People's education press eighth grade history key outline
the opium war
1. The root of the British Opium War:1In the first half of the 9th century, Britain completed the industrial revolution in order to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder China's cheap industrial raw materials.
2. The direct reason why Britain smuggled opium into China was to reverse the Sino-British trade deficit.
3. Destroy opium in Humen:
Time: 1839, Lin Zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Daoguang Emperor to ban smoking.
What happened:1June, 839, Lin Zexu ordered the public destruction of more than two million Jin of opium seized in Humentan, Guangdong.
Significance: This is a great victory of China people's struggle against smoking, which shows the strong will of the Chinese nation to resist foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, became a national hero, and this activity became the fuse of the Opium War.
4. (Part I) The Opium War: 1840- 1842.
5. The main contents of the Chinese and English treaty of nanking:
(1) Cut Hong Kong Island to Britain;
(2) The compensation is 2 1 ten thousand yuan;
(3) Opening Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports;
(4) The taxes paid by British businessmen in importing and exporting goods shall be agreed by both sides.
6. The influence of the Opium War:
(1) China gradually changed from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society;
② It was a turning point in the history of China and the beginning of modern history of China. China's first unequal treaty in modern times, treaty of nanking. )
7. Revelation: If you fall behind, you will be beaten! We should focus on economic construction, vigorously develop productive forces and strive to improve our comprehensive national strength.
Crimes of foreign powers invading China during the Second Opium War.
1. Time of the Second Opium War: 1856- 1860.
2. The purpose of the Second Opium War: to further open the China market.
3. The culprit: the British and French allied forces, and the accomplices: the United States and Russia.
4. Crime of foreign powers invading China: British and French allied forces: robbing and burning Yuanmingyuan after occupying Beijing.
Sino-Japanese Wars
1. Time: 1894 (Wu Jia Gregorian calendar)
2. Important battles: ① Yellow Sea War (Deng Shichang's heroic sacrifice)
(2) The Battle of Ahava (beiyang fleet was completely annihilated, marking the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement).
3. The signing of treaty of shimonoseki.
① Time: 1895
② Location: Maguan, Japan
③ Signature of Li Hongzhang and Japanese Prime Minister Ito Bowen.
④ Main contents: The Qing government ceded Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands to Japan; Compensation for Japanese military spending of 220 million silver; Allow Japanese to set up factories in China (affecting the development of China's national industry); Increase trade ports, etc.
⑤ Influence: treaty of shimonoseki greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonialism in China.
Siege the international legation
1. Time: 1900.
2. Purpose: To safeguard the rights and interests in China for the Boxer Movement in Country X..
3. Course: 1900 In June, Britain, the United States, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria, headed by Seymour, launched a war of aggression against China. In mid-August, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing. (The great powers burned and looted Beijing for the second time)
4. Results: 190 1 year, the Qing government signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" with Ryukyu.
① The main contents of the "Xin Chou Treaty": a The Qing government compensated 450 million taels of silver (the largest amount of compensation), which was guaranteed by customs duties and other taxes; B The Qing government promised to prohibit people from participating in anti-imperialist activities (which best shows that the Qing government has become a tool for imperialism to rule China); C Qing government dismantled Dagu Fort and allowed imperialist countries to send troops from Beijing to important places along Shanhaiguan Railway; D Dongjiaominxiang in Beijing is designated as the border of the embassy, allowing countries to station troops for protection and not allowing China people to live.
(2) Impact: It has added a new heavy burden to the people of China and seriously damaged the sovereignty of China. Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China. China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
How did China gradually become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society?
A: It began to deteriorate into the Opium War-the signing of treaty of nanking.
Greatly Deepening: Sino-Japanese War —— The Signing of treaty of shimonoseki
It all boils down to: Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China-the signing of the Xin Chou Treaty.
By waging wars and the unequal treaties signed by the X government, the great powers constantly expanded the privilege of aggression, making China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society step by step, and the Qing government became their tool for ruling China.
Westernization Movement
1. Background: After the Second Opium War, the internal affairs and diplomacy of the Qing Dynasty were difficult.
2. Time: 19 From 1960s to 1990s,
3. Representatives: Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo, Zhang Zhidong, etc. (belonging to the landlord class westernization school)
4. Purpose: To learn advanced western technology and maintain the rule of Qing Dynasty.
5. Advocacy (slogan): learn from foreigners (early stage: self-improvement as the slogan, late stage: seeking wealth as the slogan).
6. Main activities of Westernization School:
(1) Early established military industries (Anqing Ordnance Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, etc.). );
(2) Civil industries were established in the later stage (China Merchants Bureau for Ships founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai, Hanyang Iron Works founded by Zhang Zhidong, and weaving layout in Hubei, etc. );
(3) Establish three navies (Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian);
(4) Establish a new school (the first new school is Shi Jing Wentong Museum).
7. Nature: a failed self-help movement of feudal rulers.
8. Bankruptcy symbol: During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, beiyang fleet was completely annihilated in the Battle of Ahava.
9. Reason for failure: The foundation of feudal system was not touched.
10. Evaluation: China has not been made rich and strong, but advanced western science and technology have been introduced, which has led to the emergence of a number of modern enterprises in China. The Westernization Movement accumulated production experience for modern enterprises in China, cultivated technical strength, objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism, and paved the way for China's modernization.
The Reform Movement of 1898 (nature: bourgeois reform movement initiated by bourgeois reformists)
1. Background: The intensification of the national crisis (manifested by the signing of treaty of shimonoseki); The initial development of national capitalism.
