"Xuanniao" is considered to be the totem of Shang nationality, and it is a swallow according to textual research. Apart from "Xuanniao", Swallow has other nicknames, such as "Wuyi", "Xuanyi" and "social guest" seen in the poem. From the first totem bird to the later poems, the swallow gradually became a kind of civilian bird that is close to the people. Nineteen ancient poems, high and long in Dongcheng, have "thinking of flying swallows in pairs, gentlemen holding mud nests", which convey the sustenance of love by nesting swallows.
By the middle and late Tang Dynasty, poets used the swallow image in a large number of poems, especially Du Fu, Liu Yuxi, Li Shangyin and Du Mu, among which Du Fu and Liu Yuxi used the swallow image in more than 30 poems. This is closely related to the cultural connotation and characteristics of the times of the swallow image.
As a kind of large migratory birds, geese fly back to their nests in the south together every autumn, until spring, when the air is crisp and the geese fly south. The origin of its image in poetry can also be traced back to the Book of Songs: "A swan flies, but its feathers are suppressed. JUNG WOO's son worked hard in the wild. " Here, Hongyan is used for fun, but it is already related to the feelings of husbands and refugees who are serving abroad, running around and living without a fixed place.
wild goose
In the Han Dynasty, under the pen of Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the wild goose was associated with the autumn wind: "The autumn wind started in Bai Yunfei, the vegetation turned yellow, and the wild goose returned to the south." Wild goose and autumn, * * *. In the Tang Dynasty, the image of wild goose was largely integrated into poetry, combined with the subjectivity of different poets, and gave birth to richer emotional sustenance and multiple cultural connotations.
Second, the image of "wild goose" and "wild goose" in ancient poetry has the same sustenance.
Swallows and geese are migratory birds. They fly to the south in autumn and return to the north in spring. "Green and dark, red and thin in the spring dusk, swallows hold mud and fly to the sad sun" writes that swallows return in the spring, while "Lu's Spring and Autumn Period, Hongyan comes to the moon in the north, and the moon".
In poetry, geese often have the meaning of a swan passing a book. This intention originated from Hanshu and was related to the story of Su Wu herding sheep. Since then, lovesickness of recruiters, lovesickness of women and lovesickness of all those who miss them often appear in the biography of beauty.
Du Fu hoped that Hongyan could bring news of his friends, so he wrote "When the geese crossed, they didn't answer me, and the rivers and lakes were full of rain" ("To Li Bai at the end of the sky"). Wang Wei wrote that before recruiting people to travel, he earnestly warned them to "recruit people to Japan, teach them diligently, and return to the geese for a few hours" ("Yizhou Song"); Li Qingzhao said in "A Plum Branch" that "the geese return, and the moon is full of the West Building".
Hongyanfei
In poetry, swallows also mean to be messengers, but this kind of boarding is less used. In the Tang Dynasty, Guo Shaolan wrote in "Seeing My Husband Off": "My husband went to the lake and cried at the window. Diligently rely on swallow wings and send a thin lover. "
In the poem, there are "Goose" and "Goose" going home and people leaving. Xu Hun wrote in "Sending Yang Fadong" that "the red flower flies half-way, and the guest is lonely now", which means farewell in the book; Poems used by geese to describe people's sadness are much more common. The most classic sentence is, "the blue sky and yellow leaves are tight in the west, and the wild geese fly south in the north." Who is drunk in Xiao Lai's frost forest? It always makes people cry "(Wang Shifu's The West Chamber).
Thirdly, the differences between "wild goose" and "wild goose" images in ancient poems.
1, representing different opportunities and moods.
Although Yan and Yan Dou go and return together, in poetry, the swallow is often regarded as the messenger of spring and represents the return of spring, while the wild goose is the messenger of autumn and represents autumn. Therefore, although there are both Yan States and Yan States in the Spring and Autumn Period, "Chun Yan" and "Autumn Goose" are more common in ancient poetry.
Spring returns to the earth, and everything recovers, which is naturally gratifying. Therefore, swallows are often used as festive birds, and even their songs are extremely melodious. Yan Shu wrote "When Swallows Come, Press Office, pear flower falls Tomb-Sweeping Day", which is the most unforgettable spring in a year; Bai Juyi wrote about the scene of Qiantang Lake in early spring, "A few early warblers compete for warm trees, and whose new swallow pecks at the spring mud"; Lu You described the beauty of swallows returning to the spring scenery, "There are new swallows on the spring shore, and pieces of light gulls fall into the sand at dusk".
