Genghis Khan is an outstanding strategist and politician in the history of the world and the founder of the Mongol-Yuan Empire. His real name is Temujin, and his surname is Borzijitkin, Qi Yanshi, a Mongolian, and he chased the temple name Mao in the Yuan Dynasty. In Mongolian, "Chengkis" means "the sea", praising him as great as the sea. Born in 1 162 and died in 1227 on August 25th.
Kublai Khan, Mongolian, politician and strategist. He was the pioneer of the Yuan Dynasty and was honored as "Snow Zen Khan" by Mongols. He is also the fifth Khan of Mongolia. He is the fourth son of Tuo Lei, and Tuo Lei is the youngest fourth son of Genghis Khan. Born on September 23rd of 12 15 and died on February 8th of 1294.
1206, Genghis Khan carried the Great Khan of the Mongolian Empire to unify the Mongolian tribes. During his reign, the conquest area stretched from the Black Sea coast in the west to almost the whole of East Asia in the east, becoming one of the famous great empires across Eurasia in world history.
The Mongol Empire established by Genghis Khan and his grandson includes China's Yuan Dynasty, Wokuotai khanate and Chagatai khanate, and foreign countries' Qincha khanate and Ilkhan khanate. Its territory extends from the Korean Peninsula in the east, the Balkans in the west, Siberia in the north and Indochina in the south, with a total area of about 30 million square kilometers. The conquered territory covers more than 30 countries and more than 3 billion people in the world today, including many ancient countries in the world, including Chinese civilization, Persian civilization, Indian civilization and Roman civilization.
1995 65438+Feb. 3 1 Genghis Khan was selected as "the first person in the Millennium" by Washington post. This conclusion is based on "who narrowed the earth and brought the world closer in the second 1000 (1000- 1999) in the history of human civilization".
Genghis Khan and his descendants launched a series of Western Expedition wars for more than 40 years, established a huge Mongol-Yuan empire, and connected the East and the West into a whole, becoming the "first person in the Millennium".
Why did the Mongols conquer more land and population in these decades than the Romans did in 400 years?
Genghis Khan once asked his eldest son, Borjikin Shu Chi, who is the happiest person in life? Borjikin Shu Chi is very happy to answer this question. Genghis Khan said, otherwise, it is the happiest thing in life to defeat the enemy, seize everything from him, see relatives crying and accept their wives and daughters.
Genghis Khan doesn't think this exaggerated description is derogatory to him. It is an effective way for him to spread fear through the pen of a scholar. Mongols are using terror propaganda to speed up their conquest.
Genghis Khan, as a nomadic people who regards war as production, regards robbery and destruction as a national policy, out of the nature that forest hunters regard the world's property as prey.
In forest tribes, robbery is equivalent to hunting, which is natural. Genghis Khan's tribe once lived at the junction of forest and grassland in northern Siberia and belonged to forest Mongols. Their civilization was not as good as that of grassland Mongols. Every year when prey is scarce, they will go out to the grassland to rob others. This way of life based on plunder has always been considered barbaric.
In fact, this is not barbarism, but who hunts people in our nature. The forest Mongols' fight against aliens is not a real war, nor is it out of feud. The target is goods, not people. So they act faster, think smarter and fight bravely.
How to rule this huge Mongol-Yuan empire and what is its political basis. We can learn from the Ba Zhu Ling Nano of Genghis Khan and the Mayflower Contract of the United States.
1203, Genghis Khan and Wang Han fought for power and profit. Wang Han killed him and all his relatives abandoned him. He fled to Zhuna Lake in Bashu, with only 19 people around him. Everyone ran to the lake Juna in Bashu, when a wild horse appeared and killed the exhausted people. After eating wild horse meat, Genghis Khan held high the muddy water of Bashu Zhu Na. This is the famous "Bashu Zhu Na Pledge".
This event is of great symbolic significance to the Mongols. At that time, there was no unified Mongolian in Gobi grassland in 1 1 century, and many small tribes were scattered here. Blood relationship is the highest social criterion, and the closer the blood relationship, the closer the relationship. This 19 person comes from 9 different tribes, including Christians (Nestorius) and wizards, as well as Muslims and Buddhists. According to traditional habits, it is impossible to form an alliance, but Genghis Khan's vows and actions broke this constraint.
Genghis Khan and his brothers' Bashu Zhu Na vows were based on mutual commitment and loyalty, which transcended blood relationship, racial differences and religious beliefs.
Since then, no right-hand man has ever abandoned Genghis Khan, and Genghis Khan has never punished or hurt any right-hand man. Among the great kings and conquerors in history, this record of loyalty is unique.
