Du Fu (Tang Dynasty)
Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only the mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, and the sparsely populated Chang' an city is densely forested.
Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate.
The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold.
Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin. Looking at Spring is a five-character poem written by Du Fu in March, 757, the second year of Zhide, looking at the dilapidated scene of occupied Chang 'an and thinking of his wife and children living in the state, expressing the poet's feelings of worrying about the country and homesickness.
From Tang Suzong to June of the first year of Germany, the Anshi Rebellion captured Chang 'an. In July, Du Fu heard that he was located in Lingwu (now Lingwu County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), so he settled in Qiang Village, Zhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) and went to Lingwu to go to Suzong alone. Unfortunately, he was captured by Anshi rebels on the road and taken to Chang 'an. Because of his humble position, he was not imprisoned, but was forced to stay in the occupied capital. During this period, he wrote many poems about his experiences in the occupied areas, such as Mourning for the Sun of the King, Mourning for Hetou, Mourning for Chen Tao, Mourning for Qingban and Hope for Spring. Spring Hope consists of eight poems. The first four sentences are written to witness the defeat of Spring City, full of sighs; The last four sentences are written in my heart, thinking that my loved ones are sad and filled with emotion. The whole poem is written with hate every word, and every sentence is painful, calm and profound.
"Although the country is divided, the mountains and rivers remain forever, and the vegetation turns green in spring." The first couplet touches on the theme, saying what you can see next spring. The capital (Chang 'an) fell, the city was broken, and the mountains and rivers remained the same. Although the mountains and rivers have not changed, the scene is very different: grass is everywhere and trees are dense. The first sentence of the poem is like a sudden gust of wind and a flash flood. A word "broken" is shocking, and another word "deep" is full of sadness. Wei Qingzhi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote Jade Chips: "Poetry written by the ancients is more valuable than words, which makes people think and get it. ..... a modern poet, but Du Zimei is the most poet. " "Mountains and rivers are there, and nothing was left in the Ming Dynasty; The vegetation is deep and there is no one in the Ming Dynasty. " This is indeed a simple and meaningful way of writing. Only write about the vegetation on the mountains and rivers, which shows the desolation after the robbery. Chang 'an used to be a luxurious and prosperous capital, but now it only sees vegetation. A few years ago, "On March 3rd, the wind was crisp and there were many beauties by the Chang 'an Waterfront", what I saw was "open-minded, aloof and handsome, sincere and sincere, with soft skin and beautiful bones". Their embroidered silk robes shine in the spring sun, and there are a group of golden peacocks and silver unicorns. " (Du Fu's "The Second Way") Now, the pleasure of travelling by princes and nobles and concubines is gone, and even the hardships of ordinary people, plowmen and woodmen are gone. There are no more tourists like ants and crowns like clouds, and no more bustling cities with people like boiling and goods like flowing. I think the new willow branches are still green, and the old palace is locked with thousands of doors. The poet put rich meaning in a word "deep". The depth of vegetation shows that it is inaccessible and has been abandoned for a long time. Here, the poet clearly means to write about scenery, but in fact, he is writing about feelings, sending them to things and entrusting them to scenery. "There are many antithetical couplets in the Tang Dynasty". This couplet is ingenious, round and natural, and intriguing. "National Break" is opposite to "City Spring". Generally speaking, Guo Po is more common in broken walls, but it is in sharp contrast with Cheng Chun, a commercial work. "The country is broken" is followed by "The mountains and rivers are here", and the poem falls unexpectedly; The suffix of "Cheng Chun" is "deep planting", which is straightforward and in line with the facts. However, "mountains and rivers are there" is of practical significance, while "deep vegetation" is of practical significance. The real meaning is that only the mountains and rivers remain unchanged, and emptiness means that the grass is abundant and the people are scarce, and things are different. Moreover, the "city" of "Chengchun" is the "country" of "national ruin", but the city is Chang 'an with "country" as its capital, and the historical background is explained by "ruin", and festivals are marked by "spring". Together, the two sentences mean that Chang 'an, which has been breached in spring, is overgrown with vegetation and hazel trees everywhere. The poems recited by poets can arouse people's hearts and make people daydream. Therefore, in the Ming Dynasty, Hu Zhenheng highly praised this sentence, saying that "although a country is broken, the mountains and rivers will last forever, and all the plants and trees will be in the spring" is a perfect antithesis, but it has changed vertically and horizontally, becoming more and more stereotyped, shades and shades, and being unique. After one hundred generations, there will be no inheritance "("Tang Yingui "Volume 9) This sentence is really the crown of the whole poem, and it is worthy of being a stroke of genius.
"Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sorrows." This is a detailed description of "Trees and Plants in Spring", from the panoramic view of urban vegetation to the close-up of flowers and birds. In the past, there were differences on the understanding of these two sentences, and the focus was on whether the flowers, birds or people were "crying" and "shocked". Talking about Poetry: "Flowers and birds can be entertained at ordinary times. Cry when you see them and know when you smell them. " (The Poet's Jade Chips, Volume 6) He thinks this sentence is the poet's cry and surprise. Shi Buhua, a Qing Dynasty man, said: "The fallen flowers are like tears, and the lonely birds lament" is a complex sentence in the sentence ("Qing poetry?" In this regard, Modern People's Week explained: "Double writing is focused. Du Fu's Spring Hope is about the sadness of national affairs. Flowers and birds are lovely, and the poet is still mourning for flowers and birds, highlighting the depth of sadness and multiplying his writing. " (Poetry Examples, page 126) This explanation is also about the poet's crying and shock, which is actually the same as that in the poet's Jade Chips. We think that the "double writing" of Shi Buhua is that flowers are tearful, birds are heart-pounding, and heartless flowers and birds are still like this. Isn't it worse for people with feelings? This increases the double expression. It is anthropomorphic to say that flowers and birds cry and cry. This is very common in ancient poetry. Originally, "grass has no sorrow, flowers have no joy" (Yu Xin's Xiao Yuan Fu), but now it is more vivid and touching to say that flowers also splash tears and birds are surprised. What do flowers shed tears for, and what do birds feel? The poet noticed it because he was moved by "feeling the time" and "hating farewell". In fact, it is the poet's own feeling. He hates parting. Seeing the dew crystal on the flowers is like tears in the eyes of the flowers, and hearing the birds chirping is like the birds crying in panic. This is a poet who looks at things with affectionate eyes, and then things have feelings. Writing people's feelings with the feelings of things is euphemistic and tortuous, deep and sincere. At the same time, these two sentences are also "different opinions." Flowers feel it and hate parting, and birds hate parting. It's all feelings. The first four sentences of this poem are all in "hope". The poet's vision is from far to near, from big to small, from mountains and rivers to vegetation, to flowers and birds, and the visual image is from whole to part, from chaos to clarity. By expressing their feelings through the scenery, they can see their feelings from the scenery instead of writing their own feelings directly. Their feelings are exposed step by step, from hidden to obvious, from weak to strong. From the changes of scenery and emotion, people can imagine that the poet turned from longing to looking into the distance, and then slowly turned to looking down and thinking, thus entering the second half of the poem-missing his loved ones.
