1. The Origin of Football
Football is an ancient sports activity with a long history. In ancient my country, playing football was called "Cuju" or "Taju". "Cu" and "Ta" both mean to kick, and "Ju" is the name of the ball. The Han and Tang dynasties were the most prosperous period for the development of ancient Chinese football, and it developed into a direct confrontation competition. In the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), the leather ball used for Cuju was changed from being filled with hair to being blown by people's mouth. At the same time, two goals were used instead of the "ju room". By the Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279), Cuju had developed double-goal and single-goal competitions. There were also ball club organizations called Qiyun Society or Yuan Society, and the balls used were played by mouth. Blowing has developed into using a pump, which is getting closer and closer to modern football. Cuju in the Han Dynasty was a means of training soldiers, and a relatively complete system was established. If a court is specially set up, it is rectangular in the east-west direction, with six symmetrical "Ju areas" also called "Ju rooms" at each end, each guarded by one person. The site is surrounded by a fence. The game is divided into two teams, with each other's offense and defense, and the outcome is determined by the number of kicks into the opponent's room. After its initial popularity in the Han Dynasty, Cuju activities reached a climax in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and even a kicking method based on division of labor on the field appeared. There were many ways to play Cuju in the Tang Dynasty, including "Daju" where the number of times the ball was scored in the game, "Baiju" where a net was hung in the middle of the field, similar to net football, "Yueju" where multiple people participated in the fight, and In this game, each team has a certain number of players and a fixed position. It is stipulated that the players can only play in their own positions and cannot move. The word "Cuju" was first recorded in "Historical Records Bandai Zhangqi Shu". It was recorded in "Bielu" by Liu Xiang of the Han Dynasty and "Hanshu. Meisheng Biography" by Yan Shizeng of the Tang Dynasty. By the Tang and Song Dynasties, the "Cuju" activity had become very popular and became an elegant activity in the court. In July 1958, when Dr. Havelange, the current president of FIFA, came to China, he said: Football originated in China. Of course, due to the limitations of feudal society, the ancient Chinese Cuju activity did not eventually develop into the modern football game based on the principle of "fair competition". This qualitative leap was accomplished in capitalist Britain.
It is said that the Greeks and Romans had already been engaged in a football game before the Middle Ages. They put the ball on the white line in the middle on a rectangular field, and kicked the ball to the opponent's field with their feet. This game was called "Habastrom" at the time. By the beginning of the 19th century, football was already quite popular in some countries in Europe and Latin America, especially in capitalist Britain. It was not until 1848 that the first written rules of football, the Cambridge Rules, were born.
Since the mid-to-late 17th century, football has gradually spread from Europe and the United States to countries all over the world, and is especially popular in some culturally developed countries. More and more people are going to the stadium and participating in this exciting and enjoyable sport, so much so that the quality of football was once regarded as a symbol of a country's cultural development. In this case, the British took the lead in making important contributions to the development of football. On October 26, 1863, the British established the world's first football association, the English Football Association, at the Freemason Hotel on Queen Street in London. In addition to announcing the formal establishment of the English Football Association, the meeting also formulated and adopted the world's first relatively unified football competition rules and recorded them in written form. The birth of the English Football Association marks that the development of football has entered a new stage. Therefore, it is recognized that October 26, 1863, the day when the English Football Association was established, is the birth day of modern football. The establishment of the English Football Association led to the vigorous development of football in some European and Latin American countries. In 1872, England and Scotland held the first inter-association competition in history. In 1890, Austria began to host football championships. In 1889, the Netherlands and Argentina appeared. Several football organizations have been formed, and the "Female Catalonia" Football Association was established in Barcelona, ??Spain in 1900. These developments created conditions for the creation of an international football organization. On May 21, 1904, the Federation of International Football Associations (FIFA for short, the English abbreviation of FIFA) was officially established in the back building of the French Sports Federation, 229 Saint-Honoré Street, Paris, France. France and other 7 Representatives and agents of the state signed the relevant documents. On May 23, 1904, FIFA held its first General Congress, and Robert Guerin of France was elected as its first president. On April 14, 1905, the English Football Association joined the International Football Federation. Football predictions followed the formation of football lotteries.