Yanel
Autumn is bleak, and geese fly high, which always makes people feel sad. Their cries are often described as "sadness". Fan Zhongyan said: "The scenery in Qiu Lai is different, so Hengyang geese don't pay attention." Autumn geese miss home, but people don't return; Gao Shi wrote about the bleak scenery of Qiu Lai beyond the Great Wall, "Thousands of miles in Huang Yun, and the north wind blows geese and snow one after another"; Li Jie's "An Ancient Warsong" and "Wild geese cry sadly, wild geese fly at night, and Tatar's children shed tears" are even more sad. ...
Seeing Yan know the beauty of spring, cherish the love of spring, and see Yan know the desolation of autumn, it is no wonder why it is presented in poetry. Swallow always flies, and geese solo. Although this is roughly consistent with the objective characteristics of the object, more importantly, the poet projects different emotional tendencies to the object, one is joy and the other is sadness.
2, the image is different.
In ancient poetry, there is a special phenomenon that "wild goose" and "wild goose" appear. Poets often use "double flight" and "double flight" to describe swallows, while geese are mostly solitary geese and solitary birds.
Yan Shuangfei's poems and songs abound. Here are a few examples:
The freedom of fly with me in heaven is envied by the sky. (Li Bai's Double Yan Li)
When will the swallow return, and the peach blossom on the shore will be dipped in water. (Xu Fu's Spring Tour on the Lake)
Falling Flowers Independent, Swift Qi Fei. (Yan "Linjiang Xian")
I can't help leaning against the east wind, and the swallows both spend flowers. (Feng Shixing's "Lou Yuchun")
Entrust the yearning for beautiful love to the flying swallow, or reflect on the sadness of leaving love when you see Shuang Yan.
And the geese flying south together, because of the long journey, will be particularly lonely and sad once lost. Therefore, poets often use "lonely goose" and "lonely rainbow" to express their loneliness or confusion, such as unfulfilled ambition and lack of talent.
Goose goose
In the wild, lonely Hong is singing birds in the north forest. (Ruan Ji "Yong Huai")
A lone goose doesn't want to drink water, refuses to eat, just flies low and longs for its companion. (Du Fu's Lonely Goose)
Who saw you alone, Hong Ying. (Su Shi's "Bu Operator")
It's very late in Chu River. Disappointed from Wan Li, suddenly surprised. (Zhang Yan, "Jie Lianhuan")
Yuan Haowen's "Touching Fish and Qiu Yan Ci" was written after witnessing the killing of one wild goose and the death of another. It is touching to this day: asking what the world is like, teaching people to live and die together.
3. The unique cultural connotation of "Yan" and "Yan"
In ancient poetry, swallows appear as images and are often entrusted with the feelings of the rise and fall of current events. The most famous is Liu Yuxi's poem "In the old society, Wang Xietang flew into the homes of ordinary people". At that time, the swallow was still a swallow, but Wang Xietang's former residence has now become the home of ordinary people, and the poet used this to express his lament over the vicissitudes of the world and the ups and downs of the world.
Similarly, there is Wei Zhuang's "Yan Lai":
Last year, I left my nest and bid farewell to my neighbors. Today, I was stunned by the new thatched cottage.
Flowers should ask each other, not the old owner in the village.
Write Yaner bid farewell to the neighbors of the Bird's Nest last year, and come back this year, but it is a brand-new thatched cottage. The owner here is not the original owner. Write the feeling that times have changed and things have changed in the tone of Yan 'er.
The image of geese also has its own unique meaning in poetry: Li Bai's poem "Autumn geese are accompanied by Changfeng, when I face them from this villa and drink my wine" is completely different from the sad and sad words in autumn, depicting a magnificent and clear picture of Wan Li's autumn sky and writing a broad life experience; Ji Kang's "watching him return to Hong and waving five strings" is another unrestrained and carefree life realm. Ma Dai's "When the wind rises in Ba Yuan Qiu, I see geese flying in the evening" wrote endless thoughts on the journey.
"Swallows fly, feathers are different", "Hongyan flies, feathers are restrained", and the images of swallows and geese all started from the Book of Songs, and later they have different emotional sustenance and cultural connotations in poems. Yan Chunhui, Yan Qiufei, Yan Xiyu, Yan Moning, Yan Shuangfei and Yan Piao, the poets and their emotional projection on them have completely changed.