: Keep yourself away from muddy water and get rid of the polluted environment like cicadas.
Example 1 Use "knife" and "fish" to compare each other and themselves, vividly depicting two contrasting positions and critical situations. Example 2 uses "sludge" and "filthy environment" as a metaphor for evil forces, and uses "cicada slough" as a metaphor for a completely clean life. This is a concrete image. The sentences are easy to understand, and the environment around Qu Yuan and his attitude towards life are clearly explained in the metaphor.
Second, exaggeration, mainly through the image language, exaggerates or narrows what is described artistically, giving people a strong feeling, thus enhancing the expressive force and appeal of sentences. Example 1 People are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather.
People are bound to die. Some people die heavier than Mount Tai, while others die lighter than a feather. The State of Qin spared no effort to control its disadvantages, chased the dead and drove them north, burying millions of corpses and bleeding profusely.
Qin has the remaining energy to subdue the other side by taking advantage of people's danger, chasing the defeated troops who fled on the battlefield, killing countless enemies, bleeding into rivers and floating shields. Example 1 Comparing "Mount Tai" and "a feather" exaggerates and narrows the value of death, showing the author's clear attitude of love and hate and clear value orientation.
Example 2 describes the cruelty of war with "millions of corpses lying everywhere" and floating shields with rivers of blood. The exaggerated description depicts the strength and brutality of Qin, as well as the weakness and fiasco of other countries. Thirdly, metonymy replaces ontology with its features or signs; Replace the ontology with the ownership or position of the ontology; Rhetorical methods such as borrowing everything to replace the ontology belonging to parts, or borrowing parts to replace the whole are metonymy.
The main purpose of metonymy is to give people a concrete and sensible image and arouse readers' thinking in images. Example 1 I am willing to send my son to his hometown for thousands of miles.
I hope I can ride a swift horse and take me back to my hometown. The green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, and the solitary sails come from the sun.
(Looking at Tianmen Mountain by Li Bai) The green hills on both sides of the strait appear in front of our eyes relatively, and a white sail flies lightly to the red sun. In example 1, "one thousand Li" replaces one thousand Mary, which means that the whole is replaced by the part.
The "lone sail" in Example 2 replaces the boat with a white sail, which replaces the whole with a part. 4. Metaphor is a general term for personification and personification, and it is a rhetorical method to personify crops or things.
This rhetorical method sometimes gives people dialogue or language, and sometimes gives people action or form, which increases the artistry of the article. Example 10 Since Huma went to see the river, she abandoned all the trees in the pond and talked about soldiers tirelessly.
Since the invasion of the southern nomads, even abandoned ponds and ancient trees have expressed their disgust at war. Example: 1 1 Birds in captivity miss the old forest.
Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden: The caged birds miss the past Woods, while the fish in the pond miss the past deep pools. Example 12 The male rabbit's feet are simple, the female rabbit's eyes are blurred, and two rabbits are walking beside the ground. Can Ann tell whether I am a man or a woman? O Mulan Poetry, Yuefu Poetry Collection: The male rabbit has fluffy feet and the female rabbit has narrow eyes, and the two rabbits run side by side. How do I know if I'm a woman or a man? Example 10 "a pool of abandoned trees is tired of talking about soldiers" tells the story as an adult, and the author uses the word "tired" revealed in "a pool of abandoned trees" to express his hatred of war incisively and vividly.
1 1's Love Birds and Thinking of Fish in a Pond are also about treating things as adults, and "love" and "thinking" are yearning for freedom. The author expresses this emotion through the human thought language of animals. Example 12: "An Neng Distinguishes My Sex" is to write people as crops, and animals only talk about sex and ask "An Neng Distinguishes My Sex". Obviously, the protagonist explained in humorous language that it is difficult to distinguish women disguised as men.
5. Ask questions, answer questions and ask answers. Questions can be divided into two categories, one is to ask questions by yourself and answer them by yourself, and the other is to answer questions directly.
However, the Qin dynasty was just a place ... the shame of one person and the shame of seven temples. Benevolence and kindness are not applied, and the tendency to attack and defend is different. However, the State of Qin is a small territory in Yongzhou ... but it can't stand the wave of Chen She's hand and die, and is laughed at by later generations. Why? It's because we can't use the best decission, so the attack and defense have completely changed.
Example 14: Fu knocks on the urn and plays the Zheng ... Today, Kevin·Z stopped knocking on the urn and the urn, but gave up playing the piano and seized the opportunity. If so, what is it? I'm satisfied with the present, but I'm just comfortable with it. (Li Si's book on remonstrance and exile) Translation: Beat the crock, beat the tile, beat Qin Zheng, beat the thigh, and play time ... Nowadays people don't listen to knocking the crock and the tile, but appreciate the music of Zheng and Weiguo, and choose Shao's music instead of playing it. Why? Just to sound happy and look comfortable.
Example 15 Alas, the theory of ups and downs, though called destiny, is not human nature? The reason why the original Zhuang Zhou won the world is better than the person who neglected the world. (Ouyang Xiu's Biography of Lingguan) Translation: Ah! The reasons for the rise and fall of a country, although always emphasized as providence, are not actually determined by the policies and measures of the ruling class? Tracing back to the process of establishing rule and defeat in Tang Dynasty is enough to illustrate this truth.
