Teaching objectives
1. Learn to appreciate the theme of poetry by means of "opposing one's will with one's will" and "discussing the world with others".
2. Master the expressive skills of poets and lyric poets.
Teaching emphases and difficulties:
1. Focus: Depicting people from multiple angles.
2. Difficulties: the theme of poetry.
Introduction of works
The love tragedy between Li Longji, the Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and Yang Yuhuan, the imperial concubine, is closely related to the Anshi Rebellion, and has a rather serious political color. The incident itself is bizarre, tortuous and legendary, so it has attracted the attention of scholars in past dynasties. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, there appeared many literary works with this theme, such as Poems of Crossing the Qing Palace in China by Du Mu, Ma Wei by Li Shangyin, Litchi Pond by Su Shi, Autumn Rain by Tang Emperor by Bai Pu, Palace of Eternal Life by Hong Sheng, etc. The song of everlasting regret, which pretends to be relaxed, is one of the best.
She is the daughter of Yang, a minister of the Ministry of Finance. She entered Chang 'an with her uncle Yang Xuanyan and married Li Yao, the 14th son of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Li Longji later took a fancy to it. Li wanted to keep Yang for himself, but because of her birthright, she was asked to leave the palace and become a female Taoist. Then she returned to the palace and stole the clock. Li Longji worked hard in his early years and gradually relaxed in his later years. After Yang Yuhuan, he indulged in debauchery and neglected state affairs. On the other hand, Yang Yuhuan was not only favored by herself, but also honored as a senior imperial concubine, and her relatives followed suit. Cousin Yang Weicheng is the prime minister, and Yang Guan is the eldest sister, Mrs. Han, the third sister, Mrs. Guo and the eighth sister, Mrs. Qin. As The Song of Eternal Sorrow says, "Brothers and sisters are traitors because she illuminates and glorifies her family so much."
In the late Tianbao period, there were many contradictions in the court, and the love for the Yang family further aggravated the contradictions. In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), armed to the teeth, An Lushan rebelled, attacked Yang, stood aside and arrived in Chang 'an ... Li Longji and Yang Yuhuan fled to Sichuan together. When they arrived at Mawei Post in Shaanxi Province, the squire challenged the imperial army and asked Yang's brother and sister to thank the world. Forced by the situation, Li Longji had to demand that "Gao Lishi be ordered to slap the imperial concubine under the pear tree in front of the Buddhist temple". (Li Zhao's Supplement to National History)
Problem design
1. How should we treat the image of the protagonist from beginning to end?
Tip: regardless of political factors, consider this poem as a love poem. The emperor of the Han dynasty was not a dissolute and extravagant bad king, but a spoony man. Young women are not beauties who bring disaster to the country and people, but spoony women who are loyal to love.
2. How should we understand the theme of Song of Eternal Sorrow?
In the first half of this poem, there is irony and dissatisfaction with Li and Yang's extravagance and abandonment, but this is not the main idea. The whole poem describes the love experience of the two people with most of the space, and praises the love between them. The love between Li and Yang described in the poem has actually surpassed the historical facts and has certain typical significance. Through this love tragedy, the author praises people's loyalty and singleness to love and reflects people's pursuit and yearning for happy love. Although Li and Yang are empresses, their love is consistent with people's lives and feelings.
When analyzing the theme of Song of Eternal Sorrow, we must pay attention to the author's right and wrong attitude and emotional tendency towards this tragedy. Song of Eternal Sorrow is a narrative poem, but it has a strong lyrical color. In the process of describing the love between Li and Yang, the author blended his feelings and showed his judgment on this tragedy. Obviously, the author intentionally criticized Li and Yang's entertainment activities and made sarcastic comments on them. From "the emperor of China longed for beauty enough to shake an empire", "the emperor gave up his early hearing", "wasted all his time on her feast and carnival, his mistress in spring, his tyrant at night", "soft songs and slow dances, string and bamboo music, and the emperor's eyes were never enough to look at her". However, with the development of the story and the tragedy, the author's attitude towards Li and Yang changed from criticism and satire to sympathy and pity. From a large number of emotional descriptions, such as the emperor can't save her, he can only cover his face until under their hooves, and they may trample on those moths. Shu Jiangshui is better than Shu Shanqing, so what remains unchanged is the love of the emperor, which is deeper than the sky. The emperor insists on being at the scene and will not leave, that memory, that pain. Where is her white face? But the petals are like her face, and the willow leaves are like her eyebrows. Whenever he looks at them, what can he do but cry? Fly on the throne while he meditates at dusk. And lonely lights, we can get a very obvious and strong feeling.
3. How does the poet express his long-term hatred?
Hint: The emperor hates-
(1) "hidden in the yellow dust from the cold wind, they crossed a cloud line at the crack of the steeple path. There are few pedestrians under Mount Emei, and the standard has lost its color in the sunset. "On the way to the southwest, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was surrounded by Huang Chen, plank roads and high mountains. The sun is dim, the standard is dull, and autumn scenery is desolate. This is a sad landscape to set off the sad thoughts of the characters.
