First, the reason why landscape poetry originated in the early Song Dynasty
1. As early as in The Book of Songs and Songs of the South, there have been descriptions of landscape scenery, but in poetry, it appears as a setting scene or a comparison scene, and has not yet become an independent aesthetic object, forming a conscious aesthetic consciousness. In the Han Dynasty, the description of landscape also appeared in Han Fu, and it was not until Jian 'an period that Cao Cao wrote the first complete landscape poem in the history of China's poetry. Since then, Zuo Si's poems about seeking, Guo Pu's poems about immortals, and the metaphysical poems and poems of Yu Yan, Yin Zhongwen and Xie Hun have all described the nature of mountains and rivers. All these have prepared artistic experience for the independence and maturity of landscape poetry.
2. Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, metaphysical thoughts dominated by Taoist thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi have been popular, and the Taoist spirit of advocating nature and pursuing seclusion have deeply influenced the mentality and literary creation of literati. "Wen Xin Diao Long Shi Ming" said: "The prose in the early Song Dynasty was sung because of the change of style, and Zhuang Lao retired, while the landscape was graceful." Metaphysical poetry, pastoral poetry and landscape poetry in literary creation are all produced under the influence of Taoist life spirit and artistic spirit of advocating nature, and the aesthetic orientation of advocating nature has become a relatively common fashion. Scholars are close to nature, advocating seclusion and flaunting the taste of mountain life, which provides a living foundation for landscape literature creation. After crossing the south of the Yangtze River, the beauty of the mountains and rivers in the south of the Yangtze River naturally attracts literati to feel the nature and describe the mountains and rivers.
Second, the artistic achievements of Xie Lingyun's landscape poems
1. Xie Shi is good at depicting landscapes in detail and creating fresh, natural and vivid pictures. Bao Zhao commented: "Xie is as lovely as Lotus." Xiao Gang also said: "Thank you for your words, naturally." However, the nature of Xie Shi's poems is different from Tao Shi's: the nature of Tao Shi's poems is the natural expression of the soul, and its scenery is freehand; The essence of Xie Shi's poems is the imitation of objective nature, and its scenery lies in the description of images. Therefore, Xie Shi pays attention to the careful observation of natural scenery, and uses exquisite description means to express the objective beauty of natural images. Wang Shizhen commented on his poems and said, "Beautiful and plain, extremely refined and more natural." (The third volume after reading) It is the most prominent feature of Xie Shi's poetry to achieve a fresh and natural painting scene with beautiful words and exquisite thinking, and it is also an artistic realm pioneered by Xie Shi, which is different from the predecessors. Therefore, Xie Shi became a master of landscape poetry.
2. Xie Shi paid great attention to the use of words in the description of scenery and created many famous sentences that will be remembered by later generations. For example, "Spring grass grows in the pond, and garden willows turn into songbirds" ("Pond Upstairs"); "The wild sand beach is clean, the sky is high and the autumn is bright" ("Going to the county for the first time"); "White clouds embrace secluded stones, and young people are charming and clear" ("Postscript of Shu Ning"); "Woods and valleys gather together, and sunset clouds gather together" ("The Stone Wall Returns to the Lake"); "Xiao Shuang Maple Leaf Dan, Xi Lan Lanqiyin" ("Going out to the West Late"); "The Spring Festival Evening is green and wild, the rocks are high and the clouds are high" ("Man Peng Li Hukou") and so on. The text is exquisite, the realm is fresh and the color is bright. It is indeed "like the first hibiscus, natural and lovely", which shows superb artistic skill. However, having good sentences without good articles is also a shortcoming of Xie Shi.
3. The conception and structure of Xie Shi's poems are relatively simple. His landscape poems are often described first, followed by scenery and reasoning, forming a modular conception and structure. Due to the emphasis on the objective description of landscape scenery, the penetration of subject spirit and emotion is not enough, most poems can not reach the artistic realm of natural blending of landscape and water in Tao poetry.
4. Xie Shi pays attention to the artistic skills of language, is good at tempering words, emphasizes rhetoric, and emphasizes duality and innovation. Commenting on the landscape poems in the early Song Dynasty, Liu Xie said: "It is strange to choose a hundred words and compete for a price." Love must be perfect to write things, and words must be exhausted. " (Wen Xin Diao Long Shi Ming) is a summary of the language characteristics of Xie Shi. Xie Shi pays attention to language skills, which is a contribution to improving the ability of describing objective images and exerting the expressive force of language. However, excessive carving and the pursuit of novelty also made Xie Shi hard and obscure.
[Reading works]
First, Xie Lingyun's "Climbing the Pool Upstairs"
1. This poem was written in the early spring of the first year of Jingping, Song Shaodi. The author was then the magistrate of Yongjia. After a long illness, he went upstairs and looked far away, touching the scene and expressing his political frustration and yearning for seclusion.