But the most regrettable thing is that football originated in our country, but today our football technology is an "Adou" that cannot be supported! ! !
2. The Origin of Hockey
Hockey is an ancient sport and a ball sport that is currently widely carried out internationally. It has a history of thousands of years. Although it is impossible to verify the name of the pioneer of ancient hockey, it is certain that it was loved by people in Asia, such as China, Persia and India, three thousand years ago. According to the book "Hockey" published by Berlin Sports Publishing House in 1981: 2,697 years ago, Chinese soldiers played games with sticks and balls, which is known to all.
The history of football in ancient my country is much earlier than that of European hockey. It spread eastward to Japan in about the eighth century AD. An existing tapestry tapestry from the Sui and Tang dynasties in the Shosoin Kokugura in Nara, the ancient capital of Japan, has an image of a child playing ball in steps. This tapestry is 236 centimeters long and 124 centimeters wide. The pattern of the tapestry consists of flowers and a boy hitting the ball. The boy hitting the ball holds a crescent-shaped stick in his right hand and is bending his body and legs to hit the ball. To its left is a ball. The whole pattern vividly represents the vivid scene of children hitting the ball in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, there should be a certain origin relationship between European hockey and Chinese step ball.
Images similar to modern hockey games can be found on Egyptian pyramids and ancient Greek wall carvings. "Step ball" became popular in China during the Tang Dynasty (two teams are divided into two teams during the game, each player holds a wooden stick with a curved lower end to hit the ball on foot, and the one who hits the opponent's goal more often wins). Its movement method is also similar to modern hockey. Modern hockey It originated in the UK. The first hockey club appeared in the UK in 1861. The first hockey association was established in the UK in 1875. In 1889, the men's hockey game was held in London. Since then, hockey has gradually spread to countries in the Commonwealth.
3. The origin of badminton
There are several theories about the origin of badminton. First, it originated in Japan. It is said that badminton first appeared in Japan in the 14th-15th century. The racket was made of wood. , the ball is made of cherry pits inserted with feathers. This kind of ball is too heavy because the ball support is made of cherry stones, and the ball flies too fast, making the ball's feathers easily damaged. In addition, the ball's cost is too high, so the sport became popular for a while and then slowly disappeared. 2. Appeared in India Around the 18th century, a game very similar to early Japanese badminton appeared in Pune, India. The ball was made of round cardboard with a diameter of about 6 cm, with a shuttlecock inserted in the middle (similar to my country's Shuttlecock), the board is made of wood, and the game is played by two people standing opposite each other, holding the board and hitting the ball back and forth. 3. Born in the UK Modern badminton was born in the UK around 1800 and was derived from tennis. We can notice that today's badminton courts and tennis courts are still very similar. In 1870, balls made of feathers and cork and stringed rackets appeared. In 1873, the British Duke Beaufort held a badminton game performance at his estate in Bloomington, Glasgow County. Since then, badminton has gradually developed, and "Badminton" has become the name of badminton. The English writing is "Badminton". At that time, the activity venue was in the shape of a gourd, wide at both ends and narrow in the middle, with a net hung at the narrow place. It was not until 1901 that it was changed to a rectangular shape. In 1875, the world's first badminton rules appeared in Pune, India. Three years later, the United Kingdom specified more complete and unified rules. Many contents of the rules at that time have not changed much to this day. In 1893, the British Badminton Association, the world's earliest badminton association, was established and held the All-British Badminton Championships in 1899. In 1934, the International Badminton Federation was launched by Canada, Denmark, the United Kingdom, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Scotland and Wales, with its headquarters in London. Since then, the number of international badminton competitions has increased.