(2) "The water in Shu is always green and the mountains are always blue, so your majesty's love is constant and deeper than the sky. He stared at the desolate moon from his temporary palace, and the night rain smelled the clock heartbroken. " In Shu, facing the green mountains and green waters, we still can't forget ourselves. The mountains and water in Shu are beautiful, but in the lonely and sad eyes, the "green" of the mountains and the "green" of the water are also sad. The beauty of nature should be appreciated with a quiet mind, but he didn't, so he increased his inner pain. This is to write sadness through beautiful scenery. The more beautiful the scenery, the sadder the mood and the deeper the feelings.
(3) "And on the same day in last contact, the dragon car headed home, so far hesitating. The memory and pain are buried in the soil of Maweipo. Where is her white face? . Rulers and lords, when their eyes meet, cry on their coats. When they ride, they relax the reins and slowly return to the capital. " Still on the road, "everything is spinning" was originally a happy thing, but the old place ended and Yu Yan disappeared, so I couldn't help crying. In the narrative, another layer of painful memories is added. Write sadness in happiness, and the more you look at it, the sadder it becomes.
(4) "Pool, garden, palace, everything is the same as before, Taiye Furong Lake, Weiyang Palace Willow. But the petals are like her face, and the willow leaves are like her eyebrows. Whenever he looks at them, what can he do but cry? . ""and the porcelain mandarin ducks on the roof grow thick and frosty, so who is stubborn and cold? * *. The distance between life and death is year after year, but no beloved soul visits his dreams. " After returning to Chang 'an, during the day, caused by the environment and scenery, people were associated with the scenery, and the scenery remained the same, but people disappeared. I can't help crying. From the hibiscus flowers in Taiye Pool and the weeping willows in Weiyang Palace, I seem to see the appearance of Yang Guifei, showing the extremely complicated and subtle inner activities of the characters. "Fireflies were flying on the throne, while he was meditating in the twilight. He will extend the wick to its end and still never fall asleep ... bells and drums will slowly ring the long night, and before dawn, the Milky Way in the sky will become clear. " From dusk to dawn, the focus is on the scene where you can't sleep for a long time because of emotional troubles at night. This bitter yearning is like "peaches and plums bloom and the spring breeze blows" and "after the autumn rain, the fallen leaves return to their roots". It is sad to see that the "disciples of Liyuan" and "A Jian Qing E" in those days were all white-haired and their faces were withered. A scene and everything can evoke memories of the past. Every grass and tree, flower and tree, wind and rain, flowers and flowers falling, are all shadows of beauty. Peach blossoms in the spring breeze are still smiling, and people don't know where to go. A disciple of Jianqing 'e Liyuan, what would Yang Nv look like if she were still here?
Yang Nvchang hates-
(1) "This lady, after hearing the news of Emperor China's envoy, woke up from her dream in her canopy. She pushed open the pillow, dressed herself, shook off her drowsiness, opened the pearly curtains and then opened the silver screen. " Through the three continuous actions of "she pushes the pillow away, gets dressed and shakes her drowsiness", she describes her shock, excitement and confusion after learning that Li Longji sent a special envoy.
(2) "But when she asked him to thank her monarch, love shone deep in her eyes. Since they separated, her form and voice were unfamiliar to her. Because happiness ends in the courtyard of the sun, the moon and dawn become long in the palace of Xianshan. But when she turned her face and looked down at the earth, trying to see the capital, there was only fog and dust. " "But the cousin was affectionate and sent him back with a shell box and gold hairpin through his special envoy. However, one branch of the hairpin and one side of the box were kept, and the gold of the hairpin and the shell of the box were broken. But it makes your heart as strong as gold. Somewhere, at some time, on earth or in heaven, we will. " This description vividly depicts Yang Guifei's feelings of not forgetting old feelings, being grateful and kind, and being faithful to love, adding luster to this image.
Teacher's summary: Tang Xuanzong's dissoluteness led to a political tragedy, which in turn led to his love tragedy with Yang Guifei. The maker of the tragedy finally becomes the hero of the tragedy, which is a particularly tortuous part of the story and the reason why the hero and heroine in the poem have to "hate" for a long time.
On the basis of students' discussion, summarize the theme of this poem: What is the theme of Song of Eternal Sorrow? There have always been different lawsuits. There are three representative views as follows:
(1) fable. Write Tang Xuanzong as an emperor. It is generally believed that this poem is based on the love affair between Li and Yang, which satirizes lewdness and mistakes the country, leading to the "Anshi Rebellion". Warn the supreme ruler to take warning and avoid repeating the same mistakes. As for the description of eternal hatred in the second half of the poem, it is not sympathy for Li and Yang, let alone praise, but a subtle and tortuous satire on the decadent country through the embarrassing scene of losing everything in his later years. It shows that as an emperor, people who love beauty must love mountains and rivers first, and if they lose mountains and rivers, beauty will be lost. People who love beauty should love their country more.