2. The structure of poetry is very clear: the first eight sentences describe the poet's life situation; The middle eight sentences describe the vibrant scenery in early spring when you climb the stairs to face the window; The last six sentences express the poet's inner feelings.
3. The main artistic features of this poem
(1) Send something to cheer up and express your emotions. Poetry begins with "seclusion" and "Hong Fei", and the vivid rise of things is not a simple beginning, but a symbol of two life paths and values: seclusion and official career. Then lament that you can't enter as a "Hong Fei", you can't retreat as a "diver", you can't go to Germany to study, and you can't return farmland to support yourself. You can only end up with no resources. He expressed his predicament, expressed his inner contradictions and pains, and revealed his sadness and melancholy of political frustration. The rise of poetry from the support leads to a deep sigh of life situation.
(2) This poem is most praised for its scenery, which is fresh and picturesque, natural and natural, and typically embodies the style of Xie Shishi's poem "Like the first hibiscus, natural and lovely" (Biography of Southern History Yan Yanzhi). His description of the scenery is meticulous and vivid; The layout is ingenious, from far to near, from hearing to vision, and the changes are complicated. It has reached the artistic realm of "natural language, picturesque scenery and vivid colors" (Xie Zhen's four major poetic styles). In particular, the phrase "Spring grass grows in the pool, willow turns into songbirds" has no trace of algae carving, such as "hibiscus comes out of the water", which is natural and fresh, beautiful, and really a stroke of genius. Therefore, all generations have greatly appreciated it. Ye Mengde said: "The works in this language are meaningless, and they suddenly encounter scenes, so they are very emotional." (Shi Lin Shi Hua) Yuan Haowen praised: "Spring grass in the pool is Xie Jiachun, and five words are new through the ages." (On Thirty Poems)
(3) The poem changed from description of scenery to expressing feelings, and the words "Qi Qi" and "Growing up" were transformed into ancient poems to convey the feelings of hurting spring. I also wrote about the loneliness of living alone. He also said that he should maintain noble moral integrity and pursue a quiet and never tired life. It's a little obscure in the end, but it's a masterpiece in his poems.
(4) The composition of this poem is rigorous and distinct. Write your own situation first, then the scenery, and finally express your feelings. This poem uses neat antitheses throughout, and some of them are quite skillful. In addition to being fresh and natural, the words and sentences are also exquisite and beautiful. As Wang Shizhen said: "It is extremely beautiful and plain, extremely refined and more natural." (After reading, Volume 3) However, the prosaic nature of Xie Shi's poems often lacks the overall harmony of Shi Tao's poems.
Second, Xie Lingyun's "Shi Bi Jing She Gui Hu"
1. This poem is also a masterpiece of Xie Lingyun. This poem describes the poet's wandering in a day, describes the strange mountains and strange waters he saw, and expresses the pleasure of traveling and the philosophy he learned from it.
2. Poetry can be divided into three levels: the first six sentences always describe the wandering and feelings of a day; The middle six sentences are about the evening scenery seen on the way; The fourth sentence expresses the philosophy of life realized from landscape amusement.
3. The main artistic features of this poem:
(1) This poem comprehensively uses various means such as scenery description, narration, lyricism and reasoning. On the first floor, the words "faint Dan" and "landscape" always describe the landscape in general, and then use "entertaining people" and "forgetting to return" to express the feelings of entertaining the landscape and forgetting to return to hometown, and at the same time use anthropomorphic methods to give life and feelings to the landscape. Then he described his daily whereabouts. The first four sentences on the second floor are all about scenery, but the angles are different. He Lin and Xia Yun are wide-angle shots, and Hehe and Puyi are close-ups. Therefore, the background of the picture layout is broad, and the close-up description is meticulous, which really describes the lakes and mountains in the evening beautifully: He Lin in the twilight, and the sun is setting. In this regard, the poet also described his joy and comfort in "going south" and "suppressing the East". Finally, I added some logic to the unfinished business.
(2) The structure of this poem reflects the basic pattern of the author's landscape poems: describing the trail first, then the scenery, and finally making sense. However, the outstanding feature of this poem is that it takes "Huan" as a clue, which can closely combine emotion, scenery and reason, penetrate each other and invent each other, without being taken out of context. Therefore, Wang Fuzhi commented: "The feelings are true, the scenery can be beautiful, but the scenery is not stagnant. The scenery is always full of feelings and the spirit flows between the two rooms. " Moreover, although the poems are elaborately crafted, the language is not very polished, the writing style is relatively dull and the realm is relatively open.
Quoted from the post bar in Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, because there are too many words, I can't address it: /f? kz= 13587 19 19