4. The origin of basketball
Basketball was created in 1891 by Dr. J. Naismith, a physical education teacher at the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA. At first, he pinned two peach baskets to the railings of the stands in the fitness room. The upper edge of the peach baskets was 3.04 meters above the ground. He used football as a game tool and threw the baskets. 1 point is awarded for throwing the ball into the basket, and the winner is determined by the number of points scored. After each shot goes into the basket, the player has to climb a ladder to take out the ball and then restart the game. Later, the bamboo basket was gradually changed to an iron basket with a live bottom, and then to a net hung under the iron hoop.
By 1893, nearly modern backboards, hoops and nets were formed. In the initial basketball games, there were no strict restrictions on the number of players, venue size, or game time. Just the number of people participating in the game must be equal on both sides. At the start of the game, players from both sides stand outside the two end lines. The referee blows the whistle and throws the ball to the middle of the court. Both sides run to the court to grab the ball and start the game. The ball holder can hold the ball and run to the basket to shoot. The first one to reach the predetermined score wins.
In 1892, Naismith formulated 13 rules of the game. The main rules are that running with the ball is not allowed, rough movements are not allowed, and boxing is not allowed. Otherwise, it will be a foul and the team will lose after three consecutive fouls. 1 point; the game time is stipulated as the first and second half, 15 minutes each; the size of the venue is also stipulated. The number of players on the field was gradually reduced to 10, 9, and 7 players per team, and in 1893 it was set to 5 players per team.
In 1904, the first basketball exhibition match was held at the 3rd Olympic Games. In 1908, the United States formulated unified national basketball rules and published them in a variant of the language, which was distributed around the world. In this way, basketball gradually spread throughout the Americas, Europe and Asia, becoming a global sport.
Nowadays, basketball is developing in full swing in our country. Our country has also seen world-class basketball stars like Yao Ming.
5. The origin of table tennis
Table tennis originated in the UK. Europeans still call table tennis "tennis on the table". It can be seen that table tennis is derived from tennis. It developed. At the end of the 19th century, tennis became popular in Europe. However, due to restrictions on venues and weather, some British college students moved tennis indoors, using the dining table as a table, books as nets, and parchment paper as rackets. Playing back and forth.
At the beginning of the 20th century, table tennis flourished in Europe and Asia. In 1926, the International Table Tennis Invitational Tournament was held in Berlin, Germany. It was later regarded as the first World Table Tennis Tournament. Championship. At the same time, the International Table Tennis Federation was established.
The widespread development of table tennis has led to great improvements in rackets and balls. The original racket was a slightly processed wooden board. Later, someone used the racket to A layer of sheepskin was attached to the racket. With the development of modern industry, Europeans attached rubber with rubber particles to the racket. In the early 1950s, the Japanese invented a racket with thick sponge. The original ball was a A kind of rubber ball similar to tennis. In 1890, the British athlete Gibb brought back some celluloid balls as toys from the United States for use in table tennis.
Among the many table tennis competitions, the most prestigious The first is the World Table Tennis Championships, which was held annually at first and then held every two years after 1957.
In 1904, Wang Daowu, the owner of a stationery store in Shanghai, bought 10 sets of table tennis equipment from Japan. Since then, table tennis has been introduced to China, and today table tennis has become China’s national sport.
6. The origin of volleyball
As early as 1895, a young man from Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA William Morgan, the director of the association, invented a ball game: a basketball ball is played on a tennis court with equal numbers on both sides, each on one side, and the ball is passed back and forth on the tennis ball to make it fly in the air. Fly away and name it "volleyball", which means "ball in the air". This is the prototype of volleyball. At that time, the number of players, the size of the ball, and the score were all determined at will. Soon, this fun game spread widely in the YMCA and became an official ball game. Because in the initial game, each team consisted of 16 people, with 4 people in a row and 4 rows in front and back, so it was named "volleyball". Later, after several changes, it was changed to a 12-man system and a 9-man system. It was not until 1918 that the volleyball game was stipulated to use a 6-man system and a 15-point scoring system.