(2) Love theory. Write Tang Xuanzong as a mortal. (Bai Juyi said this is a rare thing in the world) I think the first half of this poem is ironic and dissatisfied with Li and Yang's extravagance and waste, abandoning state affairs, but this is not the main idea. The whole poem describes the love experience of the two people with most of the space, and praises the love between them. Critics also believe that the love between Li and Yang described in the poem has actually surpassed historical facts and has certain typical significance. Through this love tragedy, the author praises people's loyalty and singleness to love and reflects people's pursuit and yearning for happy love. Although Li and Yang are empresses, their love is consistent with people's lives and feelings.
(3) Dual theme theory. Is the emperor and ordinary people. On the one hand, this poem satirizes the disaster caused by Li and Yang's extravagance, on the other hand, it gives deep sympathy to their love tragedy and sincere love, and pays more attention to the latter. The whole poem runs through the binary opposition from beginning to end, and runs through the conflict between Li and Yang, the makers and undertakers of love tragedies. The embodiment of conflict is mainly the two characters themselves, and the inevitable result of conflict is the long hatred of the characters.
How to treat the three statements? Why? Tip: To analyze the theme of Song of Eternal Sorrow, we should first pay attention to it: it is a narrative poem and tells a complete story. Li and Yang's early joy and late hatred are both indispensable parts of this story. Moreover, there is an inherent logical connection between them. The pleasure in the early stage is the obvious reason for the death and mutual hatred of the imperial concubine in the later stage, while the long-term hatred is the inevitable result of Li and Yang's indulgence and misunderstanding of the country, which eventually hurt themselves. Therefore, arbitrarily highlighting or ignoring any one of them will damage the integrity of the story, cut off the internal logic and causal connection between the front and back plots, and make the story lose its original special significance, so it is of course difficult for its comments to conform to the actual work and the author's original intention.
Secondly, it should be noted that this is a love tragedy that has been artistically treated by the author. As the two protagonists in the tragedy, Li and Yang have a special dual identity: on the one hand, their dissolute enjoyment led to the Anshi rebellion, and in a sense, they were also the makers of the tragedy; On the other hand, the Anshi Rebellion made them live in different places, meet each other late and suffer the consequences, so they are the inheritors of this tragedy. When commenting on the theme of Song of Eternal Sorrow, we must take this into account, because it is a necessary prerequisite for us to analyze and understand the author's attitude and emotional tendency towards this tragedy. Third, and most importantly, we should pay attention to the author's right and wrong attitude and emotional tendency towards this tragedy. Song of Eternal Sorrow is a narrative poem, but it has a strong lyrical color. In describing the whole process of Li and Yang's love, the author integrated his own feelings, and through the emotional media, showed his judgment on the right and wrong of this tragedy. Obviously, the author intentionally criticized Li and Yang's entertainment activities and made sarcastic comments on them. From "the emperor of China longed for beauty enough to shake an empire", "the emperor gave up his early hearing", "wasted all his time on her feast and carnival, his mistress in spring, his tyrant at night", "soft songs and slow dances, string and bamboo music, and the emperor's eyes were never enough to look at her". However, with the development of the story and the tragedy, the author's attitude towards Li and Yang changed from criticism and satire to sympathy and pity. We can get a very obvious and strong feeling from many emotional descriptions. For example, if the emperor can't save her, he can only cover his face until they trample those moths under their hooves. But just as the water in Shu is always green and its mountains are always blue, the emperor's love is constant, deeper than the sky, and the emperor persists there and won't leave, this kind of memory and this kind of pain. Where is her white face? But the petals are like her face, and the willow leaves are like her eyebrows. Whenever he looks at them, what can he do but cry? The fireflies in the evening palace are quiet and the lights are awake. It is true that as the inheritor of tragedy, the author has deep sympathy for Li and Yang. As the maker of the tragedy, the author also condemned Li and Yang. However, the author's condemnation has its own foothold, that is, Li and Yang's wanton indulgence not only delayed the state affairs, endangered the country, but also brought great misfortune to themselves, rather than exposing the decadence of criticizing the rulers (although poetry objectively has this cognitive function). Otherwise, why did the author spend so much ink to describe the eternal hatred between Li and Yang? Even if according to the "satirist", this is "satirizing through the embarrassing scene of Li Longji losing everything in his later years", then at least the whole description of the fourth part is unnecessary; And there is no need for the author to pour such obvious and profound sympathy between the lines!
4. Writing characteristics
The whole poem runs through the characteristics of narration, lyricism and scenery description, and is full of changes. Sometimes narrative, scenery description and lyricism are combined, or lyricism and scenery description are combined, or scenery description and narration are combined, and the three are flexible and free, and naturally harmonious. For example, take the third part as an example: the first two emotional narratives, from "trusting the horse to reins" to "the pool, the garden and the palace are all the same"; The description of "Taiye Lotus, Weiyang Palace Willow" is naturally based on "the pond and garden are still the same", and then the scenery is linked with people-"but a petal is like her face and a willow leaf is like her eyebrow", which leads to "What can he do but cry when he looks at them?" .
In a word, the author gives full play to the advantages of narrative, lyricism and scenery description according to the needs of story development and emotional changes of characters, so that they can perform their respective duties and cooperate with each other to serve the purpose of expressing themes and portraying characters.