"After three months of war, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold." It has been three months of war and the whole spring has been turbulent. According to historical records, An Qingxu defeated Yin in Suiyang in January this year. In February, Li Guangbi and An Qingxu fought in Taiyuan and suffered a heavy defeat. Guo Ziyi and An Qingxu fought in Tongguan and lost; In March, Yin led the troops to Kou Suiyang and An Shouzhong led the troops to Kou Hedong. This is a real war, and it is endless. Du Fu was captured by the rebels in August the year before last. Being trapped in Chang 'an in winter and spring, I always miss my wife and children living in the state capital, so I say that "a letter from home is worth a thousand pounds of gold". Du Fu wrote Moonlit Night in Chang 'an in the autumn of the year before he wrote Wang Chun (the first year of Zhide): "Tonight, look at her bedroom window alone. For our boys and girls, poor little baby, too young to know where the capital is. Her cloudy hair is sweet with mist, and her jade-white shoulders are cold in the moonlight. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? "It shows the poet's concern for his family. During the war, the poet was naturally overjoyed when he received a letter from home reporting that his family was safe. The value of the letter from home lies in that it came with deep feelings and braved the bonfire, which also touched the poet's suspense about the family. Poets cherish "letters from home", which also contains their concern for the news from the north. He often hoped that Julian Waghann would pacify the Central Plains in Chang 'an. For example, the ending sentence of Sad Chen Tao is "Everyone cries to the north and looks forward to the loyalist day and night", and the ending sentence of Ai Jiangtou is "Going to Tatar, in the twilight, the cloud town is dusty, and I fled to the south, but I lingered in the northern throne", all of which were written looking north. Now that it is spring, I feel sorry for leaving, and naturally I am full of expectations for my family and loyal subjects.
"I stroked my white hair. It has become so thin that it can no longer hold hairpins. The couplets end with the poet's feeling of looking back, showing the poet's sadness. The more I scratch my white hair, the harder it is for me to insert my hair clasp. Ancient men tied their hair with hairpins, so there is this saying. Du Fu was 46 when he wrote this poem. Generally speaking, he is still in his prime and won't have white hair. However, due to the hardship and sadness of life, poets are precocious, and may also belong to "those who know their hometown but can not change." (Thanks for "going to Wangjing Town after going to Sanshan in the evening") Thick black hair turns white because of missing, as the saying goes, "tweezers with white hair are inexhaustible, and the only root is sorrow". Du Fu's hair really turned white at this moment. He also wrote in the autumn of this year's "Northern Expedition" that "I fell into the dust and returned to China", and my hair turned white. He feels old himself. In "Love the River Head", he described that "Master Shao Ling always swallowed his voice and wept", and he claimed to be an old man in the countryside. White hair is already very short, so it is said that "scratching is shorter" and it is so short that "it can't hold the hairpin anymore". Scratching the head is an action when sadness is difficult to solve, and short hair is a sign of sadness. This shows that a poet with sparse white hair, standing on the broken head of Chang 'an, is facing the vegetation everywhere, thinking of distant relatives, crying and worried, how can this not make people cry! The last four sentences of this poem are triggered by the first half and further developed. From the previous scene, write your own feelings and describe your own style. The poet looked at the spring scenery, his family, and the government troops, and finally ended with the image of a watchman, summarizing the previous time and feelings of hate, giving people a real feeling. This is the expression method that Du Fu is good at. For example, "Ascending the Mountain", written in the autumn of the second year of Dali, ended up with the image of "bad luck has laid a bitter frost on my temples, poor new pavilions and muddy glass"; "The Story of Climbing Yueyang Tower" was written in the winter of Dali for three years, saying, "There are wars and mountains to the north of this wall. How can I not cry next to this railing?" . In this way, from hope to hope, the scenery and emotion are more unified and the theme is deeper.
"Spring Watch" is a masterpiece handed down from generation to generation. It is full of poetic sentiment but not straightforward, affectionate but not superficial, rich in content but not miscellaneous, proficient in meter but not rigid, and integrates the immediate prospect with the feelings in the chest. No wonder/kloc-0 is still popular after more than 200 years. < 2 > Early spring is ① Ministry of Water, Zhang Shibao, ⑦.
Han Yutang
First of all:
Tianjie (2) is crisp and crisp, and the grass color is far away.
The most important thing is that the benefit of a spring is better than that of cigarettes, willows and emperors.