Example 13 is a self-questioning and self-answering, which is intended to attract readers' attention and achieve the purpose of emphasizing its conclusion that "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive potential is different". Example 14 also asks and answers by himself, explaining the results first and then the reasons, giving people a feeling of being suddenly enlightened.
Example 15 uses negative questions to stimulate positive answers, and the answers to the questions are all positive. This rhetorical question is a bit like a rhetorical question in modern Chinese, so there is no need to answer it.
5. What are the descriptive techniques in classical Chinese, including character description and environmental description?
Character description: 1. Appearance description (portrait description) is a description method to reveal the character through the description of appearance, expression, posture, clothing and tone. 2. Action description is a description method to reveal a character's character through his personalized action and action description.
3. Language description is a description method to describe characters through personalized monologues (soliloquies) or dialogues (conversations with others). 4. Psychological description is a description method to describe the inner personality characteristics of characters by analyzing their psychological activities (such as inner feelings, intentions, wishes, thinking, ideological struggles, etc.). ) and tap their thoughts and feelings.
5. Expression description: different from appearance description. Expression description depicts people's facial expressions, which can highlight people's personality characteristics. Environment description: 1. The description of the natural environment is a description of the place, season, climate, time and scene of human activities.
It has the functions of setting off the emotions of characters, promoting the development of stories, pointing out and highlighting the center. 2. The description of social environment generally refers to the description of social background, flavor of the times and regional characteristics. It can also be divided into landscape description, static object description and dynamic object description [edit this paragraph] According to the narrator's expression, description (including character description and environment description) can be divided into frontal description, side description, scene description and detail description.
1. Positive description (direct description) is a direct description of people or environment. 2. Profile description (indirect description), through the description of other people or environment, sets off the characters and scenery written from the profile, thus receiving the effect of "holding the moon in the clouds". 3. Scene description is a description of large-scale social activities or scenes of life, fighting, labor and entertainment in which many people participate. 4. Detail description refers to the detailed description of some internal or external small links, including actions, expressions, objects, environment, etc., which has a special role in showing the development of characters and plots.
6. Descriptive techniques of China's ancient prose: expressive techniques, expressive techniques, namely lyrical expression, descriptive techniques, artistic techniques, how to express feelings and how to describe them.
Including: (1) article layout: symbolic metaphor, imaginary virtuality, combination of reality and fiction, associative deduction, setting off, comparison, suppression, care, seeing the big from the small, comparing the advantages and disadvantages, and using allusions to show ambition; (2) Expression techniques: lyrical and descriptive; (1) lyric methods: direct lyric (direct expression of feelings) indirect lyric-lyric ② description (description of scenery) methods-frontal description, side description, combination of reality and reality, combination of point and surface, comparison, rendering, setting off, movement contrast, detail description and sketch (3) rhetorical devices: metaphor, analogy, exaggeration and sketch. 2. Deliberately describe the contrast and contrast from the side as a foil to make the things described more vivid and prominent. 3. Associative imagination is like wild imagination, which combines whimsy with the truth of nature. 4. Classical poetry is concise in language and rich in content, which increases the vividness and implicitness of expression and enhances the expressiveness and appeal of works.
5. Symbolic images are vivid and concrete, turning reality into emptiness. 6. Reduplication plays an important role in enhancing the sense of rhythm. 7. Holding objects to express their wishes and feelings, and expressing obscure expressions are implicit and implicit. 8. The details are true, accurate and vivid. 9. Sketch is vivid and profound without rendering, and sketched with rough brushstrokes. 10. The meticulous details are vivid and rhetorical. Turn abstruse into simple, abstract into concrete, and make the depicted image more vivid. 2. Replace complexity with simplicity and reality with virtuality. 3. Contrast bright colors, portray images and express rich meanings. 4. Exaggerate the essence and give people inspiration. Set off the atmosphere and enhance the appeal; Enhance association and create an atmosphere. 5. Duality is beautiful in music, concise in expression and lyrical. 6. Rhetorical questions emphasize tone. 7. Ask questions, attract attention and inspire thinking. 8. Puns are meant to imply, while others are implied. Pay special attention to the following six common descriptive skills of NMET (1). Dynamic and static contrast, silence is better than sound, and the music scene is sad. (2) Compared with various rhetorical devices, it is more vivid. Metaphor is to make things personalized, exaggeration is to emphasize and highlight, and antithesis is to enhance the musical beauty of poetry, express ideas concisely and express lyricism. (3) Dynamic and static combination pays great attention to the contrast between dynamic and static scenery, which can be combined with dynamic and static, and can also be written with static and dynamic. Sometimes the two complement each other to form a rendering contrast, thus highlighting the center.
(5) color rendering. Color rendering can convey a happy mood, but also set off a sad mood. (6) Observe the change of angle. Looking down, looking up, overlooking, looking close, from far and near or from bottom to top. Answer steps: (1) Point out exactly what technique was used.