2. Time:1end of 9th century (the year of the Reform Movement of 1898) 1898.
3. Representative figures: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong, etc.
4. Proposition: learn from the West, implement constitutional monarchy, and carry out bourgeois reform movement to save the nation.
5. Process: writing letters on the bus (the prelude to the Reform Movement), establishing a strong society (marking the formation of political groups of the Reform Movement), promulgating the "Imperial Decree for the Establishment of the Country" (the beginning of the Reform Movement), and 1898 coup (the failure of the Reform Movement).
6. Reasons for failure: First, divorced from the masses and relying only on Emperor Guangxu, who had no real power; The second is the weakness of the bourgeoisie.
7. Significance: It has played an enlightening role in society, is conducive to the spread of bourgeois ideology and culture, and has a patriotic and progressive role.
8. Enlightenment: It shows that bourgeois constitutional monarchy is not feasible in China; Improving roads is not feasible in China.
the Revolution of 1911
1. Background: The signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" further deepened the national crisis; National capitalism has developed rapidly.
2. Time: 19 1 1 year (1911)
3. Representative: Sun Yat-sen, etc
4. Proposition: Taking the Three People's Principles (nationality, civil rights and democracy) as the program, trying to establish a bourgeois republic in China by revolutionary means.
5. Revolutionary activities: Zhong Xing Hui people were founded in1894; 1905, China United League was founded (the first unified bourgeois party in China) and put forward a relatively complete bourgeois revolutionary program-the Three People's Principles (the guiding ideology of Sun Yat-sen's leadership of the 1911 Revolution); 19 1 1 Wuchang Uprising (the symbol of the Revolution of 1911); The Republic of China was founded in1912; Promulgate the "Provisional Covenant Law".
6. Sign of failure: Yuan Shikai became the interim president of the Republic of China.
7. Significance: The Revolution of 1911 and the rule of the Qing Dynasty ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and the concept of democracy was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. However, the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, which did not change the nature of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
8. Enlightenment: The failure of the Revolution of 1911 proved that the plan of the bourgeoisie and the state was unworkable in China at that time.
New Culture Movement
1. Start time: 19 15.
2. Representatives: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi, Lu Xun, etc.
3. Two flags: "democracy" and "science".
4. Main orientation: new youth.
5. Main contents: Early stage: "four propositions and four oppositions" (advocating democracy and opposing X; Advocate science and oppose superstition and blind obedience; Advocate new morality and oppose old morality; Advocating new literature and opposing old literature); Later period: propagating Marxism. (Li Dazhao)
6. Object: the retro thought of feudal X Zun Kong.
7. Nature: The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in China.
8. Status and Function: The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in China. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, and creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, in the New Culture Movement, there was also a bias of absolute negation or absolute affirmation to the eastern and western cultures, which had an impact on later generations.
What are the methods and skills of history learning?
1. Preview before class
Read the history of junior high school to be told today before class, so that the teacher can keep up with the ideas and deepen the impression. Now most classrooms are equipped with projectors, and teachers use PPT to give lectures, so the progress will be faster. If you don't watch before class, you may not be able to keep up with the teacher's thinking.
Focus on understanding
If you want to remember more and remember more in history study, the key lies in understanding, because only the knowledge that you really understand will not be forgotten. History class, like other classes, you must pay attention to the lecture. Some students think it doesn't matter whether they listen in class or not. Anyway, they can understand the content of the text and can cope with it as long as they recite it before the exam. This idea is very wrong. Although some simple contents can be memorized by rote, more complicated contents cannot be memorized by rote. There is a lot of historical knowledge that must be understood, such as what this knowledge is, why it is like this, what is the significance, what is the impact, and so on.
Recite the main points
History is a subject that needs to be memorized, and the time, nature and significance of events need to be memorized. If you want to get high marks, you must write detailed and accurate answers in the exam, so reciting is the key. You can use some memory methods to help you recite, such as: associative memory method: connect time points with things you are familiar with, quickly and permanently; Understanding mnemonic method: memorizing on the basis of understanding.
4. Learn to summarize
If you want to learn history well, you must learn to summarize. Summarize the exam results and learn to treat the scores correctly through summarization. Pay attention to the learning process and the The Secret Behind included in the score. It is necessary to summarize and sort out the wrong questions, collect the wrong questions and do some corresponding answers.
5. Master the answering skills
If you want to learn junior high school history well and get high marks in the history exam, you must master the answering skills. Short answer is the easiest point to lose points, so be sure to see the topic clearly. To combine materials, we must copy materials, analyze materials, and combine the knowledge we have memorized. Sometimes its title is very simple, with only one sentence. You can't see anything just by reading this sentence. You should relate the relevant knowledge points and put this sentence in.
Methods of learning junior high school history well
Comprehensive memory
History needs a lot of memory and knowledge to support it, so a lot of reading (extracurricular history books also need a lot of reading) is very helpful for learning history. But you can't rely on rote learning because it takes a lot of time and is relatively inefficient.
Cultivate interest
History class is boring, which is the aspiration of many liberal arts students. Rule out the teacher's reasons and ask yourself, do you like history? Interest is the best teacher. You can ask yourself which person in history you like best and what qualities he or she has worth learning. Fall in love with history by falling in love with a historical figure, so that your historical achievements will be obviously improved.
Listen carefully in class.
No matter which subject needs to listen carefully and be good at grasping the key points, this is a skill that every student should master, let alone a liberal arts student with a strong sense of language.
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