Volleyball was gradually introduced to the European continent during World War I. It was introduced to Asia in 1900 and to China in 1905. In 1947, the International Volleyball Federation was formally established, and volleyball became a world-wide organized sport. In 1949, the first World Men's Volleyball Championship was held, and in 1952, the first World Women's Volleyball Championship was held. Since then, volleyball has been widely developed in countries around the world. In 1964, it was listed as an official Olympic event at the 18th Olympic Games.
7. The Origin of Baseball
Tennis baseball is an ancient and emerging competitive sport that originated in North America. It was first used as a religious ceremony for Indian tribes, and then evolved into a means of military training in preparation for war, and was later used as a way to resolve conflicts between tribes. At the beginning of the 19th century, modern tennis baseball emerged and spread and developed rapidly. In the mid-1970s, the International Tennis Baseball Federation was established and established the men's and women's tennis world championships. At present, 25 countries and regions around the world have carried out tennis baseball, mostly in Europe and the United States. In Asia, there are currently three countries in China, Japan and South Korea that carry out this sport.
8. The Origin of Tennis
The origin of tennis can be traced back to a "palm game" spread in France in the 12th or 13th century. This game later evolved into a complex Indoor cricket, or court tennis. There are still a few people practicing this ancient sport. In the UK it is known as Court Tennis, in the US as Courtyard Tennis and in Australia as Royal Tennis. In the late 1960s, as the number of participants and spectators increased, tennis began to spread rapidly. In 1968, the four major Opens allowed professional tennis players to participate in the competition. By the 1970s, as television broadcasts continued to increase the appeal of professional tours, people's love for tennis continued to deepen.
9. The origin of billiards
Billiards has a history of five or six hundred years. Which country did billiards originate from? Some say it is ancient Greece, some say it is France, some say it is Britain, some say it is China, Italy and Spain, etc. There are many opinions, and there is currently no precise research data.
Limited information shows that the earliest billiards game had only two balls on the table. Passing to France, the French added a red ball, and the British followed suit. At the end of the 17th century, the doctor of Louis XIV of France required the king to play billiards after meals every day. Subsequently, the game of billiards became popular in France. Initially billiard balls were made of wood, and later made of ivory.
It is said that one ivory can only make 5 balls. In the UK, tens of thousands of elephants are needed to make billiards every year. The manufactured ivory billiard balls must be strictly selected and must be of the same weight, so the price is very expensive! Therefore, ivory billiards is only suitable for the court nobles to play! Later, Hayat, known as the father of the American plastics industry, developed a billiard ball made of a mixture of nitrocellulose, camphor, alcohol and other chemical raw materials, which greatly reduced the cost of billiard balls; then appeared in 1920 A billiard ball made of carbolic resin. Once again, the cost of manufacturing billiard balls is reduced. Since then, billiards has truly become a popular entertainment in the entertainment industry. Billiards started with the earliest two balls and gradually evolved into the current English billiards, French billiards and so on. The more popular British snooker originated in 1885, and this style of play has been going on for more than a hundred years.
10. The Origin of Hockey
Hockey is an ancient sport and a ball sport that is currently widely carried out internationally. It has a history of thousands of years. Although it is impossible to verify the name of the pioneer of ancient hockey, it is certain that it was loved by people in Asia, such as China, Persia and India, three thousand years ago. According to the book "Hockey" published by Berlin Sports Publishing House in 1981: 2,697 years ago, Chinese soldiers played games with sticks and balls, which is known to all.