Let's take a look at the Mayflower Convention in the United States:1620165438+1October1. After drifting at sea for 66 days, an English three-masted sailboat named "Mayflower" from England approached American land. Before landing, 4 1 adult men among the 2 new immigrants on board signed a convention, which is called "Mayflower Convention". This convention became the first of countless self-government conventions in the United States in the future. The way and content of its signing represent that the people can decide the way of autonomous management by their own will, instead of being determined by the power above the people.
The Mayflower Convention created a self-managed social structure here, which implied many democratic beliefs in the era of kingship and theocracy. This is the first important political document in American history. This convention has been affecting the United States from the beginning to the present. It is the foundation of the United States and the fundamental reason for the freedom of belief and law in the United States.
The spirit and connotation of Baba Zhu Na Commitment and Mayflower Convention are the same, which are based on personal choice and mutual commitment, and reflect the rights and obligations of citizens. This relationship became a new symbol of Genghis Khan's Ministry, and eventually became the basis of the internal unity of the Mongolian empire, which was in a dominant position. This was the political basis for Genghis Khan to establish the Mongolian Empire.
On the globalization system of Mongolian and Yuan Empire. Due to the great influence of Balujuna's oath, the rulers of the Mongolian empire adopted a pragmatic style to deal with the various relations of the huge empire, and the pragmatic spirit also made them not care about ideological issues. The Mongol-Yuan Empire practiced a policy of religious tolerance, did not set up ideological idols, did not define ideological crimes, and did not impose its own system on all its subjects. For example, it doesn't matter whether astronomy conforms to the Bible, whether writing conforms to the rules of classical Chinese, and whether painting needs the approval of the imam. They just enforced technology, agricultural knowledge and new international norms, breaking the monopoly of local elites on ideas.
The Mongol-Yuan Empire spans Eurasia, with a vast territory and numerous ethnic groups, which makes religion diversified. It was the Mongolian and Yuan Empire that basically adopted a laissez-faire attitude towards various religions in China, and even treated them with courtesy, which greatly promoted the spread and development of religions. For example, in the territory of the Yuan Dynasty, all kinds of Buddhism, including Han Buddhism, Lamaism, Taoism and An Baili, developed greatly. There are frequent business contacts and clergy exchanges between the East and the West, and the influence of Islam, Christianity, Catholicism and Judaism from the West is gradually increasing.
How can the Mongols be like this? Obviously, this is related to the backward technology and the lack of cultural superiority at the beginning of the rise of the Mongolian and Yuan empires.
At that time, China, Persia and Arab countries were all developed areas in culture and science and technology. Although they have business contacts, the traditional barriers of their respective cultures also hinder the spread of new technologies and new concepts. For example, before the Yuan Dynasty of Mongolia, printing, paper money, firearms, free trade and diplomatic immunity only existed in a few areas, which were promoted by the Yuan Empire of Mongolia and formed the foundation of the modern world system. The institutional innovation and technological innovation in the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties are unprecedented, which are quite similar to the rise of modern America and worth thinking about.
After Genghis Khan's death, the Mongolian Empire was divided into Qincha khanate, ilhan khanate, Chagatai khanate, Wokuotai khanate and Yuan Dynasty, forming a federal system of government.
Genghis Khan finally recognized the value system of the civilized world and did not conquer the world by force. In the process of long-term conquest, Genghis Khan's goal changed from early robbery and gradually formed a sense of mission to establish a unified empire around the world. Genghis Khan told his descendants that his most important lesson is that defeating an army does not mean conquering a country. You can conquer it only by winning the hearts and minds of the people.
Kublai Khan accepted and understood the teachings of his grandfather Genghis Khan, and no longer took opening up the territory as his sole goal. 127 1 Yuan Eight years ago, the Yijing was taken as "Daganyuan", the founding of the People's Republic was Dayuan, and its capital was Dadu (now Beijing).
Kublai Khan's historical achievement lies in his acceptance of China culture. He is one of the few Mongolian rulers who can attach importance to China culture and admire Confucianism. Kublai Khan established a milder and more humane criminal law system in the Yuan Dynasty than in the Song Dynasty. Although he was born as a nomadic people, he attached great importance to the recovery and development of agriculture in the Central Plains. Therefore, Kublai Khan was the successful founder of the new order.
Kyle Poirot revered Kublai Khan as "the great monarch or emperor among all monarchs" and praised Kublai Khan as "a powerful monarch with owners, land and goods that has never been seen in the world since Adam, the distant ancestor of mankind", believing that "he has the right to be named after this name".
Marx pointed out that it is an eternal historical law that barbaric conquerors are always conquered by Gao Wenming, the conquered nation.
Engels once said: in the long-term conquest, the more savage conquerors, in most cases, had to adapt to the higher economic situation after the conquest; They were assimilated by the conquerors, and most people even had to adopt the language of the conquered.
The historical facts of China, from the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty by the Mongols, the establishment of the Qing Dynasty by the Manchus and the unification of the Central Plains by China, have proved the correctness of Marx and Engels' conclusion.