1890, Mayakovski was born in Bagaji village, Kutaisi province. His father is a forestry official. 1908 He joined the Russian Social Democratic Party at the age of 16 and was arrested and imprisoned three times. Later, he opposed "engaging in socialist art", and the work of the opposition party divorced from the party and embarked on the road of personal struggle. 19 1 1 entered the school of painting, published a collection of poems "A slap in the face for social interests" with the futurist poet Burliuk, and joined the futurists. The poet wrote in his autobiography: "Burlyuk is more angry than his contemporaries, but I have the passion of socialism and know that the old world will inevitably collapse. Thus, Russian futurism was born. " Mayakovski denied capitalism with revolutionary enthusiasm, but his understanding of socialism was abstract, with anarchism and nihilism.
Before the October Revolution, Mayakovski's most important work was the long poem Clouds in Pants (19 15). This long poem begins with the love tragedy between the protagonist "I" and Maria, and is extended to expose and criticize capitalism. The poet called it a programmatic work in his early creation. In the preface of the second edition of the long poem 19 18, the poet said, "Down with your love, down with your art, down with your system, down with your religion-these are the four slogans in the four chapters." But the "I" in the poem appears as a lonely rebel.
The poet firmly welcomed the October Revolution. He called the October Revolution "my revolution". After the revolution, he wrote a lot of lyric poems, such as Our March (19 17), March to the left (19 18) and Second Order for the Art Army (192/kloc).
To celebrate the first anniversary of the October Revolution, the poet wrote the play Religious Humor (19 18), which is a reflection of the October Revolution. In the long poem150,000,000 (1920), the author praises the heroism of the Soviet working people through two opposing images, namely, Ivan, a Russian soldier representing/kloc-0,500,000 Soviet people, and Wilson, an American president representing the capitalist world. These works all adopt a futuristic approach.
From 19 19 to 10 in February, 1922, the poet worked in the "window of rasta". Mayakovski closely cooperated with domestic events and carried out propaganda and agitation. He wrote many short poems, songs, fables, poetic prose and board paintings. There are thousands of his unsigned works. 1929, the poet compiled them into a booklet "Yan Xiao".
In the early 1920s, Mayakovski published "Meeting Fans" (1922), which mercilessly mocked the bureaucrats who were busy with meetings all day. The poet wrote exaggeratedly that he saw a house: "All the people sitting there are half people, oh, damn it! There's that half! Chop people to death! Kill someone! I ran around the house, yelling. This terrible sight made my reason lose its normal track. " At this time, the secretary replied in an unusually calm voice: "They have to attend two meetings at the same time, and they have to catch up with 20 meetings a day. I'm going to crack! " The poet finally wrote:
if
We can have another meeting,
Discuss how good it would be to eliminate all meetings.
1On March 6th, 922, Lenin said at the leading group meeting of the All-Russian Hardware Workers' Congress: "Yesterday, I happened to read a poem by Mayakovski in Izvestia ... From the political and administrative point of view, I haven't been so happy for a long time. In this poem, he sharply mocked the meeting and party member, who was always in meetings and kept meeting. I don't know how the poem is written, but I can guarantee that it is completely correct politically. " Lenin's evaluation inspired the poet.
1924, Mayakovski wrote the famous long poem Lenin. 1927, he wrote a famous narrative poem "Good! In the second half of the 1920s, Mayakovski wrote many lyric poems praising socialist construction, such as To Ned Land and People's Comrades (1928), Soviet Passport (1929), March of Commandos (1929), etc. In addition, Mayakovski also wrote (acted) Bug (1928) and Bathhouse (1929). The author satirizes the vulgar habits of degenerates, bureaucrats and ordinary citizens with grotesque plots and comedies.
Mayakovski deeply sympathized with China under the oppression of imperialism, and wrote many poems about the first revolutionary civil war in China and China, such as Get Out of China (1924), China People in Moscow (1926), Melancholy Humor (1927) and Song is Lightning. 1927, China workers and Guangzhou army occupied Shanghai, and the poet wrote the best poems. This is one of the most famous poems dedicated by Mayakovski to 1927 China Revolution, which shows infinite sympathy and care for China Revolution. After the failure of the Great Revolution, the poet still had high hopes for the people of China. In a letter he wrote to China shortly before his death (1929), he supported the people of China and opposed the warlords in China.
Mayakovski is extremely serious about poetry creation. In order to express his thoughts in exact words, he wrote a line of poems in more than a dozen different ways. He compared writing poetry to mining radium. "If you want to put a word in order, then you need thousands of tons of language precipitation." "And these appropriate words can stir the hearts of hundreds of millions of people for thousands of years."
1930 February, Mayakovski joined the Russian Federation of Proletarian Writers. 1930 In February, he held an exhibition of creative works for 20 years, and also wrote a long poem "Singing with Open Throat" that summed up his life. At the exhibition, he read the preface of this long poem for the first time and was warmly welcomed.
1930 On April 4th, Mayakovski committed suicide. In his letter to everyone, he said that this was due to "personal reasons".
Mayakovski is a poet who dares to explore and innovate in the art of poetry. His poems have a special structure, which divides a poem into several lines, that is, "staircase style", which makes the rhythm of the poem more distinct.