The history of football in ancient my country is much earlier than that of European hockey. It spread eastward to Japan in about the eighth century AD. An existing tapestry tapestry from the Sui and Tang dynasties in the Shosoin Kokugura in Nara, the ancient capital of Japan, has an image of a child playing ball in steps. This tapestry is 236 centimeters long and 124 centimeters wide. The pattern of the tapestry consists of flowers and a boy hitting the ball. The boy hitting the ball holds a crescent-shaped stick in his right hand and is bending his body and legs to hit the ball. To its left is a ball. The whole pattern vividly represents the vivid scene of boys hitting the ball in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, there should be a certain origin relationship between European hockey and Chinese step ball.
Images similar to modern hockey games can be found on Egyptian pyramids and ancient Greek wall carvings. "Step ball" became popular in China during the Tang Dynasty (two teams are divided into two teams during the game, each player holds a wooden stick with a curved lower end to hit the ball on foot, and the one who hits the opponent's goal more often wins). Its movement method is also similar to modern hockey. Modern hockey It originated in the UK. The first hockey club appeared in the UK in 1861. The first hockey association was established in the UK in 1875. In 1889, the men's hockey game was held in London. Since then, hockey has gradually spread to countries in the Commonwealth.
11. The Origin of Ice Hockey
The origin of ice hockey is now unclear, but it is widely accepted that ice hockey was introduced to North America by the British. The sport was very popular among the early British depots in Canada. In the 1870s, some students at Canada's McGill University began organizing ice hockey games and formulated relevant rules known as the "McGill Rules." In order to adapt to this rule, people replaced the early rubber balls with the current ice balls, and each team of ice hockey players was set to nine.
In 1885, the first national ice hockey organization, the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada, was born in Montreal, Canada. The organization reduced hockey to seven players per team, and that same year, a four-team hockey league was formed in Lake Ontario.
In the 1890s, the sport spread to the United States, and Johns Hopkins University and Yale University played a famous ice hockey game in 1895. Although ice hockey is just a recreational project in Canada, the first national professional ice hockey league was established in the United States. The league was established in 1903 and was headquartered in Houghton, Michigan. Canadian and American teams and players were all from this league. Organization members, its size doubled three years later, and in 1910, the North American Professional Hockey League (NHL) was officially established.
The 1920 Antwerp Olympics first listed men's ice hockey as an official event. However, ice hockey became a Winter Olympic event only in the 1924 Chamonix Winter Olympics, and women's ice hockey in 1998. It became an official event at the Nagano Winter Olympics.
12. The origin of water polo
It originated in Britain in the 1860s. It was originally an entertainment activity in which people threw footballs in the water while swimming, so it was called "water football". Later, it gradually became a competitive sport between two teams. In 1869, water polo competitions using small flags to mark the sidelines and goals appeared in the UK. In 1877, the Burton Club of England hired William Wilson to formulate the world's first water polo competition rules. Goals were installed in 1879. In 1885, the British Swimming Association listed water polo as a separate event. It was first introduced to the United States in 1890, and then gradually spread to Germany, Austria, Hungary and other countries.
The World Water Polo Championships have been held since 1973, and the World Cup Water Polo Championships have been held since 1979. The water polo competition venue is 30 meters long and 20 meters wide for men and 25 meters long and 17 meters wide for women. The water depth is at least 1.80 meters. There is a goal 90 centimeters high and 3 meters wide at each end.
The game is divided into two teams, each team consists of 7 athletes, one of whom is the goalkeeper. There must be no more than 6 substitute athletes. Each game lasts 28 minutes and is divided into 4 quarters. The actual playing time of each quarter is 7 minutes. There is a 2-minute break and exchange of venues between each two quarters. No one except the goalkeeper may touch the ball with both hands. A shot into the opponent's goal is worth 1 point, and the one with more points in the end wins. Men's events were included in the Olympics in 1900.