Tianjie-the street of Beijing (Chang 'an). 3 ghee is made of milk and goat milk. (4) the most is-exactly. ⑤ Chu-sometimes, it is only used for poetry. (5) absolute victory-far beyond. This poem praises the early spring scenery of the capital Chang 'an. There is drizzle on Chang 'an Avenue. This light rain, soft and delicate, like cream, quietly reminds people that spring is coming. When you look out to the suburbs, there are patches of new green everywhere between the hillside and Yuan Ye. (1) You rushed into the crowd to have a good look, but the green has disappeared-although the grass has begun to turn green, it is still too small and tender. The first two sentences of this poem were written in light rain, which is smooth as crisp, and the grass color is a unique scenery in early spring, reflecting the poet's typical observation. In the last two sentences, the poet praised with passion: this is the best season of spring in a year, far better than the late spring in the city! Yes, early spring, this is the beginning of spring, from yellow to green, full of vitality. When can energy conservation arouse such great hope in people's hearts? Therefore, early spring is the best time of the year, just as early morning is the best time of the day, and childhood is the best time of my life. Early spring, early spring when everything is new, early spring when everything is thriving! Commentary: This poem is written for Comrade Zhang Ji of the Ministry of Water Resources. Ranked eighteenth among brothers, so it is called "Zhang Eighteen". The style of poetry is fresh and natural, simple and colloquial. It seems dull, but it is by no means dull. Han Yu himself said, "Being poor is strange, and it becomes dull" (Send the teacher to john young). It turns out that his "insipid" is hard-won. The wonderful sentence of the whole article is "the grass seems to be close, but it is not." Imagine: in early spring and February, in the north, when the ice is still hanging under the treetops and eaves, where is spring? Not even a shadow. But if it rains a little, the next day, you see, spring is coming. The foot of the rain in walk on by left the mark of spring, that is, the first spring grass buds appeared. From a distance, there seems to be a very light green, which is the grass color in early spring. Watching, people's hearts are suddenly filled with happy business. However, when you look closely with infinite joy, the ground is sparse and extremely slender buds, but you can't see what color it is. The poet, like a talented ink painter, waved his wonderful pen full of water, vaguely emitting a hint of green, which is the grass color in early spring. From a distance, there are no more images, but when you get closer, you can't see them. This sentence "the grass is far away, but there is nothing" can be said to be both far and near. The colorful background in the open space is a slender light rain falling on Tianjie (the street in the imperial city). Seeing the grass color through the rain adds a hazy beauty to the grass color in early spring. And the light rain is as wet as crisp. Crispy is cream. With such nutrients, can grass not be new? With such a background, can grass be beautiful? Finally, the poet made a comparison: "It is definitely better than the smoke willow in the Imperial Capital". The poet thinks that the color of early spring grass is many times better than the scenery of smoke and willow everywhere in the city. Because the grass color of "looking far but not near" is unique in early spring, it is fresh and moist, symbolizing the rejuvenation of the earth and the prosperity of Vientiane business. Where's the willow? It's time for a "willow pile of smoke", not to mention a "full" city, which is not rare. In late spring and March, the color is strong, but it is not so pleasing to the eye. Using contrast like this, unlike the general, is a double writing, in order to highlight the characteristics of spring scenery. "Things are rare", and the color of spring grass in early spring is also very delicate. "There are no flowers in the Chinese New Year, and grass buds are first seen in February" (Chun Xue by Han Yu). This is a state of mind. Winter has passed, and the cold is still strong. Suddenly I saw this wonderful grass color, and my heart was pleasantly surprised. These pale greens were the only decorations on the earth at that time; However, at the end of spring, "grass knows spring" (Han Yu's "Late Spring"). At this time, people are not interested in seeing wicker, even if it is green, because it lacks that freshness. So the poet reminded me at the turning point of the third sentence: "The most important thing is the benefits of spring." Yes, the plan of the year lies in spring, and the best part of spring is in early spring. This poem praises the early spring, which can capture the soul of the early spring and give readers endless aesthetic interest, even surpassing painting. The poet has no crayons, but he paints a color that is extremely difficult to describe in poetic language-a pale color that seems to be absent. Without keen observation and superb poetry, it is impossible to refine the natural beauty of early spring into artistic beauty. (Qian Zhonglian and Xu Duan Yong are selected from the Dictionary of Appreciation of Tang Poetry)