Lenin (1924) is a long narrative poem and an epic about Lenin and the revolution. For the first time, the poet successfully shaped the glorious image of Lenin in his poems and praised Lenin and his great cause. This long poem was written one year after Lenin's death. The whole poem consists of three chapters: preface poem and orthodox poem. Chapter 1 describes the development of capitalism and proletarian revolutionary movement before Lenin was born, and shows that the growth of Russian proletariat needs its own leaders. The second chapter of the long poem is the central chapter, which describes the history of the third stage of the Russian liberation movement, mainly describing the Russian revolutionary movement and Lenin's activities. Lenin's life activities are closely related to the historical development of the motherland. The third chapter of the long poem describes the scene of Lenin's death and the grief of the Soviet people and their confidence and determination to inherit Lenin's cause.
In shaping Lenin's image, Mayakovski resolutely opposed treating proletarian leaders as "God's gift", "Emperor's grace", "genius" and "superman". The poet said that he was "afraid that the beauty of sweet words insulted Lenin". Then, the poet said that he would risk "being trampled to a pulp", "throwing blasphemous words into the sky like bombs and shouting at the Kremlin: get down!" The poet said: "These worship ceremonies and memorial systems will cover Lenin's simplicity with sweet and greasy holy oil."
Mayakovski emphasized that Lenin is a member of the masses and has flesh-and-blood ties with the people: "He also has his own interests like us, and he also restrains his illness like us", "He belongs to the world" and is "the most ingrained person among all the people living in the world". At the same time, Lenin was by no means an ordinary man with his eyes fixed on the trough.
Lenin is the leader of the people and draws strength from them. Mayakovski focused on depicting Lenin's simple and ordinary character. Lenin saw greatness in the ordinary and showed sublimity in the simple. The poet said, "He is no different from you and me. If there is, his eyes are wrinkled because of deep thought, and his lips are more ironic and more determined than us. " However, "this is not a tyrant's' determination' to be overbearing and superior to you." "He is full of deep love for his comrades, and he is firmer than steel to his enemies", and Lenin is "the most humane person".
Mayakovski highly unified the qualities of ordinary people and leaders in Lenin. Lenin's image is extremely cordial to the Soviet people, but Lenin is an outstanding representative of the working people. The poet paid great attention to the relationship between Lenin and the party, and closely combined the praise of Lenin with the praise of proletarian political parties and the party's cause. Therefore, the image of Lenin not only has distinct personality characteristics, but also embodies the essential strength of the proletarian revolutionary movement.
Narrative and lyric styles appear alternately in long poems. The language of long poems is expressive. Poets sometimes tell historical events in a dialogue and narrative tone, sometimes express their inner feelings in a warm and cordial tone, sometimes reprimand their enemies in an angry tone, and sometimes argue with poets and critics who insist on outdated aesthetics in a sarcastic tone. Lenin is a monument of Soviet socialist poetry, which provides useful experience for literature and art to shape the image of leaders.
Long poem "Good! (1927) was originally called "October", and later changed to "19 17 10 October 25th", and finally named "Good!" , with a subtitle: "October Poetry".
"good!" It is a hymn to the October Revolution and the socialist motherland. It reproduces the great October socialist revolution, civil war and the socialist construction that just started at that time with artistic image. The long poem *** 19 can be divided into four parts.
Part 1 (chapter 1~6) describes the important historical events from February Revolution to October Revolution: the domestic situation on the eve of the revolution, the preparation and implementation of the armed uprising in October, and the Party and Lenin organized the people to make a revolutionary impact on capitalism. The last chapter is the grand scene of the October Revolution: workers' Red Guards and sailors attacked the Winter Palace, and more than 30 ministers of the interim government were arrested by revolutionary workers and soldiers.
The second part of the long poem (7~9 chapters): about the party, about the people and about the country. The poet reflected "Saturday when the proletariat was forced to work" and emphasized the party's organization and leadership.
The third part of the long poem (chapter 10~ 16) describes the difficulties and people's struggles during the civil war. The poet described that millions of people were suffering together with the party and the government and were undergoing severe tests. In winter, "teeth rattle with cold" and "if you want to eat, tighten your belt and pick up your gun and go to the front". The poet recalled that in those hard years, he was fainted by firewood to keep warm from the cold. He once ate horse meat to satisfy his hunger. He and his family ate a pinch of salt a little more than their fingers. The poet wrote: In this difficult time, the socialist motherland is more lovely than ever. "I have chosen many warm countries, but only this winter has made me really feel the warmth of love, friendship and family. Sleeping in such a cold day, everyone hugs tightly and fights with their teeth, and they really understand that they can't spare the quilt and care about people. "
The fourth part of the long poem (chapter 17~ 19): On the construction of Red Square and the memory of martyrs. In the last chapter, the poet sang the future of the motherland in the highest tone: "Today I praise the motherland, and tomorrow I will praise the motherland three times!" " "
Long poem "Good! The language is rich and vivid, and the poet combines the language of propaganda and agitation with the language of lyricism, and often all kinds of language forms are intertwined in one chapter. Long poems are the most rhythmic works of poets. Each chapter of a long poem has its own unique rhythm.
The poet recited "Good!" More than 30 times in Moscow and other cities. "It was warmly welcomed by the audience. Reading "Good! At the party, when the poet recited the poem "Lenin is in our hearts and the gun is in our hands" in chapter 19, a young Red Army soldier stood up and said, "Your poem is still in our hearts, Comrade Mayakovski!"
1930, Mayakovski died in Moscow.