13. The Origin of Polo
Regarding the origin of polo, there are roughly three views:
1. "Persian Origin Theory"
p>2. "The theory of the origin of the Yellow River Basin (i.e. the theory of the origin of China)"
The main representative of the theory of the origin of the Yellow River Basin here is the Institute of Sports History of Chengdu Institute of Physical Education. In the early third century AD, they found the ancient polo first seen in classics from the poem "Famous Capitals" written by Cao Zhi, a famous litterateur in the Han and Wei dynasties. It says: "In famous cities, witches are born, and in Beijing and Luo, young men are born...cockfighting on the east suburban road, and running horses in the distance...shooting the bows on horseback with endless skill and agility." The "shooting bows" in the poem refer to the two. These two ancient Chinese games are the special name of polo in ancient China.
Therefore, the ancient Chinese polo activity did not start in the Tang Dynasty and gradually became popular as Mr. Xiang Da said, but it was clearly recorded in records as early as 400 years ago in the Tang Dynasty. .
The ancient Persian polo was called CHAUGAN, and its pronunciation is similar to the ancient Chinese polo. It may be the transliteration of ancient Chinese polo after it was introduced to Persia. Based on this analysis, experts from the Sports Research Institute of the Chengdu Institute of Physical Education concluded that polo was invented by the Han people living in the Yellow River Basin, and then spread to all parts of the world along the Silk Road.
14. The origin of bowling
Bowling is also called "bocce ball". It was originally called "skittles" and originated in Germany. It is an indoor sport in which a ball is rolled on a wooden fairway and hit wooden pins. Popular in some countries in Europe, the United States, Oceania and Asia.
The competition is divided into individual competition and multi-player competition. Before the game, the order of runs and pitching is determined by drawing lots. During the game, 10 wooden pins are placed at the end of the fairway to form a triangle. Participants take turns throwing balls to hit the wooden pins behind the foul line. Each player is required to shoot two balls in a row for one round, and 10 rounds are one round. Knocking down one wooden pin will result in a round. 1 point, and so on, the one with more points wins.
The rules stipulate that players must stand behind the foul line when throwing a ball and must not exceed or touch the foul line. Otherwise, the score of the ball will be invalid. The pitching action is stipulated to use the underhand forward method, and it is illegal to use other methods.
Bowling is entertaining, interesting, challenging and skillful, and it gives people physical and mental exercise. Because it is an indoor activity, it is not affected by external conditions such as time and climate, nor is it restricted by age. It is easy to learn and play, so it has become a special sport suitable for everyone, men, women and children.
15. The Origin of Golf
There are various theories about the origin of golf. The most widely circulated one is that a Scottish shepherd was grazing herds in ancient times. , accidentally hit a pebble into a rabbit hole with a stick, and was inspired to invent the game later called golf. Therefore, the word "golf" first appeared in documents in the Scottish Parliament in the fourteenth century.
The first people to get involved in playing golf were soldiers on the north coast of Scotland. Later, it gradually aroused strong interest among the court nobles and folk youth, and eventually became a traditional project in Scotland. Later it was introduced to England. It spread to America, Australia and South Africa at the end of the 19th century, and to Asia in the 20th century. Since golf was first popular among the court aristocrats, and golf course equipment was expensive, it was known as the "noble sport".
In the 20th century, golf was introduced to our country. In 1931, a golf game center was established in Shanghai. In the same year, Chinese, British and American businessmen jointly established a golf club and opened a golf course next to Nanjing Cemetery Stadium.
In the 1980s, golf developed rapidly in our country. In 1985, the China Golf Association was established. In January 1986, China's first international golf tournament, the "Zhongshan Cup" mixed invitational tournament for professional and amateur players, was held at the Hot Spring Golf Course in Zhongshan City. From now on, it will be held every year. In recent years, golf has rapidly become popular and developed in our country.
As a fashion or a vague hint of a certain status, golf has gradually penetrated into our urban life and made many people yearn for it. "Golf" is originally the transliteration of English golf. In English, the word golf is composed of the first letters of the four words green, oxygen, light and friendship. A sport can combine the above four attractive contents. In a modern society that advocates leisure, it is no wonder that it has become people's favorite.