(2) Explain why this technique is combined with poetry. (3) This technique effectively conveys the poet's feelings.
7. What are the expressions in Chinese? What are the means of expression? What are the sentence patterns in classical Chinese? There are five kinds:
1, narrative 2, description 3, lyric 4, discussion 5, explanation
(1) narration. Narration is the most basic and common expression in writing. It is the author's narration and explanation of characters experience and events, and the transformation of scene and space. Widely used in writing articles.
(2) description. Description is an expression that describes the appearance and form of an object and reproduces it to readers. It is one of the main forms of narration, especially literary creation. It is sometimes used as an auxiliary means in general lyricism, discussion and elaboration. If the description is used well, it can be vivid and vivid, so that readers can see this person, hear his voice, feel at home, and get a strong artistic infection from it.
(3) lyric. Lyric is to express and express the author's feelings. Specifically, it refers to a literary activity that is organized in formal words and symbolically expresses one's inner feelings. It is subjective, personalized and poetic, as opposed to narrative. As a special way of literary reflection, lyric mainly reflects the spiritual level of social life, and realizes spiritual freedom through the aesthetic transformation of reality in consciousness. Lyricism is the dialectical unity of individuality and sociality, as well as emotional release, emotional construction and aesthetic creation. It is the main expression in lyric style, and it is often used as an important auxiliary expression in general literary works and narratives.
(4) discussion. Discussion refers to the author's comments on a discussion object to show his views and attitudes. Its function is to make the article clear and profound, with strong philosophical and theoretical depth. In argumentative writing, it is the main expression; It is often used as an auxiliary means of expression in general narrative, expository or literary works.
(5) description. Description is an expression that clearly explains the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relationships and functions of things in concise words. Some explained objects are physical things, such as mountains, rivers, flowers, trees, buildings, utensils and so on. Some are abstract truths, such as thoughts, consciousness, self-cultivation, viewpoints, concepts, principles, technologies, etc.
As the formal elements of an article, five expressions must serve the content expression. Writing something in different ways can produce different effects. This is the so-called expression function. First, the expression skills mainly include:
(1) expression (narrative, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation * * *, the first four commonly used ancient poems);
(2) Expression techniques (holding objects, expressing ambition, writing scenes, lyrical narration, direct lyricism, suppressing desires first, suppressing recitation first, flashback, contrasting and setting off the symbol of pawn Zhang Xianzhi, using allusions, imagination, caring for feelings, setting off scenery, setting off objects, rendering reality and reality, combining positive description with direct lyricism and indirect lyricism, etc.);
(3) material selection and cutting;
④ Structural skills: transition, echo, etc.
⑤ Creation of artistic conception, characterization of characters and application of rhetorical methods (metaphor, analogy, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, repetition, etc.). ), description of social natural environment, etc.
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An article, no matter what kind of expression skills the author chooses, is to express his ideas better. Therefore, to analyze the language, understand the content of the article, and understand the author's intentions and emotions, we must understand the role of expression skills.
Second, in the appreciation of modern reading, expression skills include:
1. Expression: narration, explanation, discussion, lyricism and description.
2. Expression techniques: imagination, association, analogy, symbol, contrast, contrast, rendering, rhetoric, etc.
3. Material arrangement: clear priorities, detailed and simple.
4. Structure: connecting the preceding with the following, suspense, care, bedding, etc.
5. Rhetoric: metaphor, repetition, parallelism, rhetorical question, personification, imitation, exaggeration, etc.
8. Kuafu's daily expression (ancient prose) Kuafu's daily expression is one of the earliest famous myths in China, which tells the story of Kuafu struggling to catch up with the sun and sleeping in the Yuyuan Garden. Kuafu is a giant in ancient myths and legends, and he is a descendant of Hou Di, a ghost who lives in the Tianshan Mountains in the Great Northern Wilderness. He hung two yellow snakes on his ears and chased the sun with two yellow snakes in his hand. When he reached Yugu, where the sun was about to set, he went to drink water from the Yellow River and the Weihe River. After he drained the river, his thirst still didn't stop. He wanted to drink the water from the Great Lakes in the north, but he died of thirst before he got there. When Kuafu died, he threw away his walking stick, which suddenly turned into a peach grove full of fresh fruit, to quench the thirst of those who later pursued the light. Deification can be roughly divided into two categories. The dispute over technology and the origin of creation mainly reflect the struggle between man and nature by virtue of his own ability and technology, including Suiren Shi, Fu, Shennong, Houyi Shooting the Sun, Kuafu Chasing the Sun, and Jingwei Reclaiming the Sea: Jingwei holds a small wood and will reclaim the land, Goddess Mends the Sky and Dayu. Rhetorically, it includes metaphor, personification, rhetorical question, rhetorical question, metonymy, duality, exaggeration, foil, allusion, translation, intertextuality and repetition. Expression (whole paragraph, or the expression of a story) can be divided into narrative, discussion, description and lyricism. Kuafu Ben described Kuafu's pursuit of the sun in the way of daily narration, and used exaggerated techniques in his narration, which showed human's pursuit and desire for beautiful things and reflected human's worship of health at that time.